jenney’s first year latin lesson 11 · •most latin verbs have 4 principal parts (some have 3)...
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Jenney’s First Year LatinLesson 11
1. Vocabulary List 112. 3rd & 4th Principal Parts of Verbs
3. The Perfect Tense4. Formation of Adverbs
Vocabulary List 11
animus, animī, m.
mind, spirit
arma, armōrum, n. (pl.)
arms
auxilium, auxiliī, n.
help, aid
auxilia, auxiliōrum, n.
auxiliary troops, reinforcements
captīvus, captīvī, m.
captive
castra, castrōrum, n. (pl.)
camp
cōnsilium, cōnsiliī, n.
advice; plan
cōpia, cōpiae, f.
plenty, supply
cōpiae, cōpiārum, f. (pl.)
forces, troops
fāma, fāmae, f.
rumor, report, reputation
fuga, fugae, f.
flight
impedīmentum, impedīmentī, n.
hindrance
impedīmenta, impedīmentōrum, n. (pl.)
baggage
numerus, numerī, m.
number, group
proelium, proel(i)ī, n.
battle
signum, signī, n.
signal, sign, military standard
tēlum, tēlī, n.
weapon
Formation & Translation of Adverbs
Adverbs
• Just like in English, in Latin adverbs are words that describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
• Adverbs are formed from adjectives
• To form adverbs from 2-1-2 adjectives:
1. Find the adj. stem (take the –a off of the nom. sg. fem. form from the dictionary entry)
2. Add –ē
Adverbs• E.G.:
– laetus, laeta, laetum: happy
– laet– + –ē = laetē: happily
– pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum: beautiful
– pulchr– + –ē = pulchrē: beautifully
Adverbs• Exceptions:– Some adverbs are formed irregularly and must be
memorized– E.G.:• bonus, bona, bonum: good• adv. = bene: well
• malus, mala, malum: bad
• adv. = male: badly• magnus, magna, magnum: great
• adv. = magnopere: greatly
The Principal Parts of a Latin Verb
Principal Parts - Review• most Latin verbs have 4 principal parts (some have 3)
• these are the 3 or 4 most essential forms of any verb
• tell you everything you need to identify, form, and translate any form of a Latin verb
• think of these as the ‘building blocks’ of Latin verbs
1st & 2nd Principal Parts
oppugnō oppugnāre
• 1st SG Present Active Indicative
• “I _________”
• present active infinitive
• vowel next to –re tells you verb’s conjugation
• find present stem by dropping –re
• “to _________”
1st PP 2nd PP
3rd & 4th Principal Parts
oppugnāvī oppugnātus
• 1st SG Perfect Active Indicative
• “I have _________ed”
• find perfect stem by dropping –ī
• perfect passive participle (when ends in –us in dict. entry)
• “having been _______ed”
• [supine (when ends in –um in dict. entry)]
3rd PP 4th PP
The Perfect Tense
Basics of the Perfect Tense• Perfect tense is another of Latin’s past tenses– different from impf. in that you can nail it down on a
timeline (actions have a clear end point)
• Perfect tense expresses completed action in past time
• Can be translated 3 ways in English:1. has/have ___________ed (present perfect)2. ___________ed (simple past)
3. did _____________ (emphatic past)
The Perfect Tense – Formation
How to form?– perfect stem + perfect active personal endings
1. Finding the perfect stem:
– Go to the 3rd PP
– Take off the –ī
E.G.:
vocō, vocāre, vocāvī, vocātum: to call
Perfect Stem = vocāv–
The Perfect Tense – Formation• How to form?– perfect stem + perfect active personal endings
2. Add the perfect active personal endings:– Perf. is the only tense that has its own set of personal
endings– These are diff. from the personal endings we know• BUT, some of them still follow the same pattern
SG PL
1st
2nd
3rd
The Perfect Tense – Formation• How to form?– perfect stem + perfect active personal endings
2. Add the perfect active personal endings:– Perf. is the only tense that has its own set of personal
endings– These are diff. from the personal endings we know• BUT, some of them still follow the same pattern
SG PL
1st –ī2nd
3rd
The Perfect Tense – Formation• How to form?– perfect stem + perfect active personal endings
2. Add the perfect active personal endings:– Perf. is the only tense that has its own set of personal
endings– These are diff. from the personal endings we know• BUT, some of them still follow the same pattern
SG PL
1st –ī2nd –isti3rd
The Perfect Tense – Formation• How to form?– perfect stem + perfect active personal endings
2. Add the perfect active personal endings:– Perf. is the only tense that has its own set of personal
endings– These are diff. from the personal endings we know• BUT, some of them still follow the same pattern
SG PL
1st –ī2nd –isti3rd –it
The Perfect Tense – Formation• How to form?– perfect stem + perfect active personal endings
2. Add the perfect active personal endings:– Perf. is the only tense that has its own set of personal
endings– These are diff. from the personal endings we know• BUT, some of them still follow the same pattern
SG PL
1st –ī –imus2nd –isti3rd –it
The Perfect Tense – Formation• How to form?– perfect stem + perfect active personal endings
2. Add the perfect active personal endings:– Perf. is the only tense that has its own set of personal
endings– These are diff. from the personal endings we know• BUT, some of them still follow the same pattern
SG PL
1st –ī –imus2nd –isti –istis3rd –it
The Perfect Tense – Formation• How to form?– perfect stem + perfect active personal endings
2. Add the perfect active personal endings:– Perf. is the only tense that has its own set of personal
endings– These are diff. from the personal endings we know• BUT, some of them still follow the same pattern
SG PL
1st –ī –imus2nd –isti –istis3rd –it –ērunt
The Perfect Tense – Formation• So…
perfect stem + perfect active personal endings
3rd PP – -ī +SG PL
1st –ī –imus2nd –isti –istis3rd –it –ērunt
Morphology Practice• nāvigō, nāvigāre, nāvigāvī, nāvigātus: to• Perf. Stem: ______________
SG PL
1st
2nd
3rd
Morphology Practice• nāvigō, nāvigāre, nāvigāvī, nāvigātus: to• Perf. Stem: nāvigāv–
SG PL
1st
2nd
3rd
Morphology Practice• nāvigō, nāvigāre, nāvigāvī, nāvigātus: to• Perf. Stem: nāvigāv–
SG PL
1st nāvigāvī nāvigāvimus
2nd nāvigāvisti nāvigāvistis
3rd nāvigāvit nāvigāvērunt
The Perfect Tense SongSing to the tune of “The Addams Family” theme song
For action that’s completedAnd not the kind repeatedThe way it must be treatedIs with the perfect tense
(repeat)–––
"–ī" "–isti" "–it" (snap, snap)That’s how you start (snap, snap)
"–imus" for "we""–istis" "–ērunt"
For the plural part (snap, snap)