joints and bone injuries
DESCRIPTION
Joints and Bone Injuries. Articular System. Series of joints that allow for movement of the human body Joint articulation Two bones come into contact May be immoveable, slightly moveable, or freely moveable Arthrology is the study of joint structure and function Types of joints - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
JOINTS AND BONE INJURIES
Articular System Series of joints that allow for movement of the
human body Joint articulation
Two bones come into contact May be immoveable, slightly moveable, or freely
moveable Arthrology is the study of joint structure and
function Types of joints
Synarthroses – immovable Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable Diarthroses – freely moveable
Synarthroses Lack a synovial cavity Held together by fibrous connective tissue Sutures
Ex. Joints between skull bones Fuse together after birth
Syndesmoses Connected by
ligaments are very slightly moveable
Ex. between the tibia and the fibula
Gomphoses Joint which a
conical process fits into a socket and is held by ligaments
ex. teeth held to the jaw bones
Amphiarthroses Connected by
hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage Ex. Ribs
connected to sternum
Ex. Between pubic bones
Diarthroses(synovial joints)
Ends of bones are covered with articular cartilage and separated by the joint cavity
Within joint is a capsule Outer layer is made of ligaments Inner layer is a synovial membrane that secretes
synovial fluid for lubrication
Types of Diarthroses joints Pivot joint
Bone moves around a central axis
Ex. joint between the radius and ulna of the lower arm
Gliding joint Bones move in a sliding
motion Ex. between the
carpals in the hand
Hinge joint Allows only flexion and
extension Ex. the knee and elbow
Condyloid or ellipsoidal joint Bones can move in
many directions but cannot rotate
Ex. between the metatarsals and the phalanges
Saddle joint Two bones have
both concave and convex regions
Allows the thumb to touch each of the fingertips
Ex. the thumb
Ball – and – socket joint Bone’s rounded end fits
into a concave cavity on another bone
Provides the widest range of motion possible
Ex. femur connecting to the hip bones
Joint InjuriesSubluxation Occurs when bone
displaces, then returns to normal position
Dislocation Occurs when
significant force displaces bone so that the two bone ends in a joint no longer add up
JOINTMOVEMENTS
Movements of Diarthroses Flexion Extension Hyperextension Abduction Adduction Rotation Circumduction Supination Pronation Plantar flexion Dorsiflexion
Inversion Eversion Protraction Retraction Elevation Depression Internal Rotation External Rotation Radial Deviation Ulnar Deviation Opposition
Flexion/Extension Flexion
Decreases the angle between 2 bones
Extension Increases the angle between two
bones
Hyperextension Movement that increases the angle
between two bones extends beyond the normal range of motion
Abduction/Adduction Abduction
Describes movements of the limbs only
The limb moves away from the midline of the body
Adduction Describes
movements of the limbs only
The limb moves toward from the midline of the body
Abduction/Adduction
Rotation Movement that occurs when a bone turns on its axis toward or away from the midline of the body, in the limbs, or between the 1st and 2nd vertebrae of the spine
Circumduction The ability of a limb to move in a circular path around an axis
Supination The action of turning the palm upward Performed by lateral rotation of the forearm
Pronation The action of turning the palm downward
Performed by medial rotation of the forearm
Supination/Pronation
Foot: Dorsal/Plantar
Plantar Flexion Movement that extends the foot
Pointing toes downwards Dorsiflexion
Movement that flexes the foot Brings toes up toward the lower leg
Plantar Flexion/Dorsiflexion
Plantar Flexion/Dorsiflexion
Inversion Movement that turns the sole of the foot medially
Eversion Movement that turns the sole of the foot laterally
Inversion/Eversion
Protraction/Retraction Protraction
Moving the body part forward Retraction
Moving the body part backward Both movements occur in the
transverse plane Only performed with the shoulder
and mandible
Protraction/Retraction
Elevation/Depression Elevation
Movement that lifts the body part superiorly
Depression Movement of the body part inferiorly
Elevation and Depression occur in the frontal plane
Elevation/Depression
Internal/External Rotation Internal rotation
Movement that occurs when the anterior surface moves toward the midline
aka medial rotation External rotation
Movement that occurs when the anterior surface moves away from the midline
aka lateral rotation
Internal/External Rotation
Hip Internal Rotation
Hand Movements Radial Deviation
Hand moves laterally towards the thumb side
Ulnar Deviation Hand moves medially toward the little
finger Opposition
Moves the thumb to touch the tips of the other fingers
Hand Movements
Joints of Upper Extremity Shoulder Joint
Glenohumeral Sternoclavicular Acromioclavicular
Elbow Joint Radiohumeral Humeroulnar Radioulnar
Wrist Radiocarpal Intercarpal Carpalmetacarpal
Hand Intermetacarpal Metacarpalphalan
geal Interphalangeal
Shoulder Glenohumeral Sternoclavicular Acromioclavicular
Glenohumeral joint
shoulder
Elbow
Radiohumeral Humeroulnar Radioulnar
Wrist Radiocarpal Intercarpal Carpalmetacarpal
Hand
Intermetacarpal Metacarpalphalangeal Interphalangeal
Joints of Lower Extremity Sacroiliac Acetabulofemoral Patellofemoral Tibiofemoral Tibiofibular
Ankle/Foot Talocural Subtalar Intertarsal Tarsometatarsal Intermetatarsal Metatasophalang
el Interphalangeal
Sacroiliac joint
Tibiofemoral joint
TIBIOFIBULAR JOINT
Foot/Ankle
Synovial Joint Injuries Acute
Sprains Synovitis Subluxations Dislocations
Chronic Osteochondrosis Arthritis Bursitis Capsulitis/
synovitis
Sprains Injury to ligamentous
and capsular tissue Traumatic joint twist
that results in stretching of total tearing of the stabilizing connective tissue
One of most common & disabling sports injuries
General Symptoms: Joint swelling Local temperature
increase Pain Point tenderness Skin discoloration
Sprains Grade 1
Some pain Minimum LOF Mild point tenderness Little or not swelling No abnormal motion
Grade 2 Pain Moderate LOF Swelling Slight to moderate
instability
Grade 3 Severe sprain Extremely painful
initially LOF Severe instability Tenderness Swelling
May represent subluxation that reduced spontaneously
Synovitis Irritation of
synovial membrane Causes increase in
fluid production, swelling
Joint pain during motion, skin sensitivity from pressure
Diminish in few days
Acute Joint InjuriesSubluxation Occurs when
bone displaces, then returns to normal position
Dislocation Occurs when
significant force displaces bone so that the two bone ends in a joint no longer add up
Osteochondrosis Degenerative changes in the ossification
centers of the epiphysis of bones During periods of rapid growth in children Osteochondritis dissecans Suggested causes—
aseptic necrosis: circulation to epiphysis disrupted
Trauma causes particles of articular cartilage to fx, resulting in fissures that penetrate to subchondral bone
Arthritis Inflammation of an
entire joint Usually involves all
tissues of the joint Most often in WB
joints 100 varieties of
arthritis 10% population No cure
Rheumatoid Arthritis Connective tissue
disorder resulting in severe inflammation of small joints
Cause unknown Severely debilitating Synovial membranes
of joint and connective tissues grow abnormally to form layer in joint capsules destroys cartilage and fuses bones of joint
Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis
Bursitis Inflammation of the synovial cavity
caused by excessive stress or tension
Open & Closed Kinematic Chains
Open Kinematic Chain Sequence of action in which the body part
farthest from the trunk is free during movement
i.e. Seated leg extension Closed Kinematic Chain
Sequence of action in which the body part farthest from the trunk is fixed during movement
i.e. In a squat, feet are fixed and the rest of leg chain moves