Jenney’s First Year LatinLesson 41

1. Lesson 41 Vocabulary2. Participles – Basics, Forms, Translations

a) Present Activeb) Perfect Passivec) Future Active

3. Participial Phrases

Lesson 41 Vocabulary

addūcō, addūcere, addūxī, adductus

to lead to; influence

(< ad + dūcō, dūcere)

circumveniō, circumvenīre, circumvēnī, circumventus

to surround, come around

(< circum + veniō, venīre)

commoveō, commovēre, commōvī, commōtus

to move thoroughly, upset, alarm

(< cum + moveō, movēre)

compleō, complēre, complēvī, complētus

to fill up, complete

cōnspiciō, cōnspicere, cōnspexī, cōnspectus

to look at attentively, observe closely

dēficiō, dēficere, dēfēcī, dēfectus

to fail; revolt, desert; be lacking

dīmittō, dimittere, dīmīsī, dīmissus

to let go away, send away, dismiss

(< dē + mittō, mittere)

ēnūntiō, ēnūntiāre, ēnūntiāvī, ēnūntiātus

to report, announce

(< ē + nūntiō, nūntiāre)

expōnō, expōnere, exposuī, expositus

to set forth, explain

(< ex + pōnō, pōnere)

incitō, incitāre, incitāvī, incitātus

to stir up, arouse

intermittō, intermittere, intermīsī, intermissus

to stop, pause; interrupt; lose (time)

(< inter + mittō, mittere)

occīdō, occīdere, occīdī, occīsus

to cut down, kill

opprimō, opprimere, oppressī, oppressus

to crush, overpower

trādūcō, trādūcere, trādūxī, trāductusto lead across

Participles

Participles

• participles are verbal adjectives– Verbal Qualities: tense and voice, can take direct objects– Adjective Qualities: have gender, number, and case; modify

nouns or act as substantives

• there are three participles* in Latin:– present active– perfect passive– future active

*There is also a future passive participle, but this is used differently than the other types and will be taught later.

Present Active Participles

PreseNT Active Participles

• PreseNT active participles can be recognized by the ending –ns in the nom. sg. and the infix –nt– in all other forms

• Forms:– 1st & 2nd Conj.: pres. stem + –ns, –ntis– 3rd, 3rd io, & 4th Conj.: pres. stem + –ēns, –entis– decline like 3rd decl. adjectives, but have –e (NOT –ī) in abl. sg.

• Translations:– _________ing (stick with this one)– while _________ing

PreseNT Active Participles – Forming PracticeGive the pres. act. ppl. forms of the following & translate.

• nūntiō, nūntiāre, nūntiāvī, nūntiātus: to announce

• habeō, habēre, habuī, habitus: to have

• dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductus: to lead

• capiō, capere, cēpī, captus: to seize

• audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus: to hear

PreseNT Active Participles – Forming PracticeGive the pres. act. ppl. forms of the following & translate.

• nūntiō, nūntiāre, nūntiāvī, nūntiātus: to announce– nūntiāns, nūntiantis: announcing, while announcing

• habeō, habēre, habuī, habitus: to have– habēns, habentis: having, while having

• dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductus: to lead– dūcēns, dūcentis: leading, while leading

• capiō, capere, cēpī, captus: to seize– capiēns, capientis: seizing, while seizing

• audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus: to hear– audiēns, audientis: hearing, while hearing

PreseNT Active Participles – Declining PracticeDecline the following N-A pairs using pres. act. ppls.

• the announcing messenger (nūntius, -ī, m.)– nūntiāns, nūntiantis: announcing

• the leading lady (fēmina, -ae, f.)– dūcēns, dūcentis: leading

PreseNT Active Participles – Declining Practice

• the announcing messenger (nūntius, -ī, m.)– nūntiāns, nūntiantis: announcing

SG PLNom. nūntius nūntiāns nūntiī nūntiantēs

Gen. nūntī nūntiantis nūntiōrum nūntiantium

Dat. nūntiō nūntiantī nūntiīs nūntiantibus

Acc. nūntium nūntiantem nūntiōs nūntiantēs

Abl. nūntiō nūntiante nūntiīs nūntiantibus

PreseNT Active Participles – Declining Practice

• the leading lady (fēmina, -ae, f.)– dūcēns, dūcentis: leading

SG PLNom. fēmina dūcēns fēminae dūcentēs

Gen. fēminae dūcentis fēminārum dūcentium

Dat. fēminae dūcentī fēminīs dūcentibus

Acc. fēminam dūcentem fēminās dūcentēs

Abl. fēminā dūcente fēminīs dūcentibus

Perfect Passive Participles

Perfect Passive Participles

• perfect passive participles can be recognized easily because they are the 4th PP of all verbs

• Forms:– 4th PP – decline like 2-1-2 adjectives

• Translations:– having been _________ed (stick with this one)– _________ed

Perfect Passive Participles – Forming PracticeGive the perf. pass. ppl. forms of the following & translate.

• nūntiō, nūntiāre, nūntiāvī, nūntiātus: to announce

• habeō, habēre, habuī, habitus: to have

• dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductus: to lead

• capiō, capere, cēpī, captus: to seize

• audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus: to hear

Perfect Passive Participles – Forming PracticeGive the perf. pass. ppl. forms of the following & translate.

• nūntiō, nūntiāre, nūntiāvī, nūntiātus: to announce– nūntiātus, -a, -um: having been announced, announced

• habeō, habēre, habuī, habitus: to have– habitus, -a, -um: having been had, had

• dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductus: to lead– ductus, -a, -um: having been led, led

• capiō, capere, cēpī, captus: to seize– captus, -a, -um: having been seized, seized

• audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus: to hear– audītus, -a, -um: having been heard, heard

Perfect Passive Participles – Declining PracticeDecline the following N-A pairs using perf. pass. ppls.

• the city having been captured (urbs, urbis, f.)– captus, -a, -um: having been captured

• the animal having been heard (animal, animalis, n.)– audītus, -a, -um: having been heard

Perfect Passive Participles – Declining Practice

• the city having been captured (urbs, urbis, f.)– captus, -a, -um: having been captured

SG PLNom. urbs capta urbēs captae

Gen. urbis captae urbium captārum

Dat. urbī captae urbibus captīs

Acc. urbem captam urbēs captās

Abl. urbe captā urbibus captīs

Perfect Passive Participles – Declining Practice

• the animal having been heard (animal, animalis, n.)– audītus, -a, -um: having been heard

SG PLNom. animal audītum animalia audīta

Gen. animalis audītī animalium audītōrum

Dat. animalī audītō animalibus audītīs

Acc. animal audītum animalia audīta

Abl. animalī audītō animalibus audītīs

Future Active Participles

FutURe Active Participles

• futURe active participles can be recognized easily by the –ūr– infix before the endings

• Forms:– 4th PP à drop -us, -a, -um à add -ūrus, -ūra, -ūrum

• N.B.! This is exactly what you do for fut. act. infinitives

– decline like 2-1-2 adjectives

• Translations:– about to _________ (stick with this one)– going to _________– intending to _________

FutURe Active Participles – Forming PracticeGive the fut. act. ppl. forms of the following & translate.

• nūntiō, nūntiāre, nūntiāvī, nūntiātus: to announce

• habeō, habēre, habuī, habitus: to have

• dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductus: to lead

• capiō, capere, cēpī, captus: to seize

• audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus: to hear

FutURe Active Participles – Forming PracticeGive the fut. act. ppl. forms of the following & translate.

• nūntiō, nūntiāre, nūntiāvī, nūntiātus: to announce– nūntiātūrus, -a, -um: about to announce

• habeō, habēre, habuī, habitus: to have– habitūrus, -a, -um: about to have

• dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductus: to lead– ductūrus, -a, -um: about to lead

• capiō, capere, cēpī, captus: to seize– captūrus, -a, -um: about to seize

• audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus: to hear– audītūrus, -a, -um: about to hear

FutURe Active Participles – Declining PracticeDecline the following N-A pairs using fut. act. ppls.

• the consul about to announce (cōnsul, cōnsulis, m.)– nūntiātūrus, -a, -um: about to announce

• the battle-line about to lead (aciēs, aciēī, f.)– ductūrus, -a, -um: about to lead

FutURe Active Participles – Declining Practice

• the consul about to announce (cōnsul, cōnsulis, m.)– nūntiātūrus, -a, -um: about to announce

SG PLNom. cōnsul nūntiātūrus cōnsulēs nūntiātūrī

Gen. cōnsulis nūntiātūrī cōnsulum nūntiātūrōrum

Dat. cōnsulī nūntiātūrō cōnsulibus nūntiātūrīs

Acc. cōnsulem nūntiātūrum cōnsulēs nūntiātūrōs

Abl. cōnsule nūntiātūrō cōnsulibus nūntiātūrīs

FutURe Active Participles – Declining Practice

• the battle-line about to lead (aciēs, aciēī, f.)– ductūrus, -a, -um: about to lead

SG PLNom. aciēs ductūra aciēs ductūrae

Gen. aciēī ductūrae aciērum ductūrārum

Dat. aciēī ductūrae aciēbus ductūrīs

Acc. aciem ductūram aciēs ductūrās

Abl. aciē ductūrā aciēbus ductūrīs

Participial Phrases

Participial Phrases

• a participial phrase consists of a participle and anything else that goes with it grammatically (direct objects, indirect objects, prep. phrases, ind. statements, etc.)

• the PPL in a part. phrase modifies an antecedent (noun or pronoun); they agree in gender, number, and case

• these are usually set off by commas

• simply translate the participle literally and anything else that goes with it

Participle Translation Practice

• Magistrum exponentem linguam discipulīs vīdī.

• Exercitus iter factūrus in Galliam oppugnatus est.

• Ego, cupiēns domum ambulare, ē ludō excessī.

• Castra oppugnāta ab hostibus capta sunt.

• Equum inventum in sīlvā ad vīllam redūxit.

Participial Phrases as Subordinate Clauses

• another way to translate a participial phrase is as a subordinate clause

– temporal, causal, or concessive (determine from context which is best)

• when translating this way, the tense of the participle denotes time relative to the main verb, just like infin. in ind. st.:

– present participles: same time– perfect participles: time before– future participles: time after

Translating Participles

• Translating as Temporal Clause:

– Use WHEN, ONCE, or WHILE

– e.g.: Eurystheus vidēns Herculem timuit.

– Eurystheus was afraid when he saw Hercules.

Translating Participles

• Translating as Causal Clause:

– Use SINCE

– e.g.: Eurystheus vidēns Herculem timuit.

– Since he saw Hercules, Eurystheus was afraid.

Translating Participles

• Translating as Concessive Clause:

– Use ALTHOUGH

– e.g.: Eurystheus vidēns Herculem nōn timuit.

– Although he saw Hercules, Eurystheus was not afraid.