Jeffersonian Republic1800-1812

The Big Ideas Of This Chapter1. Jefferson’s effective, pragmatic policies strengthened the

principles of two-party republican gov’t - even though Jeffersonian “revolution” caused sharp partisan battles

2. Despite his intentions, Jefferson became deeply entangled in the foreign-policy conflicts of the Napoleonic era, leading to a highly unpopular and failed embargo that revived the moribund Federalist Party

3. James Madison fell into an international trap, set by Napoleon, that Jefferson had avoided. The country went to war against Britain. Western War Hawks’ enthusiasm for a war with Britain was matched by New Englanders’ hostility.

Cultural Cultural NationalismNationalismp Education The “Virtuous

Citizen”p An American form of English

Noah Webster

“We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists”

Is that true? Economically?

Some historians say they are the same b/w Jefferson and Hamilton both dealt with rich people - be they merchants or southern planters

Some historians say they are the same b/c Jefferson did not hold to his “Strict Constructionist” theory because

1. Louisiana purchase2. Allowing the Nat’l bank Charter to expire rather than

“destroying it” as soon as he took office

1800 Election Results

1800 Election Results (16 states in the Union)

Thomas Jefferson Virginia

Democratic-Republican

73 52.9%

Aaron Burr New York Democratic-Republican

73 52.9%

John Adams Massachusetts Federalist 65 47.1%

Charles Pinckney

South Carolina Federalist 64 46.4%

John Jay New York Federalist 1 0.7% Total Number of Electors 13

8

Total Electoral Votes Cast 276

Number of Votes for a Majority 70

1800 Election Results (Into the House of Representatives!!)

1 vote for each State

Thomas Jefferson

Virginia Democratic-Republican

10

62.5%

Aaron Burr New York

Democratic-Republican

4 25.0%

Blank ------- 2 12.5%

•Despite their political differences, Hamilton knew that Jefferson was the better man for the job. Much more qualified than Burr

This deadlock pointed out a flaw in Constitution – as a result 12th amendment was passed, requiring separate ballots be cast for President and VP

2004 Election 2004 Election HeadlinesHeadlinesOutreach effort and moral values

theme pays off for Bush with Hispanics -- Nov. 3, 2004 [FOX News]

Election Reinforces USA’s Religious Schism

-- Nov. 4, 2004 [USA Today]

'It's a Victory for People Like Us'Bush Emphasis on Values Drew Ohio

Evangelicals

-- Nov. 5, 2004 [Washington Post]

2004 Election Poll 2004 Election Poll DataDataWhich One Issue Mattered

Most in Deciding How You Voted for President? (Check

only one)

KerrKerryy

BusBushh NaderNader

TaxesPercentage of Electorate: 5 43% 57% 0%

EducationPercentage of Electorate: 4 73% 26% --

IraqPercentage of Electorate: 15 73% 26% 0%

TerrorismPercentage of Electorate: 19 14% 86% 0%

Economy/JobsPercentage of Electorate: 20 80% 18% 0%

Moral ValuesPercentage of Electorate: 22 18% 80% 1%

Health CarePercentage of Electorate: 8 77% 23% --

2004 Election Poll 2004 Election Poll DataData

Attend Religious Attend Religious ServicesServices

KerrKerryy

BusBushh

NadeNaderr

More Than Once a WeekPercentage of Electorate: 16

35% 64% 1%

Once a WeekPercentage of Electorate: 26 41% 58% 0%A Few Times a MonthPercentage of Electorate: 14

49% 50% --

A Few Times a YearPercentage of Electorate: 28 54% 45% 0%

NeverPercentage of Electorate: 15 62% 36% 1%

A New Style Of Gov’t• Jefferson tried to cutback on government

– He appealed to the common man (even wearing slippers and work clothes in the office!)

• He reduced the size of the army• Halted an expansion of the navy• Cut back on costs of govt social functions

http://www.netaonline.org/JeffersonAtDesk.jpg

Significance

First party overturn in history of the country

Significance: demonstrated the efficacy of a two-party system

SignificanceJefferson surprisingly kept most of Hamilton’s

Financial Plan intact• Kept most of go’vt officials• Did get rid of excise tax• Kept the B-FAT

As a president, Jefferson is pragmatist rather than an idealist• Alien and Sedition Act expires• Congress enacted new naturalization law• *Succeeded in cutting nat’l debt and balancing budget by cutting gov’t

spending. – Secretary of Treasury Albert Gallatin– gov’t that governs least, governs best– Gov’t for the people

JOHN MARSHALL AND THE SUPREME COURT

• Federalists are very important in the courts• Adams appointed John Marshall as Chief Justice;

Marshall served for 30 years - Marshall’s decisions strengthened the

power of SC and of federal government- he solidified the federalist position in the

court

THE “MIDNIGHT JUDGES”

• As Adams is about to leave office, he pushes through Congress the Judiciary Act of 1801

• He adds 16 new federal judges!• All the new judges are – you guessed it –

Federalists. (Adams hopes to influence future federal judiciary decisions this way.)

• As he signed their appointments late on his last day in office they are called the Midnight Judges.

JEFFERSON’S REACTION TO ADAMS’ “PACKING THE COURT”

• Furious! – Jefferson argues that some of the documents authorizing the appointments had not been delivered by the time Adams left office, they were invalid

• THIS LED TO ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT COURT CASES OF ALL TIME: – MARBURY v. MADISON

MARBURY v. MADISON 1803

This creates the case of Marbury v Madison which is one of THE

MOST IMPORTANT COURT DECISIONS in U.S. history

– to-be-judge Wm. Marbury never got his papers from J. Madison

– he takes it to court saying the Judiciary Act of 1789 required those papers to be delivered

ACTIVITY1) Name of Case-2) Facts: Who was involved in case? What happened?

3) Issue- What was the legal issue that had to be decided?

4) Arguments for the Petitioner- What are the arguments for the petioner? What precednets were cited?

5) Arguments for the Respondent- What were the arguments for the Respondent? What Precedents were cited?

6) Decision- What was the decision of the court? What was their reasoning? Were there any significant dissenting opinions?

MARBURY v. MADISON 1803What did the Court say?1. Did Marbury have the right to the commission?

• Pointing to law passed by Congress which told how justices of the peace should be appointed, the Court said he did

2. Was the gov’t required to make amends?• The Court said when gov’t officials (like Madison) hurt people (like Marbury) by neglecting their legal duties (such as

delivering the commission), our laws require that a remedy be found

3. If the gov’t was required to make amends, did that mean that Madison must be ordered to deliver Marbury’s commission as Marbury had requested?

• Here is the surprise: Marshal said: YES, a court could issue such an order, but NO, this was not the right court to issue it

• Why wasn’t this the right court to issue it? Marbury had taken advantage of a part of the Judiciary Act that allowed complaints such as his be taken straight to the Supreme Court instead of going through the lower courts. Chief Justice Marshall, however, said that this law was unconstitutional.

• The Constitution does say some cases can go straight to the Supreme Court but other cases must go through lower courts first.

• It did not matter that Congress had passed a law saying something different, because the Constitution is a higher law

• When two laws come into conflict, judges must obey the higher of them - in this case the Constitution

MARBURY v. MADISON 1803

• In others words: The Supreme Court has power to rule a law by the Congress unconstitutional -

• Significance: established Judicial Review

• Importance: contrast w/ Va Ky resolutions which claimed states had the right of review…which is _______ theory

Impeachment of Samuel Chase

• Jefferson threatens Supreme Court• Impeachment voted on by House• Senate did not impeach

• Henceforth, no attempts to reshape the Court by impeachment

Tripolitan War1801-1805

• Attack by pirates of N. Africa• Forced to buy protection• Pasha of Tripoli declared war on U.S.• U.S. Navy led by Stephen Decatur• “mosquito fleet”

http://z.about.com/d/africanhistory/1/0/8/2/TripolitanWar.jpg

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE

• 1800, Napoleon persuades Spain to return Louisiana to France. – [Spain had gotten it from France in 1762.]

• Secret Transfer of Louisiana to France worries Jefferson – a strong French presence mid-continent may force US into an alliance w/ GB

• Jefferson offers to buy New Orleans and western Florida from the French

“Let’s Make a Deal”

• Jefferson sends Monroe to negotiate w/ Napoleon

• Napoleon had tried to reconquer France’s most important island colony (Saint Dominque, now Haiti), but failed

• So Napoleon wants to sell all of Louisiana!

• Monroe and Livingston (US ambassador to France) close the deal for $15,000,000

Is the purchase constitutional?

• Jefferson actually doubted that the government could legally buy Louisiana– Especially for a “strict constructionist” – since no where in the

Constitution does it say a president can buy land– It will cost and the debt will rise– Federalists dislike it b/c new western lands will be loyal to the

Republicans• But Senate ratified the treaty.

– Louisiana Purchase more than doubled the size of the US– Western half of richest river valley in the world– Guaranteed Mississippi waterway to the Gulf of Mexico including N.O.– Paved the way for expansion– Ended European expansion in North America– Avoided war w/ France– Boosted American nat’lism

LEWIS AND CLARK

• “The Corps of Discovery” – Jefferson appoints Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore the new territory– From St. Louis to the Pacific– Information about unknown plants and animals– Learn as much as possible about Native

Americans as they travel through the region– 2 years and 4 months resulting in acquisition of

invaluable info about the western territories– Sacajawea serves as interpreter and guide

Burr Conspiracy

Burr vice president under TJ• Essex Junto: Small group of

Federalist extremists plotted New England’s secession from the union and the creation of a seven-state northern confederacy

• Federalist-dominated New England felt threatened by Jefferson’s political dominance & the La. Purchase which would lead to western expansion

• Tried to get Hamilton to run for gov’nor of NY then lead the secessionist mov’t - Hamilton refused

• They then turned to Burr• Hamilton defeated Burr in gov’nor

election• Burr challenged him to a duel

Burr Conspiracy

• 1806 Burr tried to separate western part of U.S. and unite it w/ to-be-conquered Spanish territory west of La. Territory

• Burr supported James Wilkinson, military gov’nor of upper La., who later told Jefferson

• Burr arrested• John Marshall dropped the case when

2 witnesses for gov’t couldn’t be found

Jefferson reelected in 1804

France vs. BritainSeas ruled by BritainBritain at war w/ FranceChesapeake-Leopard Affair• Br. Commander of the H.M.S. Leopard demanded

surrender of four alleged Br. Deserters on the U.S.S. Chesapeake - American cap’t refused

• Leopard fired at the Chesapeake: 3 dead; 18 wounded• American reaction was the most hostile since the XYZ

Affair (Br. admitted its error)• Jefferson called for action

– Forbade Br. Ships to dock at American ports– Ordered st. gov’nor to bring up militia

Embargo Act 1807

• Forbade export of all goods from the U.S.– Force Br. And Fr to respect its rights– Loose construction of the Constitution

• Congress’ power to “regulate commerce” meant it could stop exports

• Undermined Jefferson’s states’ rights theory

It was a disaster!

1807 U.S. exports = $108 million

1808 U.S. exports = $22 million

NE trade most affectedMounds of goods unsold in SouthJefferson gets Congress to passtougher laws - NE thinks secession

Repealed 1809

Non-Intercourse Act of 1809• Replaced Embargo Act• Reopened trade with all

nations of the world except Fr and Br

• Remain U.S. policy until 1812

Why did the Embargo fail?-He underestimated Br.(Order in Council)- Napoleon could afford to ignore the American trade (seized ships)- Difficult to enforce - costly, smuggling

Why Should You Care?Shipping tied up and imported goods scarce, New England reopened old factories.*Real foundations of modern industrial industry were laidWeakened Jefferson’s party

Thomas JeffersonPresidential Charts

Jefferson’s legacy: Presidency1. Peaceful transfer of power 18012. Maintained many Federal

programs: Nat’l bank, tariffs, funding at par, kept most public servants

3. Reversed excise tax, pardoned martyrs from Sedition act, new naturalization law, reduced debt, balanced budget

4. Supreme Court• Marbury v. Madison• Impeachment of Chase

5. Expansion: Louisiana Purchase6. Tripolitan Wars7. Embargo Act8. “father of the 2-term presidency”

Thomas JeffersonPresidential Charts

Jefferson’s legacy: Expansionism1. Expansionism becomes prime

goal of JeffersoniansFederalist like expansion too but:• In Old Northwest not the South• Northwest not subdued until Battle of

Fallen Timbers 1794• Southern conquest difficult b/c Spanish

presence

La. Purchase changed all of thatHistorically stunning achievement -

no society ever had indefinite expansion and hemisphere supremacy w/out building strong centralized state (big armies, big navies, big taxation)

Thomas JeffersonPresidential Charts

Jefferson’s legacy: Expansionism1. Hard side of Expansionism

– Removal of Amerindians, blacks, & Spanish in Florida

– Empire for liberty was for whites only

2. Barbary Wars - attempt to expand agriculture empire

Thomas JeffersonPresidential Charts

Jefferson’s legacy: Democratic non-aristocratic gov’t

1. Gov’t that governs least, gov’ns best

• Lower debt, promote states’ rights

2. Feared more than 2 presidential terms might lead to dictatorship

3. Retained faith in democracy and common people

Thomas JeffersonPresidential Charts

Jefferson’s legacy: Total defeat of Federalists by 1816

1. “High Federalists” had been moving towards creation of European style aristocracy through creation of standing army and gov’t suppression of political opponents

– Most high-ranking officers were Federalists

– Burr tried to get ranking officer James Wilkinson, to support secession of western territory

2. The military victory in 1807 against Barbary pirates and in Europe meant officer corps became loyal to Jerrersonians

Thomas JeffersonPresidential Charts

Jefferson’s legacy: Kept the country out of damaging European war

War of 1812 not until late in Madison’s terms

Thomas Jefferson Memory Aid Jeffersonian Democracy

I mpeachment of Samuel Chase

H amilton’s plan kept by Jefferson (except excise tax)

A agrarian empire (westward expansion)T ripolitan WarE embargo Act, 1807

L ouisiana Purchase 1803A rmy reduced in size (Federalist lose

major center of power)M arbury v. Madison 1803B urr Conspiracies (1804 in NY, 1806 in

the West)

Presidential Election of 1808Presidential Election of 1808

James Madison Becomes James Madison Becomes PresidentPresident

Dolly MadisonDolly Madison

Madison and War of 1812Madison and War of 1812

To be continued…To be continued…