thomas jefferson the “revolution” of 1800 & jeffersonian democracy

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Thomas Thomas Jefferson Jefferson The “Revolution” of 1800 & The “Revolution” of 1800 & Jeffersonian Democracy Jeffersonian Democracy

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Thomas JeffersonThomas JeffersonThe “Revolution” of 1800 & The “Revolution” of 1800 &

Jeffersonian DemocracyJeffersonian Democracy

Election of 1800 Hamilton split with Adams

over the WarHamilton attacks Adams in a pamphlet

Jefferson's character attackedRumored to have children with his slave

Election Results:Electoral deadlock

Jefferson = 73Jefferson = 73Burr = 73Burr = 73Adams = 65Adams = 65Pinckney = 64Pinckney = 64

1800 Election Results

(16 states in the Union)(16 states in the Union)

Thomas Jefferson

Virginia Democratic-Republican

73 52.9%

Aaron Burr New York Democratic-Republican

73 52.9%

John Adams Massachusetts Federalist 65 47.1%

Charles Pinckney South Carolina Federalist 64 46.4%

John Jay New York Federalist 1 0.7%

Total Number of Electors13

8

Total Electoral Votes Cast27

6

Number of Votes for a Majority

70

1800 Election Results

Tie vote decided in the HouseMost Federalists favored Burr over Jefferson

Hamilton sided with Jefferson as the lesser of two evils

Burr never forgets

1 vote for each State 1 vote for each State

Thomas Jefferson Virginia Democratic-Republican 10 62.5%

Aaron Burr New York

Democratic-Republican 4 25.0%

Blank ------- 2 12.5%

1800 Election Results in the House

Jefferson Wins Burr is VP Jefferson does not trust him

“Revolution of 1800”Peaceful transfer of power seen as revolutionary

12th Amendment (1804) Electors must specify that they are voting for one presidential candidate & one vice-presidential candidate

End of FederalistsJohn Adams was the last

Federalist presidentdisbanded by 1816

Federalists led the country through tough times & established a strong economy

Elitism & fear of the common people put them out of touch with a rapidly changing nation

Jefferson inaugurated as the 3rd President March 4, 1801 in the new capital of Washington, D.C.walked to the Capitol

Jefferson: Common Man

Inaugural Address:“Friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none”

“We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists”

Jefferson as President“consistently inconsistent”Refused to speak directly

to Congress his addresses sent to Congress by a clerk

precedent unbroken until Wilson in 1913

Does not take a radical new coursePragmatism over idealismRefused to replace Federalists appointees & give the jobs to Democratic-Republicans

Kept Hamilton’s financial programIncreased size of the Bank of US

Increased the tariffRepealed excise taxes (whiskey)

Reversed some Federalist policies:Jefferson pardoned those sentenced under the Sedition act

New naturalization law of 1802 returned citizenship requirement to 5 years

Albert Gallatin appointed Secretary of TreasuryReduced the debt

Reported on the nation’s finances

Judiciary TroublesJudiciary Act of 1801

Increased the number of judges

Lame-duck President Adams appointed loyal Federalists judges at the last minute

These “Midnight” Judges upset Jefferson & the Republicans

“Packing” the courts

One was John Marshall as Chief JusticeWould be chief justice through 5 presidents

Single-handedly entrenched Federalist principles long after the demise of the Federalists

Congress repealed the Judiciary Act of 1801One appointed judge sued Secretary of State James Madison to force him to deliver his commission

Marbury v. Madison, 1803Marshall ruled part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional

“Judicial review”Supreme Court’s right to rule a law unconstitutional

Contrasted with VA / KY Resolutions

Samuel Chase ImpeachmentRepublicans in the House brought impeachment charges against Supreme Court justice Samuel Chase

Senate failed to find him guilty – lack of evidence

Strengthened the principle of separation of powers

Jefferson the WarriorJefferson feared a

standing army Invitation to dictatorshipDecreased army to 2500Decreased navy as well

Only aided the North

US Ships attacked by Barbary Coast pirates

Pasha of Tripoli1801: Declared war on USJefferson sent the Navy & Marine Corps to the “shores of Tripoli” in 1801

Later decided to spend the navy budget on “mosquito fleet” Small boats to defend the coast

Proved useless in the War of 1812

Louisiana Purchase1800: Napoleon acquired

Louisiana from Spain1802: Spain withdrew the

right of American deposit in New Orleans

James Monroe sent to buy New Orleans & Florida for $10 million

Toussaint L’Overture led Haitian Rebellion against French

Prompted Napoleon to sell

Jefferson reluctantly agreed to buy Louisiana for $15 millionBelieved in strict construction - Constitution made no provision for acquiring new territory

Federalist Northeast argued as strict constructionists against the acquisitionit would increase the number of agrarian states

Significance:Doubled size of USMississippi RiverWestward expansionEnded European expansionBoosted US nationalism

Lewis & Clark Expedition1804-1806St. Louis to the mouth of Columbia River on the Pacific Ocean

Aided by the wife of their French interpreter, a Shoshone named Sacajawea

Meriwether Lewis & William ClarkMeriwether Lewis & William Clark

Zebulon Pike1805: explored the northern Mississippi River

1806: went west into Colorado & New Mexico

Pike’s Peak, ColoradoPike’s Peak, Colorado

Aaron Burr & IntrigueAaron Burr lost the race

for Governor of NY & the VP in 1804

Sided with a group of NE Federalist extremists (Essex Junto) wanted NY & NE to secede from the union

Plot thwarted by HamiltonPrompted Burr to challenge Hamilton to a duel

Burr killed Hamilton in a duel in 1804killed the one remaining hope of the Federalist Party

Hamilton - Burr Duel

1806: Burr tried for treason Plotted to remove the Louisiana territory from the U.S.

Acquitted by John Marshall when 2 witnesses could not be found

Decreased the likelihood of finding anyone guilty of treason in the future

Burr’s failure to muster supporters indicated the level of national unity was growing in the west

Jefferson’s 2nd Term1804: Jefferson reelected

in a landslideRepublicans had

thoroughly usurped the Federalist agenda further weakening the Federalist Party

Napoleon BonaparteNapoleon Bonaparte

Napoleonic WarsBritish & French fighting threatened to drag the pacifist Jefferson into war

Battle of Trafalgar (1805): British Admiral Lord Nelson defeated the French fleet

Gave Britain command of the seas

Battle of TrafalgarBattle of Trafalgar

Battle of Austerlitz (1805)Napoleon victory Gave France command over the European continent

Battle of AusterlitzBattle of Austerlitz

Orders in Council (1806): British close continental ports controlled by the French

Berlin & Milan Decrees Napoleon ordered the seizure of all ships entering British ports

British ImpressmentAmerican sailors forced into the Royal Navy

1807: Chesapeake IncidentBritish attack an American navy frigate

Americans call for blood

Jefferson did not want war Army & navy weak

Embargo Act of 1807Jefferson got Congress to impose an embargo

Denied US ships the right to trade with Britain & France

Both the North & the South suffered

Many in Northeast called for secession & nullification

Embargo caused a depressionMany backed Federalist candidates

The The OGRABMEOGRABME

Non-Intercourse Act (1809) passed to replace the Embargo Act

Reopened trade with everyone but France & Britain

Embargo’s ImpactsNot long enough to have a major impact

Cost the US a navyHelped the Federalist Party (briefly)

Sparked the Industrial Revolution in America

Eventually British textile manufacturers will feel enough pain from non-intercourse they will complain to Parliament

Jefferson’s LegacyExpansionist tendenciesAvoided European warCreated a democratic non-

aristocratic governmentTotal defeat of FederalistsTwo-term precedent

Chose James Madison to succeed him