Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista

The Catch-all KingdomThe Catch-all Kingdom

ProtistaProtista

•The protist kingdom is broken The protist kingdom is broken down into three main groupsdown into three main groups. . – The Animal-like protists, The Animal-like protists, – Plant-like protists Plant-like protists – Fungi-like protistsFungi-like protists..

ProtistaProtista

•Each group have some Each group have some characteristics in common characteristics in common with the plants, animal and with the plants, animal and fungi kingdoms but not fungi kingdoms but not enough to qualify for enough to qualify for membership in that Kingdom.membership in that Kingdom.

ProtistaProtista

•Since the members of this Since the members of this Kingdom would not fit into the Kingdom would not fit into the Animal, Plant and Fungi Animal, Plant and Fungi Kingdoms, it was determined Kingdoms, it was determined that these odd eukaryotes would that these odd eukaryotes would form their very own kingdom.form their very own kingdom.

ProtozoanProtozoan

• Animal-like protistsAnimal-like protists– Single celled, microscopicSingle celled, microscopic– Move independently using pseudopods, Move independently using pseudopods,

cilia, flagellacilia, flagella– Live in all aquatic environments and is Live in all aquatic environments and is

moist soil or organic mattermoist soil or organic matter– Heterotrophic , ingest small molecules or Heterotrophic , ingest small molecules or

cells that are usually broken down in food cells that are usually broken down in food vacuoles vacuoles

ProtozoanProtozoan

• Most are free-living but some are Most are free-living but some are parasiticparasitic– Parasitic species may cause disease Parasitic species may cause disease

including malaria, amebic dysentery and including malaria, amebic dysentery and GiardiasisGiardiasis

• Many species make up zooplankton Many species make up zooplankton in sea, an important food source of in sea, an important food source of larger sea organismslarger sea organisms

ProtozoanProtozoan

• Reproduction:Reproduction:– Capable of asexual and in time of Capable of asexual and in time of

environmental stress they can environmental stress they can reproduce of sexual reproductionreproduce of sexual reproduction•Asexual – binary fission or mitosisAsexual – binary fission or mitosis

– Multiple fission- can produce more than two new Multiple fission- can produce more than two new organisms that are genetically identicalorganisms that are genetically identical

•Sexual - conjugationSexual - conjugation

ProtozoanProtozoan

• Classification:Classification:– Four PhylaFour Phyla

•Sacodina - AmoebasSacodina - Amoebas

•Ciliophora - cilliatesCiliophora - cilliates

•Sporozoa – spore producingSporozoa – spore producing

•Zoomastigina- FlagellatesZoomastigina- Flagellates

ProtozoanProtozoan

• Adaptations:Adaptations:– Some species have mechanisms for Some species have mechanisms for

monitoring and responding to their monitoring and responding to their environment.environment.•Some species have eyespots – light sensing Some species have eyespots – light sensing

pigments.pigments.

• Some species have the ability to sense chemical Some species have the ability to sense chemical and physical changes in the environment.and physical changes in the environment.

•Can survive harsh environmental conditions by Can survive harsh environmental conditions by forming a forming a cystcyst. A hardened external covering in . A hardened external covering in which metabolic activity stops.which metabolic activity stops.

Phylum SarcodinaPhylum Sarcodina

• Includes all amoebas.Includes all amoebas.– Inhabit fresh and salt water and moist Inhabit fresh and salt water and moist

soil.soil.– Move using pseudopodia.Move using pseudopodia.– Has a contractile vacuole to maintain Has a contractile vacuole to maintain

correct balance of water.correct balance of water.

SarcodinaSarcodina

• Naked amoeba’s – do not have a shellNaked amoeba’s – do not have a shell• Foraminifera – have shells called tests Foraminifera – have shells called tests

made of calcium carbonate which is made of calcium carbonate which is responsible for much of the limestone responsible for much of the limestone rock formationsrock formations

• Radiolarians –radial shape with a silicon Radiolarians –radial shape with a silicon dioxide shelldioxide shell

• Some parasitic species can cause Some parasitic species can cause amebic dysenteryamebic dysentery

AmoebaAmoeba

• Cell membraneCell membrane

• Has a contractile Has a contractile vacuole to expel vacuole to expel excess water, excess water, without this without this structure the structure the amoeba would burst amoeba would burst from osmosisfrom osmosis

AmoebaAmoeba

ProtozoanProtozoan

• Phylum Ciliophora.Phylum Ciliophora.– Members include paramecium.Members include paramecium.– Cilia – short hair-like structures for Cilia – short hair-like structures for

movement.movement.– Oral groove, mouth pore, gullet and anal Oral groove, mouth pore, gullet and anal

pore is like a primitive digestive system.pore is like a primitive digestive system.– Reproduction: Reproduction:

•asexual by binary fissionasexual by binary fission•Sexual by conjugationSexual by conjugation

ParameciumParamecium

•Paramecium is Paramecium is a group of a group of protists found protists found in aquatic in aquatic communitiescommunities

ParameciumParamecium

ProtozoaProtozoa

• Phylum ZoomastiginaPhylum Zoomastigina– Have one or more flagellaHave one or more flagella– Many species are free-living in aquatic Many species are free-living in aquatic

environmentsenvironments– Impact to humans:Impact to humans:

• Some members cause disease to animals and humansSome members cause disease to animals and humans– Trypanosomiasis- sleeping sickness spread by infected Trypanosomiasis- sleeping sickness spread by infected

tsetse fliestsetse flies– Chagas disease- transmitted by the kissing bugChagas disease- transmitted by the kissing bug– Leishmaniasis- transmitted by sand fleasLeishmaniasis- transmitted by sand fleas– Giardiasis – contracted through contaminated waterGiardiasis – contracted through contaminated water

ProtozoaProtozoa

• Phylum SporozoaPhylum Sporozoa– No means of locomotion, most species are No means of locomotion, most species are

parasitic and cause diseaseparasitic and cause disease– Complex life cycles produce sporesComplex life cycles produce spores– Carried in the blood and tissues of their host Carried in the blood and tissues of their host

and destroy host cellsand destroy host cells– Diseases include: toxoplasmosis, fatal to Diseases include: toxoplasmosis, fatal to

unborn babies but not adults with healthy unborn babies but not adults with healthy immune systemsimmune systems• Carried by cats, birds, rodentsCarried by cats, birds, rodents

ProtozoaProtozoa

• Phylum protozoaPhylum protozoa– Include Plasmodium Include Plasmodium

•Causes malariaCauses malaria

•Carried by mosquitoesCarried by mosquitoes

anophelineanopheline mosquitoes mosquitoes

AlgaeAlgae

•Characteristics: are most plant-Characteristics: are most plant-like and can make their own food like and can make their own food by photosynthesis or by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.chemosynthesis.

•Often form the base of aquatic Often form the base of aquatic food chainsfood chains

Algae- Plant-like ProtistsAlgae- Plant-like Protists

• Characteristics:Characteristics:– May be single or multicellularMay be single or multicellular– Autotrophic- photosynthesisAutotrophic- photosynthesis– Closely related to the plant Kingdom butClosely related to the plant Kingdom but

•Lack tissue of differentiation, no true roots, Lack tissue of differentiation, no true roots, stems or leaves and the reproductive stems or leaves and the reproductive process of alternation of generations is process of alternation of generations is slightly different than that of plantsslightly different than that of plants

AlgaeAlgae

• Structure:Structure:

–Body portion is called a Body portion is called a thallus and is usually haploidthallus and is usually haploid

–May be unicellular, May be unicellular, multicellular colonial, multicellular colonial, filamentousfilamentous

AlgaeAlgae

• EnvironmentEnvironment– Make up a major portion of Make up a major portion of

phytoplanktonphytoplankton– Important to the food chain of Important to the food chain of

aquatic habitatsaquatic habitats– Photosynthesis provides a major Photosynthesis provides a major

portion of worlds oxygenportion of worlds oxygen

AlgaeAlgae

•Classification:Classification:

–Based on color of Based on color of photosynthetic pigments photosynthetic pigments

–Form of food storage Form of food storage substance substance

–Cell wall compositionCell wall composition

AlgaeAlgae

•Reproduction:Reproduction:– Many species reproduce by both sexual Many species reproduce by both sexual

and asexual meansand asexual means

•Some species only reproduce asexuallySome species only reproduce asexually– Asexual reproduction by mitosisAsexual reproduction by mitosis– Sexual reproduction includes production of Sexual reproduction includes production of

haploid spores that fuse and become a haploid spores that fuse and become a zygotezygote

– Alternation of generationsAlternation of generations

AlgaeAlgae

• Phylum ChlorophytaPhylum Chlorophyta– Green Algae – contain chlorophyllGreen Algae – contain chlorophyll– Large range of reproduction and formsLarge range of reproduction and forms– Single celled and multicelledSingle celled and multicelled– Most species are aquaticMost species are aquatic– Some live in moist terrestrial habitatsSome live in moist terrestrial habitats– Some live symbiotically in the bodies of Some live symbiotically in the bodies of

invertebrates -licheninvertebrates -lichen

AlgaeAlgae

•Phylum Chlorophyta.Phylum Chlorophyta.–Green algae have many Green algae have many similarities to plants and similarities to plants and are believed to have are believed to have given rise to plants.given rise to plants.

Green AlgaeGreen Algae

AlgaeAlgae

• Phylum PhaeophytaPhylum Phaeophyta– Brown Algae include several species of Brown Algae include several species of

seaweed and kelpseaweed and kelp– Mostly live in aquatic environmentsMostly live in aquatic environments– All species are multicellularAll species are multicellular– Used by humans for medicine, Used by humans for medicine,

cosmetics, and foodcosmetics, and food

Alariathe winged kelps

Brown AlgaeBrown Algae

AlgaeAlgae

• Phylum RhodophytaPhylum Rhodophyta

• Red AlgaeRed Algae

• Live in fresh and salt water, moist Live in fresh and salt water, moist soil, can be found deep in the oceansoil, can be found deep in the ocean

• Used for medicines, cosmetics. Used for medicines, cosmetics. Gelatin cubes, and food Gelatin cubes, and food

Red AlgaeRed Algae

Red AlgaeRed Algae

Botryoglossum ruprechtianumLiterally meaning "grape tongue" doesn't help much in identifying this alga. However, its ruffled edges along with its foliose thallus are characters that may help you recognize it prior to tripping over it in the intertidal.

The giant of the sea, The giant of the sea, ChondracanthusChondracanthuscorymbiferuscorymbiferusThis alga is huge! This alga is huge! It can reach up to It can reach up to 2 meters in length. 2 meters in length. It is thick and It is thick and leathery and often leathery and often covered with covered with reproductive reproductive bumps called bumps called papillaepapillae

Chondracanthus harveyanus

This is another one of those "Cartilaginous tooths" or Chondracanthus species. It may look spiny, but when its found fresh in the intertidal, the blades are velvet-like to the touch. A definite favorite and award winning alga!

Gelidium purpurascens

The agar (the stuff in petri dishes to stiffen bacteria food, also found in puddings, jellies, mayonnaise, and laxatives) containing seaweed . This seaweed is not purple, but bright red, and very useful economically.

AlgaeAlgae

• Phylum BacillariophytaPhylum Bacillariophyta– DiatomsDiatoms

•Abundant in all aquatic habitatsAbundant in all aquatic habitats•Cell walls are shell-like made of Cell walls are shell-like made of silicon dioxidesilicon dioxide

•Two shapes Two shapes –Centric diatoms – circle shaped Centric diatoms – circle shaped –Pennate- rectangular shapedPennate- rectangular shaped

DiatomDiatom

DiatomDiatom

AlgaeAlgae

• Phylum Bacillariophyta (diatoms)Phylum Bacillariophyta (diatoms)– Abundant component of phytoplanktonAbundant component of phytoplankton– When they die their shells collect at the When they die their shells collect at the

bottom of the ocean which are mined by bottom of the ocean which are mined by humans and used as abrasives in humans and used as abrasives in detergents, in paint to make it reflect detergents, in paint to make it reflect light, Paint removers, fertilizers, light, Paint removers, fertilizers, insulators and toothpaste insulators and toothpaste

AlgaeAlgae

• Phylum DinoflagellataPhylum Dinoflagellata– Usually unicellularUsually unicellular– Usually photosynthetic but a few species Usually photosynthetic but a few species

are colorless heterotrophsare colorless heterotrophs– Make up most of the organic matter in Make up most of the organic matter in

marine environmentsmarine environments– Photosynthetic members have brownish-Photosynthetic members have brownish-

yellow pigmentsyellow pigments

DinoflagellataDinoflagellata

AlgaeAlgae

• Phylum Dinoflagellata.Phylum Dinoflagellata.– Most have flagella two different lengths that run Most have flagella two different lengths that run

perpendicular to each other causing them to perpendicular to each other causing them to spin.spin.

– Some species bioluminescence.Some species bioluminescence.– Some species produce toxins and red pigments, Some species produce toxins and red pigments,

when their populations explode they turn when their populations explode they turn crimson color we call red tide. These toxins are crimson color we call red tide. These toxins are dangerous to humans who eat effected fish. This dangerous to humans who eat effected fish. This is the algae the gives the U of A football team is the algae the gives the U of A football team the name crimson tide.the name crimson tide.

AlgaeAlgae

• Phylum ChrysophytaPhylum Chrysophyta– Golden algaeGolden algae– Most live in fresh waterMost live in fresh water– Form highly resistant cysts that enable them to Form highly resistant cysts that enable them to

survive beneath frozen surfaces in lakes, pods survive beneath frozen surfaces in lakes, pods and streamsand streams

– Two flagella located at one endTwo flagella located at one end– Most are yellow or brownMost are yellow or brown– Store surplus food as oilStore surplus food as oil– Important in the formation of petroleum Important in the formation of petroleum

depositsdeposits

ChrysophytaChrysophyta

AlgaeAlgae

• Phylum Euglenophyta –Phylum Euglenophyta –• euglenoidseuglenoids

– FlagellatedFlagellated– UnicellularUnicellular– Show both plant-like and animal-like Show both plant-like and animal-like

characteristicscharacteristics– Photosynthetic, have chlorophyllPhotosynthetic, have chlorophyll– Lack a cell wall and move independentlyLack a cell wall and move independently

EuglenaEuglena

EuglenaEuglena

EuglenaEuglena

AlgaeAlgae

• Phylum EuglenophytaPhylum Euglenophyta– Most species live in fresh waterMost species live in fresh water– Some species live in moist soil Some species live in moist soil – Some live in the digestive tract of certain Some live in the digestive tract of certain

animals, and do not have chloroplasts so animals, and do not have chloroplasts so they become heterotrophs they become heterotrophs

– Uses a contractile vacuole to balance Uses a contractile vacuole to balance fluidsfluids

– The beloved Euglena is a member of this The beloved Euglena is a member of this groupgroup

Fungus-like Slime MoldsFungus-like Slime Molds

• Slime molds are divided into two phylaSlime molds are divided into two phyla

• They are not closely related but have some They are not closely related but have some characteristics in commoncharacteristics in common– Spend part of their life in a mobile amoeba-like Spend part of their life in a mobile amoeba-like

form engulfing organic matterform engulfing organic matter– Produce fungus reproductive structuresProduce fungus reproductive structures– Found in damp soil, and decomposing organic Found in damp soil, and decomposing organic

mattermatter– They glisten and are viscous masses of white, They glisten and are viscous masses of white,

yellow or red globsyellow or red globs

Fungus-like ProtistsFungus-like ProtistsSlime MoldsSlime Molds• Phylum Phylum

AcrasiomtycotaAcrasiomtycota– Cellular slime moldsCellular slime molds– HaploidHaploid– In times of stress In times of stress

chemical are chemical are excreted attracting excreted attracting other members and other members and huddlehuddle

– Pseudoplasmodium Pseudoplasmodium is a colony is a colony resembling a slugresembling a slug

• Phylum Phylum MyxomycotaMyxomycota– Plasmoidial slimePlasmoidial slime– Mass of Mass of

cytoplasm cytoplasm (plasmodium)(plasmodium)

– decomposerdecomposer

Slime moldSlime mold

Slime moldSlime mold

Slime moldSlime mold

ResourcesResources

• http://seaweed.ucg.ie/Algae/Algae.htmlhttp://seaweed.ucg.ie/Algae/Algae.html

• http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/protista/rhodophyta.htmlhttp://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/protista/rhodophyta.html

• http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/bacillariophyta.hthttp://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/bacillariophyta.htmlml

• http://www.jracademy.com/~mlechner/archive1999/http://www.jracademy.com/~mlechner/archive1999/euglena.htmleuglena.html

httphttphttp://www.lilsnazzle.com/seasounds/wav/waves2.wavhttp://www.lilsnazzle.com/seasounds/wav/waves2.wav

ResourcesResources

• http://www.lilsnazzle.com/seasounds/wav/waves2.wavhttp://www.lilsnazzle.com/seasounds/wav/waves2.wav