Kingdom: ProtistaProtists are unicellular organisms that have a nucleus.

Similar to BacteriaSimilar to Bacteria Unicellular One of the first groups of living things on

Earth. (1.5 billion years ago.) Microscopic Can cause disease. Can be parasites

Difference from Difference from BacteriaBacteria

Has a nucleus. Live in watery environment. Generally live as individual cells. Protists vary greatly in appearance and

function.

3 Categories3 Categories I. Animal-like Protists. II. Plant-like Protists. III. Fungus-like Protists.

I. Animal-like ProtistsI. Animal-like Protists Protozoan means “First Animal”. Cells contain a nucleus. Cells lack a cell wall. They are heterotrophs. Most can move on their own.

4 Groups of Animal-4 Groups of Animal-like Protistslike Protists

1. Sarcodines (SAHR-koh-dighnz) 2. Ciliates (SIHL-ee-ihts) 3. Flagellates (FLAJ- ehl-ihts) 4. Sporozoans (spohr-oh-ZOH-uhnz)

1. Sarcodines1. Sarcodines Have pseudopods (Greek:“false foot”) Extensions of the cell membrane and

cytoplasm. Pseudopods are used for movement and to

capture food. Many have shells. These shells form limestone, marble and

chalk.

One type: One type: Most familiar

Sarcodine. Pseudopods: Blob shaped. Contractile

Vacuoles: controls amount of water inside

Food Vacuole: where food is digested.

Split PersonalitySplit Personality Amebas reproduce

by dividing into two new cells (binary fission).

Amebas can respond to their environment.

They are sensitive to light and some chemicals.

2. Ciliates2. Ciliates Have cilia on the

outside of their cells.

Tiny hair-like projections used for movement, to gather food and as feelers.

Type: ParameciumType: Paramecium Pellicle: tough

outer wall. Slipper shaped Oral groove: like the

mouth Gullet: holds food. Food Vacuole:

digests food. Anal Pore: removes

wastes 2 Contractile

Vacuoles 2 Nuclei Reproduces by

either binary fission or conjugation.

3. Flagellates 3. Flagellates (Zooflagellates)(Zooflagellates)

Have a Flagellum: a long whip-like structure used for movement.

Many live in animals Symbiosis a close

relationship, at least one benefits.

Mutualism: when both partners benefit.

4. Sporozoans4. Sporozoans All Sporozans are parasites. They feed on cells and body fluids. Form from Spores (tiny reproductive cells). Pass from one host to another. Pass from ticks, mosquitoes or other

animals to humans.

II. Plant-like ProtistsII. Plant-like Protists(Algae)(Algae)

Unicellular and Multicellular Colonies (groups of unicellular protists) Can move on their own Autotrophs: make their own food from simple materials

using light energy (photosynthesis). 70% of the Earth’s oxygen is produced by Plant-like

Protists! Pigments: chemicals that produce color

6 Groups of Plant like 6 Groups of Plant like ProtistsProtists

Euglenoids (yoo-GLEE-noydz) Diatoms (DIGH-ah-tahmz) Dinoflagellates (digh-noh-FLAJ-eh-layts) Red Algae Green Algae Brown Algae

1. Euglenoids1. Euglenoids Green Unicellular Live in fresh water Autotrophs, but can be

heterotrophs under certain conditions.

Flagella Eyespot: sensitive to

light. Chloroplasts Pellicle

2. Diatoms2. Diatoms Unicellular 10,000 living

species. Aquatic Glass like cell wall Diatomaceous earth:

course powder that comes from dead diatoms (toothpaste, car polish & reflective paint.

3. Dinoflagellates3. Dinoflagellates Unicellular Cell walls are like

plates of armor. Two flagella Spins when it moves. Colorful (pigments) Can glow in the dark. Causes Red Tide

Red AlgaeRed Algae Multicellular seaweeds Live in deep ocean waters Used for ice cream and

hair conditioner Used as food in Asia

Green AlgaeGreen Algae Most are unicellular Some form colonies Few are multicellular Can live in fresh and salt

water and on land in damp places.

Very closely related to green plants.

Brown AlgaeBrown Algae Commonly called seaweed Can contain brown, green,

yellow, orange and black pigments.

Attach to rocks Have air bladders Giant Kelp can be 100

meters long! Used as food thickeners

III. Fungus-like III. Fungus-like ProtistsProtists

Heterotrophs Have cell walls. Many have flagella and are able to move at some point

in their lives. Three types: Slime Molds, Water & Downy Molds Reproduce with Spores (tiny cell that is able to grow into

a new organism)

Water & Downy MoldsWater & Downy Molds Live in water or moist

places. Tiny threads that look like

fuzz. Attack food crops Caused the Irish Potato

Famine.

Type: Type: Reproduce by

Fruiting Bodies: The Fruiting Bodies

contain Spores. At first they look like

ameba, then later they look like mold.

Live on moist shady places.

Feed on bacteria and other microorganisms.