06 bone,joint & muscle injuries

7/23/2019 06 Bone,Joint & Muscle Injuries

1/34

1(34)St. JOHN AMBULANCE ASSOCIATION SINGAPORE FIRST AID TEACHING SLIDES Compiled by T. !. !HOO "#$%$&

The presentation slides contain herein are proprietary to the St. John

Ambulance, Singapore and are for use only in the FIRST AID training courses

conducted by St. John. Reproduction in any form prohibited. NT FR SA!"

#N",#N",

JINT,JINT,

ANDAND

$%S&!"$%S&!"

INJ%RI"SINJ%RI"S


2/34

T'" S("!"TNT'" S("!"TN

The body isThe body isbuilt on abuilt on aframe)or* offrame)or* of

bones + thebones + thes*eleton. Its*eleton. It

supports thesupports themuscles,muscles,

blood -esselsblood -esselsand ner-esand ner-es

and alsoand alsoprotectsprotectsimportantimportant

organs.organs.

2SJAA Bone, Joint and Muscle Injuries


3/34

#N"S, $%S&!"S AND JINTS#N"S, $%S&!"S AND JINTS

The #onesThe #ones

#one is a li-ing tissue#one is a li-ing tissuecontaining calciumcontaining calciumand phosphorus thatand phosphorus thatma*e it hard, rigid and strong.ma*e it hard, rigid and strong.


The $usclesThe $uscles$uscles caused -arious parts of the body to mo-e.$uscles caused -arious parts of the body to mo-e.S*eletal muscles are attached to bones by tendons.S*eletal muscles are attached to bones by tendons.

In-oluntary muscles operate the internal organs.In-oluntary muscles operate the internal organs.

The JointsThe JointsA oint is )here bones meet.A oint is )here bones meet.

The bone ends are oined byThe bone ends are oined byligaments and protected byligaments and protected bysmooth cartilage.smooth cartilage.


4/34

FRA&T%R"SFRA&T%R"S

AA FRA&T%R"FRA&T%R"is ais a brea*brea* oror crac*crac*in a bone.in a bone.


pen Fracturepen Fracture &losed Fracture&losed Fracture

Fractures canFractures canalso be stablealso be stableor unstableor unstable

stablestable unstableunstable


5/34

FRA&T%R"SFRA&T%R"S cont/dcont/d

RecognitionRecognition


Deformity, s)elling and bruising.Deformity, s)elling and bruising.

0ain. Difficulty )ith mo-ement.0ain. Difficulty )ith mo-ement.

Shortening, bending or t)isting of a limb.Shortening, bending or t)isting of a limb.

&oarse grating +crepitus may be heard or&oarse grating +crepitus may be heard orfelt.felt.

Signs of shoc*.Signs of shoc*.

%nnatural mo-ement.%nnatural mo-ement.A )ound1 bone endsA )ound1 bone endsmay protrude.may protrude.


6/34


Treatment +&losed FractureTreatment +&losed Fracture


Support the oints abo-e and belo) theSupport the oints abo-e and belo) theinured site )ith your hands.inured site )ith your hands.

0lace padding around the inury for e2tra0lace padding around the inury for e2tra

support.support.&all 334 for ambulance.&all 334 for ambulance.


7/34


Treatment +&losed FractureTreatment +&losed Fracture


For firmer support or if ambulance isFor firmer support or if ambulance isdelayed, immobilise the inured part to andelayed, immobilise the inured part to anunaffected part of the body.unaffected part of the body.

For upper limb immobilise against theFor upper limb immobilise against thetrun*.trun*.

For lo)er limb secureFor lo)er limb secureinured leg to theinured leg to the

uninured leg.uninured leg.Treat for shoc*.Treat for shoc*.$onitor -ital signs.$onitor -ital signs.


8/34


Treatment +pen FractureTreatment +pen Fracture

SJAA Bone, Joint and Muscle Injuries

&o-er the )ound )ith a sterile dressing and&o-er the )ound )ith a sterile dressing andpad.pad.Secure )ith a bandage.Secure )ith a bandage.

Apply pressure around the inury to controlApply pressure around the inury to controlany bleeding.any bleeding.

Immobilise and treat as for a closed fracture.Immobilise and treat as for a closed fracture.

Tie *nots on the uninured side.Tie *nots on the uninured side.


9/34


TreatmentTreatment

!SJAA Bone, Joint and Muscle Injuries

If a bone protrudes,If a bone protrudes,build up pads aroundbuild up pads around

it and bandage )ithout pressing on it.it and bandage )ithout pressing on it.

Do not allo) the casualty to eatDo not allo) the casualty to eator drin*.or drin*.

Do not mo-e the casualty until theDo not mo-e the casualty until the

inured part is secured unless there isinured part is secured unless there isimmediate danger.immediate danger.


10/34

DIS!&AT"D JINTDIS!&AT"D JINT


1"


Se-ere pain.Se-ere pain.

Inability to mo-e the oint.Inability to mo-e the oint.

S)elling and bruising.S)elling and bruising.Shortening, bending orShortening, bending ordeformity of the area.deformity of the area.


11/34

DIS!&AT"D JINTDIS!&AT"D JINT cont/dcont/d

TreatmentTreatment

11


As* casualty to *eep still.As* casualty to *eep still.

For shoulder, supportFor shoulder, supportarm )ith a sling andarm )ith a sling and

immobilise )ith a broadimmobilise )ith a broadbandage around the body for e2tra support.bandage around the body for e2tra support.

For leg, immobilise )ith broad bandages.For leg, immobilise )ith broad bandages.

&all 334 for ambulance.&all 334 for ambulance.

Treat for shoc* if necessary.Treat for shoc* if necessary.Do not replace the bone into its soc*et.Do not replace the bone into its soc*et.

Do not allo) casualty to eat or drin*.Do not allo) casualty to eat or drin*.


12/34

STRAINS AND S0RAINSSTRAINS AND S0RAINS

$uscles and tendons may be strained,$uscles and tendons may be strained,

ruptured or bruised. Aruptured or bruised. A STRAINSTRAINoccurs )henoccurs )henthe muscle is o-erstretched.the muscle is o-erstretched.

AA S0RAINS0RAINoccurs )hen a ligament at or nearoccurs )hen a ligament at or neara oint is torn.a oint is torn.

12



0ain and tenderness.0ain and tenderness.

Difficulty in mo-ing.Difficulty in mo-ing.

S)elling and bruising.S)elling and bruising.


13/34

STRAINS AND S0RAINSSTRAINS AND S0RAINS cont/dcont/d

TreatmentTreatment

13


RestRest5 Rest the inured part.5 Rest the inured part.

IceIce6 Apply ice or cold pad6 Apply ice or cold padto the area. to the area.

&ompress&ompress6 7rap6 7raparea )ith soft paddingarea )ith soft paddingand secure it )ith aand secure it )ith asupport bandage. support bandage.

"le-ate"le-ate6 "le-ate the6 "le-ate theinured part. inured part.If pain is se-ere or casualtyIf pain is se-ere or casualtyis unable to use inured partis unable to use inured partsend him to hospital.send him to hospital.


14/34

FA&IA! INJ%R8FA&IA! INJ%R8


14


There may beThere may be

0ain around affected area.0ain around affected area.

Difficulty spea*ing,Difficulty spea*ing,

che)ing, s)allo)ing, breathing.che)ing, s)allo)ing, breathing.S)elling, bruising, facial distortion and9orS)elling, bruising, facial distortion and9ora blac* eye.a blac* eye.

&lear fluid or )atery blood&lear fluid or )atery blood

from the ear or nose.from the ear or nose.$ay ha-e nec* inury.$ay ha-e nec* inury.


15/34

FA&IA! INJ%R8FA&IA! INJ%R8 cont/dcont/d

TreatmentTreatment

15



'elp casualty to sit do)n and'elp casualty to sit do)n andas* him to spit out blood,as* him to spit out blood,

displaced teeth or denture.displaced teeth or denture.Apply a cold compress to the face.Apply a cold compress to the face.

Treat for shoc* and monitor -ital signs.Treat for shoc* and monitor -ital signs.

Do notDo notallo) casualty to eat or drin*.allo) casualty to eat or drin*.

Do notDo notbandage around the lo)er part of thebandage around the lo)er part of theface or lo)er a) in case he -omits or hasface or lo)er a) in case he -omits or hasbreathing difficulties.breathing difficulties.


16/34

FA&IA! INJ%R8FA&IA! INJ%R8 cont/dcont/d

TreatmentTreatment

16


If casualty loses consciousness:If casualty loses consciousness:

pen air)ay, chec* breathing and do &0Rpen air)ay, chec* breathing and do &0Rif needed.if needed.

If he is breathing, put him in reco-eryIf he is breathing, put him in reco-eryposition )ith inured side do)n.position )ith inured side do)n.

0ut soft padding under his head.0ut soft padding under his head.


17/34

!7"R JA7 INJ%R8!7"R JA7 INJ%R8


17


0ain1 difficulty spea*ing,0ain1 difficulty spea*ing,s)allo)ing and mo-ings)allo)ing and mo-ingthe a).the a).

!oose teeth1 dribbling.!oose teeth1 dribbling.

S)elling and bruising.S)elling and bruising.

TreatmentTreatment

'elp casualty to sit )ith head for)ard. As*'elp casualty to sit )ith head for)ard. As*

him to spit out any loose teeth.him to spit out any loose teeth.;i-e casualty a pad to hold and support;i-e casualty a pad to hold and supportthe a).the a).



18/34

&!!AR #N" INJ%R8&!!AR #N" INJ%R8

%sually the fracture is caused by an indirect%sually the fracture is caused by an indirect

force transmitted from an impact at theforce transmitted from an impact at theshoulder or along the arm.shoulder or along the arm.

1




S)elling and deformity atS)elling and deformity atshoulder.shoulder.

&asualty may support&asualty may supportarm at elbo) and inclinearm at elbo) and inclinehead to inured side.head to inured side.


19/34

&!!AR #N" INJ%R8&!!AR #N" INJ%R8 cont/dcont/d

TreatmentTreatment

1!


'elp casualty to sit do)n.'elp casualty to sit do)n.

Support the arm on theSupport the arm on theinured side )ith aninured side )ith an

ele-ation sling.ele-ation sling.0lace padding bet)een arm and body.0lace padding bet)een arm and body.

Tie aTie a broad bandagebroad bandage o-er the sling ando-er the sling and

body.body.&all 334 for ambulance.&all 334 for ambulance.

Do notDo notlet casualty eat or drin*.let casualty eat or drin*.


20/34

'AND AND FIN;"R INJ%RI"S'AND AND FIN;"R INJ%RI"S

$ultiple fractures, usually caused by crushing inuries.$ultiple fractures, usually caused by crushing inuries.

2"


TreatmentTreatment

!oosely co-er the )ound!oosely co-er the )ound)ith sterile dressing.)ith sterile dressing.

7rap the hand in soft7rap the hand in softnon5fluffy padding.non5fluffy padding.

Support the arm )ith anSupport the arm )ith anele-ation sling.ele-ation sling.

Tie a broad bandage o-erTie a broad bandage o-erthe sling and body.the sling and body.



21/34

%00"R AR$ INJ%R8%00"R AR$ INJ%R8


21



S)elling, bruising, deformity.S)elling, bruising, deformity.

0lace forearm hori


22/34

FR"AR$ AND 7RIST INJ%RI"SFR"AR$ AND 7RIST INJ%RI"S


22


0ain.0ain.


Steady and support the forearmSteady and support the forearmacross the body.across the body.

Surround it )ith padding, e.g. aSurround it )ith padding, e.g. ato)el.to)el.

Support the arm in an arm sling.Support the arm in an arm sling.Tie a broad bandage o-er theTie a broad bandage o-er thesling and body.sling and body.


TreatmentTreatment


23/34

"!#7 INJ%R8"!#7 INJ%R8


23


0ain, tenderness.0ain, tenderness.S)elling, bruising, deformity.S)elling, bruising, deformity.

Fi2ed elbo).Fi2ed elbo).

If elbo) can be bent treatIf elbo) can be bent treatas foras for upper arm injuryupper arm injury..

If elbo) cannot bend placeIf elbo) cannot bend placepadding around the elbo).padding around the elbo).

Secure the arm )ith broadSecure the arm )ith broadbandages, a-oiding the fracturedbandages, a-oiding the fracturedsite.site.


TreatmentTreatment


24/34

RI# INJ%R8RI# INJ%R8


24


S)elling, bruising.S)elling, bruising.0ain at site of inury.0ain at site of inury.

Shallo) breathing.Shallo) breathing.

A )ound, sound of airA )ound, sound of airbeing =suc*ed/ into chest ca-ity.being =suc*ed/ into chest ca-ity.

0arado2ical breathing.0arado2ical breathing.

Signs of internal bleeding and shoc*.Signs of internal bleeding and shoc*.

TreatmentTreatmentSupport the arm on inured side in a sling.Support the arm on inured side in a sling.



25/34

RI# INJ%R8RI# INJ%R8 cont/d.cont/d.

If there is a penetrating chest )ound:If there is a penetrating chest )ound:

25


Sit casualty on the floor leaning to)ardsSit casualty on the floor leaning to)ardsinured side. Support )ith cushions.inured side. Support )ith cushions.

&o-er and seal the )ound&o-er and seal the )ound +see >+see >PenetratingPenetratingChest WoundChest Wound? under >? under >Respiratory ProblemsRespiratory Problems?.?.

0lace arm +inured side in an ele-ation sling.0lace arm +inured side in an ele-ation sling.&all 334 for ambulance.&all 334 for ambulance.

$onitor -ital signs.$onitor -ital signs.

If casualty loses consciousnessIf casualty loses consciousness

pen air)ay, chec* breathing.pen air)ay, chec* breathing.

If breathing, put in reco-eryIf breathing, put in reco-eryposition on his inured side.position on his inured side.


26/34

'I0 AND T'I;' INJ%RI"S'I0 AND T'I;' INJ%RI"S


26


0ain, inability to )al*.0ain, inability to )al*.

Signs of shoc*.Signs of shoc*.

!eg shortening1 *nee!eg shortening1 *nee

and foot turning out)ards.and foot turning out)ards.TreatmentTreatment

'elp casualty to lie do)n.'elp casualty to lie do)n.

;ently straighten his leg.;ently straighten his leg.

Stop of this increases pain.Stop of this increases pain.&all 334 for ambulance.&all 334 for ambulance.

Support the leg at *neeSupport the leg at *neeand an*le until ambulance arri-es.and an*le until ambulance arri-es.


27/34

'I0 AND T'I;' INJ%RI"S'I0 AND T'I;' INJ%RI"S cont/d.cont/d.

TreatmentTreatment

27


If ambulance is delayed, immobilise byIf ambulance is delayed, immobilise bysecuring the inured leg to the uninured.securing the inured leg to the uninured.

#ring the sound leg alongside the inured.#ring the sound leg alongside the inured.

Secure )ith bandages at the an*les and feet,Secure )ith bandages at the an*les and feet,*nees, abo-e and belo) fractured site.*nees, abo-e and belo) fractured site.

Do notDo notlet the casualty eat or drin*.let the casualty eat or drin*.


28/34

!7"R !"; INJ%R8!7"R !"; INJ%R8


2


0ain, inability to stand.0ain, inability to stand.

An open )ound.An open )ound.


TreatmentTreatment'elp casualty to lie do)n.'elp casualty to lie do)n.

Steady and support his inured leg.Steady and support his inured leg.

Treat any )ound present.Treat any )ound present.&all 334 for ambulance.&all 334 for ambulance.

Support the leg )ith hands abo-e and belo)Support the leg )ith hands abo-e and belo)fractured site until ambulance arri-es.fractured site until ambulance arri-es.


29/34

!7"R !"; INJ%R8!7"R !"; INJ%R8 cont/d.cont/d.

TreatmentTreatment

2!


If ambulance is delayed, immobilise by securing theIf ambulance is delayed, immobilise by securing theinured leg to the uninured.inured leg to the uninured.

#ring the sound leg alongside the inured.#ring the sound leg alongside the inured.

Secure )ith bandages at the an*les and feet, *nees, abo-eSecure )ith bandages at the an*les and feet, *nees, abo-eand belo) fracture site.and belo) fracture site.

Insert padding bet)een the legs.Insert padding bet)een the legs.

Tie *nots on theTie *nots on theuninured side.uninured side.


30/34

FRA&T%R"D 0"!@ISFRA&T%R"D 0"!@IS


3"


Inability to stand.Inability to stand.0ain, tenderness in hip, groin, bac*0ain, tenderness in hip, groin, bac*regions, increasing )ith mo-ement.regions, increasing )ith mo-ement.

Difficulty, pain passing urine.Difficulty, pain passing urine.

Signs of shoc* and internal bleeding.Signs of shoc* and internal bleeding.

TreatmentTreatment'elp casualty to lie do)n )ith *nees'elp casualty to lie do)n )ith *neesslightly bent and supported.slightly bent and supported.

&all 334 for ambulance&all 334 for ambulanceImmobilise the legs )ith bandages at the feet9an*les andImmobilise the legs )ith bandages at the feet9an*les and*nees.*nees.

Do NotDo Notbandage the legs if this causes more pain.bandage the legs if this causes more pain.


31/34

(N"" INJ%R8(N"" INJ%R8


31


0ain on mo-ing the *nee.0ain on mo-ing the *nee.S)elling at the *nee.S)elling at the *nee.

TreatmentTreatment

'elp casualty to lie do)n.'elp casualty to lie do)n.0ut padding such as pillo)s0ut padding such as pillo)sunder the *nee to support it.under the *nee to support it.

7rap padding round the *nee and bandage7rap padding round the *nee and bandage

from mid5lo)er leg to mid5thigh.from mid5lo)er leg to mid5thigh.&all 334 for ambulance&all 334 for ambulance

Do NotDo Notforcibly straighten the *neeforcibly straighten the *nee

Do NotDo Not allo) casualty to eat or drin*.allo) casualty to eat or drin*.


32/34

&RA$0&RA$0

A sudden painful spasm in one or moreA sudden painful spasm in one or more

muscles. It can be relie-ed by stretchingmuscles. It can be relie-ed by stretchingand massaging the affected muscles.and massaging the affected muscles.

32


TreatmentTreatment

&ramp in the Foot&ramp in the Foot

!et casualty stand1 rest his!et casualty stand1 rest hisfoot on your *nee to stretchfoot on your *nee to stretchthe muscles.the muscles.

$assage the affected part.$assage the affected part.


33/34

&RA$0&RA$0 cont/d.cont/d.&ramp in the &alf $uscles&ramp in the &alf $uscles

Straighten casualty/s *neeStraighten casualty/s *neeand support his foot.and support his foot.

Fle2 his foot to)ards his shinFle2 his foot to)ards his shinand massage his calf.and massage his calf.

33


&ramp in the Front of the Thigh&ramp in the Front of the Thigh !et casualty lie do)n1 raise his!et casualty lie do)n1 raise his

leg andleg and bendbendhis *nee.his *nee.$assage the affected part.$assage the affected part.

&ramp in the #ac* of the Thigh&ramp in the #ac* of the Thigh !et casualty lie do)n1 raise his!et casualty lie do)n1 raise his

leg andleg and straightenstraightenhis *nee.his *nee.$assage the affected part.$assage the affected part.


34/34


06 bone,joint & muscle injuries

Documents