Honors/Gifted Kingdom Protista

Chapter 19

What is a Protist? Classified in Kingdom Protista

“Protista” means “very first”Loosely related group of micro orgs.Believed to evolved 1.5 billion years ago

Why is this name fitting?Protists are the simplest Eukaryotes

• Nucleus and Membrane Bound Organelles

Evolutionarily – could have been “ancestor” eukaryote organism

Classification

Examples of ProtistsVERY Varied!

Protist Reproduction

Can be sexual or asexual

When would asexual be better? Sexual?

Classification Kingdom Protista – All Protists Problem to classify because of diversity Classified further by mode of nutrition

1. Animal Like Protists - Heterotrophic• Must EAT their food• Move around like animals• Unicellular UNLIKE Kingdom Animalia

2. Plant Like Protists - Autotrophic• MAKE their own food• Lack organs/parts UNLIKE Kingdom Plantae

3. Fungal Like Protists – Decomposers/Parasites• ABSORB their food externally.• Lack chitin and have centrioles UNLIKE Kingdom Fungi

Animal-Like Protists Once called Protozoans –“First Animals” Make up 70 Percent of all Human Parasites Why not animals? Unicellular! 4 Phlya of Animal-Like Protists Based on how they move

1. Zooflagellates use flagella to move

2. Sarcodines move by extension in cytoplasm

3. Ciliates use cilia to move

4. Sporozoans do not move at all

1. Zooflagellates(Phylum Zoomastigina)

Swim using flagellaWhiplike tails

“Eat” food through cell membranesEx: Trypanosoma – African

Sleeping SicknessEx: Dileptus

Parasitic or free living Can use asexual and sexual

life cycles

2. Sarcodines(Phylum Sarcodina AKA Phylum Rhizopus)

Obtain food and moves by projections of cytoplasm called pseudopods• Ameoboid movement –

streaming movement of cytoplasmic projections

• Contractile Vacuole – controls water in cell

• Food vacuole – holds food• Ex: AmeobasEx: Entameoba causes

amebic dysentery

Sarcodine AnatomyEx: Ameoba

Cilliates - Phylum Cilophora - Paramecium

Cilliate AnatomyParamecium

3. Ciliate (Phylum Ciliophora) Use cilia to move Very organized anatomy

2 nuclei: macronuclei and micronucleiOral Groove – mouth-like structureGullet – stomach like structureAnal pore – waste releaseContractile vacuole – store, pump water Pellicle – rigid protein cover, anchors

flagella, ciliaTrichocysts – projections that protect

the cell Ex: Paramecium

Conjugation in Ciliates Typically use Asexual

Binary Fission If stressed can use

ConjugationSexual

recombination of genes – swap micronuclei

NOT Reproduction (No NEW individuals)

4. Sporozoans(Phylum Sporozoa AKA Apicomplexa)

Cannot move on their own

Obligate parasites Complex life cycles that

involve many hosts Reproduce using

sporozitesEx: Plasmodium,

Causes Malaria

Life Cycle of Plasmodium

Sporozoans Other infectious parasites

• Giardia lambalis- diarrheal illness caused by a microscopic parasite usually found in water associated with animal feces

• Cryptosporidium – diarrheal illness associated with animal feces; mass outbreaks occur after floods (over 400,000 after the Milwaukee floods of 1993)

• Toxoplasma gondii - parasite that reproduces in cats and is released in their feces; can infect humans. Effects include miscarriages, psychology, and higher ratio of male births!

Ecology of Animal Like Protists Not so Good: Can be parasitic/cause

diseaseMalaria, African Sleeping Sickness,

Cryptosporidium Good: Symbiosis

Termites have beneficial animal like protist called Trichonympha in their stomachs

• Break down cellulose in wood so termites can use it as food

Let’s take a closer look at Paramecium caudatum

Paramecium VELA & Questions

Article: Cat Parasite May Affect Cultural Traits in the Human Population

Fungus-Like Protists

Fungus-like protists are heterotrophs that absorb nutrients from dead or decaying organic matter.Unlike true fungi, however, fungus-like

protists have centrioles and lack chitin in their cell wall.

The fungus-like protists include:1. Cellular slime molds2. Acellular slime molds3. Water molds

1. Cellular Slime Molds

Cellular slime molds belong to the phylum Acrasiomycota.Spend their life as an

independent individual that feeds, grows, and divides by cell division

During harsh times, individuals can form large slug-like MULTICELLULAR colony with a distinct cell membrane to reproduce.

Cellular Slime Molds in Action

http://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S26/40/20I71/index.xml?section=mm-featured

Reproduction in Cellular Slime Molds:

2. Acellular (Plasmodial) Slime Molds

Acellular slime molds belong to the phylum Myxomycota. During the course of

their life cycle, their cells fuse to produce structures with many nuclei known as plasmodia (a mass of cytoplasm that contains many diploid nuclei but no cell walls or membranes).

THE MOVING, FEEDING FORM OF A PLASMODIAL SLIME MOLD IS A MULTINUCLEATE BLOB OF CYTOPLASM – THIS IS THE FEEDING STAGE OF THE LIFE CYCLE

Reproduction in Acellular Slime Molds:

Acellular Slime Mold

Fuligo septica (dog’s vomit slime mold)

3. Water Molds

Water molds are members of the phylum Oomycota.

They thrive on dead or decaying organic matter in water and are plant parasites on land.

Ecology of Fungi Like Protists Slime molds and water molds are MOST important

recyclers of organic material

Some can be harmful Plant diseases ex. Irish Potato Famine – water mold

Phytophtora infestans*overgrowth of water mold caused by wet and

cool conditions

Why is the earth not littered with dead orgs? Tissues broken down by Fungi Like Protists and other

decomposers

Plant Like Protists Main Characteristic: Chlorophyll

Green Pigment- traps light, carries out photosynthesis

Evolved from symbiosis of photosynthetic bacteria and larger, heterotrophic bacteria

Commonly called “Algae” Many contain cell wall like plants Lack plant organs/parts Classification

Unicellular – unique characteristics – 4 phylaMulticellular – type of pigments (color) – 3 phyla

Plant-Like Protists: Unicellular Algae

The 4 phyla of unicellular plant-like protists (AKA algae) are:

1. Euglenophyta

2. Pyrrophyta

3. Chrysophyta

4. Bacillioriophyta

1. Phylum Euglenophyta

Euglena- plantlike unicellular algae w/ animal like characteristics Animal – like – can be heterotrophic,

gullet, flagella Plant – like – chloroplasts, starch storage,

eye spot Cluster of reddish pigments known as an

eyespot which function to help find sunlight for photosynthesis

Euglenas do not have a cell wall, but they do have a pellicle.

Euglenas reproduce asexually-binary fission

Why plant-like? Chloroplasts!

Euglena

2. Phylum Pyrrophyta - Dinoflagellates

Dinoflagellates are unicellular plant-like that can be photosynthetic or heterotrophic 2 flagella wrapped around in grooves between 2 thick plates

of cellulose that protect the cell Most reproduce asexually by binary fission Many species are bioluminescent – fire algae Can have red, green or yellow pigments Can produce neurotoxins - Red Tide

Algal Blooms-Unicellular plant like protists can grow rapidly in areas where sewage is discharged.

-These rapid growths are known as algal blooms.-Algal blooms quickly deplete the water of nutrients, and the cells of the bloom begin to die in great numbers.-Decomposition of these dead algae can rob water of its oxygen, choking its resident fish and invertebrate life--Ex: Red Tide

3. Phylum Chrysophyta – Golden Algae

Members of the phylum Chrysophyta are a diverse group of plantlike protists that have gold-colored chloroplasts/pigments.

• includes yellow-green algae and golden-brown algae

• reproduction can be sexual or asexual• colonial• Store food as oil not starch

4. Phylum Bacillariophyta - Diatoms

Unicellular plant-like protists that produce thin, delicate cell walls rich in silicon – glass likeVariety of photosynthetic pigmentsAmong the most abundant organisms on Earth!

• Make LOTS of Oxygen!Found in toothpaste, filtersBioluminescent

Bioluminescent Diatoms!

Multicelled Algae Chlorophyll & Acessory Pigments

Multicellular Plant Like Protists are classifed by type of photosynthetic pigments they contain.

• In adapting to conditions of limited light, various groups of algae have evolved different forms of chlorophyll:

• Chlorophyll a• Chlorophyll b• Chlorophyll c

• Each form of chlorophyll absorbs different wavelengths of light:

• Accessory pigments that absorb light at different wavelengths than chlorophyll.

Multicellular Plant-Like Protists: Red, Brown, and Green Algae

The 3 phyla of algae that are largely multicellular are commonly known as:5. red algae6. brown algae7. green algae

• A major difference among these phyla are their photosynthetic pigments.

5. Phylum Rhodophyta – Red algae

Live at great depths due to their efficiency in harvesting reddish accessory pigments called phycobilinsphycobilins absorb blue light (reflect red)Most red algae are multicellular and can live

in waters from the polar regions to the tropicsCarageenan – red algae compound in foods –

“gel”Example: Chondrus crispus (irish moss)

Red Algae

Chondrus crispus

(Irish moss)

6. Phylum Phaeophyta – Brown Algae

Brown algae contain chlorophyll a and c, as well as a brown accessory pigment, fucoxanthin (foo-co-zan-thin)

All brown algae are multicellular and most live in cool, shallow, coastal marine waters.Examples: giant kelp, Sargassum, and

Fucus

Brown Algae

Giant kelp

7. Phylum Chlorophyta – Green Algae

Green algae share many characteristics with plants, including their photosynthetic pigments and cell wall composition:have cellulose in cell wallcontain chlorophyll a and bstore food in the form of starch

Green algae can be found in fresh or salt water:Some are single cells (ex: Chlamydomonas)Some form colonies (ex: Volvox)Some are multi-cellular (ex: Ulva)

Green Algae

Chlamhydomonas

unicellular

green algae

Volvox

colonial

green algaeUlva

multicellular

green algae

Spirogyra

Multicellular green algae

Ecology of Plant-Like Protists

Produce 90% of all oxygen on earth!

Phytoplankton = bottom of food chain

Human foods Ice creams Chocolate Sushi

Plastics Waxes Paints Agar Can release toxin & choke

environment – algae bloom

Protist Graphic Organizer Kingdom Protista Fungi-like

Absorb food

Animal-likeEat food

Plant –likePhotosynthetic

unicell multicell

Create a graphic organizer on your sheetFill in the phylum names under plant, animal and fungi-like…under each phylum, give an example

Honors/GiftedKINGDOM FUNGI

Ch 20

“NO, THEY ARE NOT PLANTS”

What is a fungus?(answer this question in your own words)

General Characteristics of Fungi

Ubiquitous Decompose HETEROTROPHIC Some are parasitic, some

are mutualistic Have plant & animal

characteristics

PLANT-Like = many are anchored in the ground; cell walls (but NOT of cellulose)

ANIMAL-Like = Heterotrophic On the living and on

dead• Parasites • Saprobes

Fungi General Characteristics Mostly multicellular

Yeast unicellular They have a nucleus

Many have multiple nuclei Much of their lifecycle is haploid! They have a cell wall

Made of chitin – a protein/carb complex Digestion is EXTRACELLULAR!

They secrete an enzyme that breaks down nutrients THEN they take them in

NO PHOTOSYNTHESIS!

FUNGI STRUCTURE Made of thin filaments

= hyphae (fuzzy) Hyphae can grow as

individual cells or may fuse together to form coenocytic threads

there are different types of hyphae

• some for reproduction, some for growth, some for stability (sturdy)

Hyphae that form a web and work together = Mycelium

More about their structure….

The visible part of a fungus is only a very small part of the mycelium….

….most is underground

FUNGI REPRODUCTIONSome reproduce

asexually, some sexually – most both Asexual reproduction

• Fragmentation/budding,• Spores (clones)

• Spores can be thick walled & resist water loss

(ie, the fungus won't dry out)

Sexual reproduction• haploid +/- hyphae fusion

diploid gametangium• meiosis haploid spores

haploid organism

Reproduction in Fungi

Classification

4 Phyla 1. Zygomycota 2. Ascomycota 3. Basidiomycota 4. Deuteromycota*

--All have different hyphae types & reproductive structures

-- Classified based on how they reproduce!

1. Phylum Zygomycota “Zygote fungi” Reproduce sexually &

asexually Formed from 2

different gametangium that fuse Gametangium zygospore

Ex. Bread Mold, Athlete’s foot (Tinea pedis)

Zygomycota Hyphae

a) Rhizoid Anchor the fungus in its food

sourceb) Stolon

Run along the surface of the food source

• Give rise to 2 mating forms (“+” and “-”)

• Sexual reproduction & growth

c) Sporangia Also called “fruiting bodies” Swell at the tips of

sporangiophores• Contain the spores used for asexual reproduction

Phylum Ascomycota Sac fungi Reproduce sexually & asexually Spores (called ascospores) are

made in a sac is called an ascus

Conidiophores form and help disperse haploid spores

Important fermenters Convert sugar to CO2 & alcohol

Ex. Yeasts (with no hyphae), powdery mildews, food molds

Yeast = only unicellular fungus! Infectious: candidiasis, ringworm

Phylum Basidiomycota

Club fungi Reproduce sexually &

asexually Forms a club shaped

structure = Basidia; this is where spores are made = Basidiospore

Cap = where reproduction takes place

Ex. Mushrooms, puffballs, smuts

Basidiomycota Reproduction

What is this mushroom cloud?

Spores! Releasing millions! Only 1-2/million

spores may develop into mature fungus

Fairy Rings & My Dad

World’s Largest Organism

Just Kidding…..

World’s Largest Organism Honey Mushroom (Armillaria ostoyae) Blue Mountains of Oregon Mycelium = 1,665 football field area Mass is over 2,000 tons Why can we only see so

little?!?!

Phylum Deuteromycota

“Imperfect Fungi” Reproduce

asexually only Typical Molds Uses:

Cheeses Candy Antibiotics (penicillin) Illnesses

Penicillin

1928, Sir Alexander Fleming observed that colonies of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus could be destroyed by the mold Penicillium notatum

Aspergillus

Can cause severe lung infection

Can form endospores 2-4,000 year old

endospore of Aspergillus niger may have caused the death of initial archeology team members excavating tombs

MUTUALISTIC FUNGI

2 typesa) Lichens

b) Mycorrhizae

a) Lichens SYMBIOSIS of a fungus (usually an ascomycetes)

with an algae OR a cyanobacteria

The fungal partner benefits by getting sugars, its only nutrients, from the algae which photosynthesize.

The algal partner gets protection and nutrients broken down by the fungal partner.

b) Mycorrhizae

Fungus & Plant Hyphae grow on

roots of plant

How does each benefit?

What do mushroom spores do for fun?

I’ve taken a real

Lichen to you!

Hee hee hee hee!

QUIZ TIMEAnswer Questions - True or False…if false CORRECT it!

1. Fungi are autotrophs (use photosynthesis).

2. Fungi spend much of their lives in a haploid state.

3. There are 3 Phyla of Fungi. 4. Fungi have cell walls made of

cellulose. 5. Fungi are made up of special cells

called hyphae.

QUIZ TIME – Answers!

1. Fungi are autotrophs (use photosynthesis). F

2. Fungi spend much of their lives in a haploid state. T

3. There are 3 Phyla of Fungi. F 4. Fungi have cell walls made of

cellulose. F 5. Fungi are made up of special cells

called hyphae. T