jenney’s first year latin lesson 19lesson 19 1.lesson 19 vocabulary 2.the concept of voice...

Jenney’s First Year LatinLesson 19

1. Lesson 19 Vocabulary2. The Concept of Voice

3. 1st & 2nd Conj., Pres. System, Passive Voice:a) Present Passive Indicative

b) Imperfect Passive Indicativec) Future Passive Indicative

d) Present Passive Imperative

Lesson 19 Vocabulary

aestās, aestātis, f.

summer

hiems, hiemis, f.

winter

lūx, lūcis, f.

light

pāx, pācis, f.

peace

salūs, salūtis, f.

safety, welfare

vōx, vōcis, f.

voice

The Concept of Voice

Verb Characteristics

• All Latin verbs have FIVE characteristics; we have seen four so far:

1. Person: “who?” – 1st / 2nd / 3rd

2. Number: “how many?” – SG / PL

3. Tense: “when?” – pres. / impf. / fut. / perf. / plupf. / fut. pf.

4. Mood: “what kind of action?” – indic. / impv. / [subjunctive]

• the fifth characteristic of a Latin verb is VOICE

The Concept of Voice• voice tells you whether the subject is doing the action

or the action is being done to the subject

• if the subject is doing the action, the verb is in the active voice (we have only seen active verbs)

– I was watching the lions in the arena.

– Leōnēs in arenā spectābam.

The Concept of Voice• voice tells you whether the subject is doing the action

or the action is being done to the subject

• if the subject is being acted upon, the verb is in the passive voice

– I was being watched by the lions in the arena.

– Spectābar ā leōnibus in arenā.

• In English, we tend to avoid using the passive voice, but Latin uses it very frequently

1st-2nd ConjugationPresent System, Passive Voice

The Passive Voice• in the present system, the passive is conjugated exactly

like the active voice (same rules), but with one major difference:

the passive voice uses its own set of personal endings!!!

Passive Personal Endings

SG PL1st

2nd

3rd





SG PL1st -or, -r2nd

3rd





SG PL1st -or, -r2nd -ris, -re3rd





SG PL1st -or, -r2nd -ris, -re3rd -tur





SG PL1st -or, -r -mur2nd -ris, -re3rd -tur





SG PL1st -or, -r -mur2nd -ris, -re -minī3rd -tur





SG PL1st -or, -r -mur2nd -ris, -re -minī3rd -tur -ntur

A Note on Sum, Esse, Fuī, Futūrus• Passive forms DO NOT EXIST!

• The verb “to be” only exists in the active voice

• Active forms of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus are used in constructing the perfect passive system

• But the passive of “to be” itself does not exist

Present Passive Indicative

Present Passive Indicative – 1st Conj.Forming:1. Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) 2. Add the passive personal endings

oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack

SG PL1st

2nd

3rd



SG PL1st oppugnā oppugnā2nd oppugnā oppugnā3rd oppugnā oppugnā



SG PL1st oppugnor* oppugnā2nd oppugnā oppugnā3rd oppugnā oppugnā

* Remember that the –ā in the stem goes away before –ō in the 1st SG form, just like in the active



SG PL1st oppugnor* oppugnā2nd oppugnāris oppugnā3rd oppugnā oppugnā




SG PL1st oppugnor* oppugnā2nd oppugnāris oppugnā3rd oppugnātur oppugnā




SG PL1st oppugnor* oppugnāmur2nd oppugnāris oppugnā3rd oppugnātur oppugnā




SG PL1st oppugnor* oppugnāmur2nd oppugnāris oppugnāminī3rd oppugnātur oppugnā




SG PL1st oppugnor* oppugnāmur2nd oppugnāris oppugnāminī3rd oppugnātur oppugnantur


Present Passive Indicative – 2nd Conj.Forming (same as 1st conj.):1. Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) 2. Add the passive personal endings

teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold

SG PL1st

2nd

3rd

Present Passive Indicative – 2nd Conj.Forming (same as 1st conj.):1. Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) 2. Add the passive personal endings


SG PL1st tenē tenē2nd tenē tenē3rd tenē tenē

Present Passive Indicative – 2nd Conj.

Forming (same as 1st conj.):1. Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re)

2. Add the passive personal endings


SG PL1st teneor* tenē2nd tenē tenē3rd tenē tenē

* Remember that the –ē in the stem stays but becomes short before –ō in the 1st SG form, just like in the active





SG PL1st teneor* tenē2nd tenēris tenē3rd tenē tene






SG PL1st teneor* tenē2nd tenēris tenē3rd tenētur tene






SG PL1st teneor* tenēmur2nd tenēris tenē3rd tenētur tene






SG PL1st teneor* tenēmur2nd tenēris tenēminī3rd tenētur tene






SG PL1st teneor* tenēmur2nd tenēris tenēminī3rd tenētur tenentur


Present Passive Indicative – 1st/2nd Conj. Translating:1. subj. pronoun + pres. form of ‘to be’ + ________ed


Latin English1st SG

2nd SG

3rd SG

1st PL

2nd PL

3rd PL



Latin English1st SG oppugnor

2nd SG oppugnāris

3rd SG oppugnātur

1st PL oppugnāmur

2nd PL oppugnāminī

3rd PL oppugnantur



Latin English1st SG oppugnor I am attacked

2nd SG oppugnāris

3rd SG oppugnātur

1st PL oppugnāmur


3rd PL oppugnantur




2nd SG oppugnāris you are attacked

3rd SG oppugnātur

1st PL oppugnāmur


3rd PL oppugnantur





3rd SG oppugnātur s/he/it is attacked

1st PL oppugnāmur


3rd PL oppugnantur






1st PL oppugnāmur we are attacked


3rd PL oppugnantur







2nd PL oppugnāminī you (pl.) are attacked

3rd PL oppugnantur







2nd PL oppugnāminī you (pl.) are attacked

3rd PL oppugnantur they are attacked



Latin English1st SG

2nd SG

3rd SG

1st PL

2nd PL

3rd PL



Latin English1st SG teneor

2nd SG tenēris

3rd SG tenētur

1st PL tenēmur

2nd PL tenēminī

3rd PL tenentur



Latin English1st SG teneor I am held

2nd SG tenēris you are held

3rd SG tenētur s/he/it is held

1st PL tenēmur we are held

2nd PL tenēminī you (pl.) are held

3rd PL tenentur they are held

Imperfect Passive Indicative

Imperf. Passive Indicative – 1st Conj.

Forming:1. Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) 2. Add the impf. infix/marker –ba–3. Add the passive personal endings


SG PL1st

2nd

3rd




SG PL1st oppugnābar oppugnābāmur2nd oppugnābāris oppugnābāminī3rd oppugnābātur oppugnābantur

Imperf. Passive Indicative – 2nd Conj.


2. Add the impf. infix/marker –ba–



SG PL1st

2nd

3rd






SG PL1st tenēba tenēbā2nd tenēbā tenēbā3rd tenēbā tenēba






SG PL1st tenēbar tenēbāmur2nd tenēbāris tenēbāminī3rd tenēbātur tenēbantur

Imperf. Passive Indicative – 1st/2nd Conj. Translating:1. subj. pronoun + was/were being + ________ed


Latin English1st SG

2nd SG

3rd SG

1st PL

2nd PL

3rd PL



Latin English1st SG oppugnābar

2nd SG oppugnābāris

3rd SG oppugnābātur

1st PL oppugnābāmur

2nd PL oppugnābāminī

3rd PL oppugnābantur



Latin English1st SG oppugnābar I was being attacked

2nd SG oppugnābāris








2nd SG oppugnābāris you were being attacked









3rd SG oppugnābātur s/he/it was being attacked









1st PL oppugnābāmur we were being attacked









2nd PL oppugnābāminī you (pl.) were being attacked








2nd PL oppugnābāminī you (pl.) were being attacked

3rd PL oppugnābantur they were being attacked



Latin English1st SG

2nd SG

3rd SG

1st PL

2nd PL

3rd PL



Latin English1st SG tenēbar

2nd SG tenēbāris

3rd SG tenēbātur

1st PL tenēbāmur

2nd PL tenēbāminī

3rd PL tenēbantur



Latin English1st SG tenēbar I was being held

2nd SG tenēbāris you were being held

3rd SG tenēbātur s/he/it was being held

1st PL tenēbāmur we were being held

2nd PL tenēbāminī you (pl.) were being held

3rd PL tenēbantur they were being held

Future Passive Indicative

Future Passive Indicative – 1st Conj.

Forming:

1. Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re)

2. Add the fut. infix/marker –bi–*



SG PL1st

2nd

3rd


Forming:







Forming:





SG PL1st oppugnābo oppugnābi2nd oppugnābe oppugnābi3rd oppugnābi oppugnābu

*just like in the active: 1st SG drops the –i in –bi– before –o(r) | 3rd PL, –i à –u

**N.B.: in 2nd SG, –i changes to –e before –ris


Forming:





SG PL1st oppugnābor oppugnābimur2nd oppugnāberis oppugnābiminī3rd oppugnābitur oppugnābuntur



Future Passive Indicative – 2nd Conj.

Forming (same as 1st conj.):





SG PL1st

2nd

3rd







SG PL1st tenēbo tenēbi2nd tenēbe tenēbi3rd tenēbi tenēbu









SG PL1st tenēbor tenēbimur2nd tenēberis tenēbiminī3rd tenēbitur tenēbuntur



Future Passive Indicative – 1st/2nd Conj. Translating:1. subj. pronoun + shall/will be + ________ed


Latin English1st SG

2nd SG

3rd SG

1st PL

2nd PL

3rd PL



Latin English1st SG oppugnābor

2nd SG oppugnāberis

3rd SG oppugnābitur

1st PL oppugnābimur

2nd PL oppugnābiminī

3rd PL oppugnābuntur



Latin English1st SG oppugnābor I shall be attacked

2nd SG oppugnāberis








2nd SG oppugnāberis you will be attacked









3rd SG oppugnābitur s/he/it will be attacked









1st PL oppugnābimur we shall be attacked









2nd PL oppugnābiminī you (pl.) will be attacked








2nd PL oppugnābiminī you (pl.) will be attacked

3rd PL oppugnābuntur they will be attacked



Latin English1st SG

2nd SG

3rd SG

1st PL

2nd PL

3rd PL



Latin English1st SG tenēbor

2nd SG tenēberis

3rd SG tenēbitur

1st PL tenēbimur

2nd PL tenēbiminī

3rd PL tenēbuntur



Latin English1st SG tenēbor I shall be held

2nd SG tenēberis you will be held

3rd SG tenēbitur s/he/it will be held

1st PL tenēbimur we shall be held

2nd PL tenēbiminī you (pl.) will be held

3rd PL tenēbuntur they will be held

Present Passive Imperative

Present Passive ImperativeForming:1. Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) 2. Add the 2nd person sg/pl passive personal endings


SG PL2nd

Present Passive ImperativeForming:1. Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) 2. Add the 2nd person sg/pl passive personal endings


SG PL2nd oppugnā oppugnā

Present Passive ImperativeForming:1. Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) 2. Add the 2nd person sg*/pl passive personal endings


* 2nd SG Pres. Pass. Impv. uses the –re ending, NOT –ris

N.B.: • the 2nd SG pres. act. impv. and the pres. act. infin. are the same• the 2nd PL pres. pass. indic. & 2nd PL pres. pass. impv. are the same• These impv. forms are rare, and will usually be at the beginning of the

sentence and/or have a vocative form with them if they are impv.

SG PL2nd oppugnāre* oppugnāminī

jenney’s first year latin lesson 19lesson 19 1.lesson 19 vocabulary 2.the concept of voice...

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