jatropha briquette journal

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1 ENERGY OF JATROPHA BRIQUETTE PRODUCED FROM JATROPHA OIL PRODUCTION WASTE Mirmanto Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mataram Jl. Majapahit no. 62, Mataram, NTB, Indonesia Phone (0370)636126, (0370)6570632, Fax (0370)636126, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRAK Kegiatan industri pasti menghasilkan limbah, tidak terkecuali industri biodiesel jarak pagar. Limbah bisa menimbulkan masalah dalam kehidupan jika tidak ditangani dengan benar. Padahal limbah biodiesel jarak termasuk biomassa yang dapat dijadikan briket sebagai bahan bakar alternatif. Penggunaan briket biomassa tidak menimbulkan polusi, memiliki energi yang tinggi, terbaharukan dan merupakan upaya mencegah pencemaran lingkungan. Bijih jarak yang kering ditumbuk dan diayak sehingga diperoleh bungkil, kulit buah, daun dan campuran kulit buah-daun dan kulit buah-daun-bungkil. Setelah itu dicampur perekat kanji lalu dipress menjadi briket dan dikeringkan. Briket yang terbentuk diuji kadar air dan nilai kalornya. Dari penelitian ini diperoleh bahwa briket bungkil jarak memiliki nilai kalor tertinggi yaitu 6.104,2317 kal/g, kemudian kulit buah-daun-bungkil jarak sebesar 4.944,6863 kal/g dan kulit buah-daun jarak sebesar 3.858,5802 kal/g, sedangkan perekat kanji sebesar 5.344,8983 kal/g. Sedangkan briket dengan campuran perekat kaji, nilai kalor briket bungkil jarak paling tinggi yaitu 6.068,3306 kal/g, kemudian briket kulit buah-daun-bungkil jarak sebesar 4.782,2912 kal/g dan briket kulit buah-daun jarak sebesar 4.572,1057 kal/g. Nilai kalor briket akan berbanding terbalik dengan penambahan kuantitas perekat apabila nilai kalor bahan dasar briket lebih tinggi dari nilai kalor perekat, dan sebaliknya. Briket bungkil jarak memiliki prospek yang baik untuk dikembangkan menjadi briket masa depan. Kata Kunci : Limbah jarak, Briket, Nilai kalor, Energi ABSTRACT Industry activities usually produce waste and biodiesel production industry does too. Waste can bring many problems in human life if it is not managed properly. Meanwhile Jatropha biodiesel waste is one of biomasses types, which can be made as briquettes, which are called as alternative fuels. The use of biomass briquette does not cause environment pollution. Dry Jatropha seeds can be extracted by pounding and sifting to be “residue”, husk fruit, leafs, mixture of husk fruit-leaf and husk fruit-leaf-residue. After they are mixed with starch, they can be pressed to become briquettes. The briquettes are then tested by using oven and bomb calorimeter in order to know their water contained and energy contained (calorific value). Research result shows that “residue” briquette has the highest calorific value than others. Its calorific value is about 6104.2317 cal/gr. Briquette produced from husk fruit-leaf-shell has calorific value about 4782.2912 (cal/gr) and briquette produced from husk fruit-leaf has calorific value 4572.1057 cal/gr. The briquette energy will be in contras value with increasing starch quantity. More starch quantities are added, lower energy resulted from briquette, except residue briquette. Jatropha briquette has good prospect to be developed as future alternative fuel. Keyword : Jatropha waste, Briquette, Heating value (calorific value), Energy. Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/

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Page 1: Jatropha Briquette Journal

1

ENERGY OF JATROPHA BRIQUETTE PRODUCED FROM JATROPHA OIL PRODUCTION WASTE

MirmantoMechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mataram

Jl. Majapahit no. 62, Mataram, NTB, IndonesiaPhone (0370)636126, (0370)6570632, Fax (0370)636126, e-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRAK

Kegiatan industri pasti menghasilkan limbah, tidak terkecuali industri biodiesel jarak pagar. Limbah bisa menimbulkan masalah dalam kehidupan jika tidak ditangani dengan benar. Padahal limbah biodiesel jarak termasuk biomassa yang dapat dijadikan briket sebagai bahan bakar alternatif. Penggunaan briket biomassa tidak menimbulkan polusi, memiliki energi yang tinggi, terbaharukan dan merupakan upaya mencegah pencemaran lingkungan. Bijih jarak yang kering ditumbuk dan diayak sehingga diperoleh bungkil, kulit buah, daun dan campuran kulit buah-daun dan kulit buah-daun-bungkil. Setelah itu dicampur perekat kanji lalu dipress menjadi briket dan dikeringkan. Briket yang terbentuk diuji kadar air dan nilai kalornya. Dari penelitian ini diperoleh bahwa briket bungkil jarak memiliki nilai kalor tertinggi yaitu 6.104,2317 kal/g, kemudian kulit buah-daun-bungkil jarak sebesar 4.944,6863 kal/g dan kulit buah-daun jarak sebesar 3.858,5802 kal/g, sedangkan perekat kanji sebesar 5.344,8983 kal/g. Sedangkan briket dengan campuran perekat kaji, nilai kalor briket bungkil jarak paling tinggi yaitu 6.068,3306 kal/g, kemudian briket kulit buah-daun-bungkil jarak sebesar 4.782,2912 kal/g dan briket kulit buah-daun jarak sebesar 4.572,1057 kal/g. Nilai kalor briket akan berbanding terbalik dengan penambahan kuantitas perekat apabila nilai kalor bahan dasar briket lebih tinggi dari nilai kalor perekat, dan sebaliknya. Briket bungkil jarak memiliki prospek yang baik untuk dikembangkan menjadi briket masa depan.

Kata Kunci : Limbah jarak, Briket, Nilai kalor, Energi

ABSTRACT

Industry activities usually produce waste and biodiesel production industry does too. Waste can bring many problems in human life if it is not managed properly. Meanwhile Jatrophabiodiesel waste is one of biomasses types, which can be made as briquettes, which are called as alternative fuels. The use of biomass briquette does not cause environment pollution. Dry Jatropha seeds can be extracted by pounding and sifting to be “residue”, husk fruit, leafs, mixture of husk fruit-leaf and husk fruit-leaf-residue. After they are mixed with starch, they can be pressedto become briquettes. The briquettes are then tested by using oven and bomb calorimeter in order to know their water contained and energy contained (calorific value). Research result shows that “residue” briquette has the highest calorific value than others. Its calorific value is about 6104.2317 cal/gr. Briquette produced from husk fruit-leaf-shell has calorific value about 4782.2912 (cal/gr) and briquette produced from husk fruit-leaf has calorific value 4572.1057 cal/gr. The briquette energy will be in contras value with increasing starch quantity. More starchquantities are added, lower energy resulted from briquette, except residue briquette. Jatrophabriquette has good prospect to be developed as future alternative fuel.

Keyword : Jatropha waste, Briquette, Heating value (calorific value), Energy.

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INTRODUCTION

Fossil energy sources are becoming

depleted more day and day, while the need of

them surely ongoing increases. Because of

that condition, energy experts predict that in

short time coming, fossil energy will be used

up. Christ Lewis, in his book of “Biological

Fuels” depicted that natural gas, earth oil and

coal would disappear by the year of 2047,

2080 and 2180. Christ Lewis also said that

Uranium would also disappear by the year of

2017, except Nuclear Breeder Technology

(Nuclear Fusion) were confidently

developed. Wasrin Syafii (2003) said that

people would face difficulties on filling their

demands, particularly demands of fuels.

Therefore, the efforts on searching chemical

energy source and alternative energy are very

important.

Several types of alternatives energy

that can be developed are solar energy, wind

energy, geothermal energy, OTEC (ocean

thermal energy conversion), biomass energy

etc. However, among those types of

alternatives energy, biomass energy is an

alternative energy that has to be concerned

primarily because of its benefits. If biomass

energy is compared with other alternatives

energy, it is as a winner because it does not

only help people to make environment be

cleaner, but also provides energy that can be

utilized for several purposes.

As known from several mass media,

recently the scientists are in a rush time for

developing renewable energy as an

alternative energy. One of renewable energy

is biodiesel, which is produced from

vegetable oil. Fuels produced from

vegetables oil have almost the same

characteristics with diesel fuel. According to

Dodi Hidayat (2005), biodiesel is fuel, which

is friendlier to the environment. One of

biodiesel fuels is biodiesel produced from

Jatropha.

Jatropha is a kind of plants that can

grow in critical soil or limited water land. In

Indonesia, there are almost 13 million

hectares that are as dry and infertile land.

Therefore, growing Jatropha plant in

Indonesia is very suitable and it will bring

some advantages for both environment and

filling the demand of energy. Haryadi (2005)

said that developing Jatropha plant in

Indonesia had big chance in the future.

Jatropha biodiesel has octane number 51.

This is higher than octane number of diesel

fuel. Octane number of diesel fuel is bout 45.

In addition, Jatropha biodiesel has pour point

8 degree Celsius, while diesel fuel has pour

point 10 degree Celsius (Dodi Hidayat,

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2005).

Production process on making

Jatropha oil has by product, which is called

waste. This waste evolves shell, leaf and

husk fruit. It is classified into two groups,

first is direct waste that comes out from

presser machine and the other is indirect

waste that involves leafs, fruit, branch etc.

However, whatever waste can cause negative

impact on environment such as pollutant.

Therefore, it is necessary to find the way for

converting waste to be useful things. It

actually can be used as stuff of briquette.

According to Erliza et al (2006), the residue

of Jatropha seed contains high quality of

protein. Meanwhile, the amount of energy

contained in the waste is not known yet.

Research Aim:

This research has some aims as

follows:

1. To know the amount of calorific value

(energy) contained in the waste and in the

briquette.

2. To know the influence of starch to the

energy contained of waste and briquette.

3. Researcher wants to know the Jatropha

plant potency further.

REVERENCES REVIEW AND

THEORY

Energy is a capability to do a work. It

cannot be created or be destroyed, but it can

be changed from one form of energy to

another form. There are several forms of

energy. They are chemical energy,

mechanical energy, potential energy, kinetic

energy, nuclear energy, combustion energy

etc. Sources of energy are such as chemical

reaction or combustion, sun, wind,

geothermal, water flows, ocean current,

wave, and many others. Energy can be used

for several purposes such as cooking,

lighting, turning machine, generating

electrical power, crops processing, running

industry and so on (Sri Kadarwati, 2001).

The amount of energy comes into the process

must equal to that of energy comes out from

the process. However, value of each energy

form in this case may be changed

(Tjokrowisastro, dkk. 1990).

Fuel is a substance that is consumed

to release some energy when it is burned

(www.chemeng.ui.ac.id). Specifically, fuel is

defined as chemical substance that contains

carbon and hydrogen. When it is reacted with

oxygen at certain pressure and temperature, it

results gas and energy (Tjokrowisastro, dkk.

1990).

Fuel, when it is viewed from its

condition and shape, can be classified as

solid, liquid and gas fuel. Otherwise, when it

is viewed from how it happens, it can be

classified as natural fuel and unnatural fuel.

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Natural solid fuel involves anthracite, coal,

bitumen, lignite, wood, biomasses, while

unnatural solid fuel involves cocas, semi-

cocas, ash, briquette and nuclear fuel.

Unnatural liquid fuel involves gasoline,

kerosene, diesel fuel, residue oil and solid

fuel processed to be liquid fuel. Natural gas

fuel involves natural gas, petroleum gas,

while unnatural gas fuel involves cracking

gas and produced gas

(www.chemeng.ui.ac.id).

Combustion

Combustion is chemical reaction that

runs quickly and is followed by flashing light

and releasing heat. Sudden combustion is

combustion that undergoes slowly oxidizing.

In this case, heat is not released, but it is used

for increasing temperature until flashing

point. Complete combustion is defined as

combustion where all of fuel components are

burned completely and this combustion

forms CO2 gas, H2O gas/vapor and SO2 gas,

so that there is no component unburned

(www.chemeng.ui.ac.id).

Jatropha

People in several area of Indonesia

have known Jatropha because Japanese

introduced it in 1942, when Japanese

colonized Indonesia. In that year, people

were forced to plant Jatropha on their yard.

Several local name that are given to Jatropha,

according to Hariyadi (2005), are Jarak

Gundul (in Java), Jarak Pager (in Bali),

Jarak lulu mau, Paku kase, Jarak pageh, Jarak

pager (in NTB), Kuman nema (in Alor),

Jarak kosta, Jarak wolanda, Bindalo, Bintalo

(in Sulawesi), Ai huwa kamala, Balacai,

Kadoto (in Maluku).

Figure 1. Jatropha Plant(Source: http://www.rri-online.com)

Jatropha used in this research is

Jatropha Curcas Linnaeus. It is involved in

Euphorbiaceous Family, or it is in the same

family to cassava. Jatropha is involved as

shading tree, which has 1-7 m in height and

irregularly branches as well. Its stem releases

sap when it is scratched. Leafs of Jatropha

are corrugated single leaf, which has angles

between three and five spots and green color.

The leaf has 5-7 fingers. Jatropha flower has

green-yellow color. Male flower and female

flower are created in bowl shape. They are at

the top of branch or in armpit of leaf. Fruit of

Jatropha has elliptical (egg) shape and 2-4

cm of diameter. Fruit color is green when it

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is young and it becomes yellow when it is

old /ripe. In addition, the fruit is divided into

3 rooms and each room contains one seed.

The seeds have egg shapes and brown color.

They involve oil, which has 35-45% of its

composition and poison (Erliza Hambali, et

al, 2006).

a b

Figure 2. (a) Fruit, (b) Seeds(Source: Erliza Hambali, et al, 2006)

Jatropha oil has yellow color and it

will not become turbid although it is

untreated for a long time. Residue of seed

contains 12.9% water, 10.1 % ash, 45.1 %

rough protein and 31.9 % rough fiber as well

as non-nitrogen organic stuff

(http://www.probisnis.com).

Potency of Jatropha is in the fruit that

involves seed. Seed consist of seed core and

seed shell. Seed core is a component of seed

that contains oil in big percentage. This oil

can be converted to be biodiesel fuel. Having

been pressed, seed results oil and waste that

is called as residue. Jatropha oil is stuff that

can be used for making soap, methanol,

ethanol, glycerin and biodiesel. Moreover,

residue can be changed to be a kind of

fertilizer, a stuff of biogas generation and fat

food, while the seed shell can be used for

substituting fuel and fertilizer.

Although residue contains high

protein, it is poisonous because it contains

poison stuff, calcium, phosphate and forbid

ester. Residue cannot be used for being

livestock food but for biogas generating and

fertilizing because it contains calcium and

phosphate (http://www.probisnis.com).

Briquette

Briquette is a thing that is made of

soft stuff that is dried and hardened first.

Stuff of briquette recommended is biomasses

because biomasses are free available,

abundantly available and renewable. The use

of briquette is flexible because briquette can

be made and shaped in varies sizes and

shapes in accordance with the user desire.

Except those above, briquette can be utilized

by using simple technology and it can release

much heat safely in a long time (Adan, I.U,

1998). Briquette is fuel that is very suitable

used by trader or entrepreneur who needs

ongoing combustion in a long time.

According to DKPKM, total briquettes used

in Indonesia reach 1.97 million ton

(http://www.tekmira.esdm.go.id).

Making briquette is very simple and

easy. First, biomasses are dried under the

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sun, then after being dried, they are crushed

to be powder. This powder, next, is mixed

with starch or glue uniformly. This mixed

powder is put into mold that is designed in

accordance with user’s desire. through the

way of making briquette above, briquette has

characteristics as follows (Tjokrowisastro

dkk, 1990):

1. Smoke released from briquette

combustion is less than that from

biomasses.

2. Attractive, simple, flexible and it

can be made in required size and

shape.

Biomasses

Biomasses are organic stuffs from

plants such as leafs, grasses, branches,

parasite plant, agriculture waste, forestry

waste, husbandry waste etc. Biomasses are

also called as photosynthesis production

because when they are still alive, they are

grown by photosynthesis process. In

photosynthesis process, chlorophyll absorbs

sun light and converts it into substance that

contains water, carbon, hydrogen and

oxygen. This substance can be converted to

be other products, which can release heat

when they are burned (Wagini, dkk, 2001).

According to Tatang Sopian (2005),

biomasses are mostly called organics

materials. These materials contain 80 - 90%

water. However, having been dried, they

contain high percentage of hydrocarbon. As

known, that hydrocarbon is a substance that

consists of potential energy. Based on BPPS

data year of 2000, utilizing wood fuel and

charcoal contributes 219.5 barrel of total

barrel fuel needed by Indonesia country.

Eighty five percent from 219.5 barrel is

needed for supporting the household demand.

Organic wastes contain 70-80% wet organic

wastes and 20-30% dry organic wastes.

Water contained analysis

Solid fuel contains water that is

classified into: (1) Internal water. Internal

water is water bounded chemically in the

solid fuel, (2) External water. External water

is water from surrounding of solid fuel.

Water contained in the fuel decreases fuel’s

quality because it decreases fuel’s calorific

value and fuel needs much heat for

increasing temperature when fuel is burned.

Water does not only decrease fuel’s calorific

value, but also delays combustion process

and adds volume of exhaust gas

(www.chemeng.ui.ac.id)

Drying

Drying process is a process for

decreasing water contained in solid fuel.

Principally, drying process involves two

fundamental phenomena. (1) Heat is

transferred from heater media to substance

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that is being dried. In this case, heat may be

carried by air that flows over the substance

dried. (2) Water mass is removed by dryer. In

here, because of temperature increment, vapor

pressure in the substance increases gradually

and become higher than surrounding pressure,

so that vapor comes out from the substance.

To know water contained of dry solid

fuel, solid fuel can be put into electrical oven

at 105 0C, then it is analyzed by using

equation below (INFIC, 1997):

Wet sample weight, D (g)

D= B – A (1)

Dry sample weight, E (g)

E = C – A (2)

Percentage of water contained, F (%)

100x

DD - EF (3)

Percentage of water contained, G (%)

100x

ED - EG (4)

Where A is weight of empty bowel (g), B is

weight of sample + bowel (g), C is weight of

sample + bowel after heated in oven at 1050C (g), and F is percentage of water

contained based on wet mass (%) as well as

G is percentage of water contained based on

dry mass (%).

Calorific value testing:

Calorific analysis of fuel is to know

the amount of energy released from fuel

when fuel is being burned. In combustion

process, heat is released from fuel burned to

the surrounding. The maximum amount of

heat released during perfect combustion

process per mass or per volume of fuel is

defined as calorific value (Tjokrowisastro

dkk, 1990). Muhammad el-Wakil (1992)

depicted that the calorific value was heat that

moved when perfect combustion occurred.

However, according to Wulan, calorific value

is a heat resulted from perfect combustion

per mass or per volume of fuel

(www.chemeng.ui.ac.id).

Calorific value can be predicted by

using bomb calorimeter. Data resulted from

bomb calorimeter can be used for making

empirical correlation (Tjokrowisastro, dkk.

1990). There are two ways for determining

calorific value. According to Muhammad el-

Wakil (1992), they are HHV and LHV. HHV

(higher heating value) is a calorific value

where water vapor has become condensate

during combustion process, whereas LHV

(lower heating value) is a calorific value

where water vapor resulted from perfect

combustion has not become condensate yet.

Thus, HHV includes latent heat of water

vapor, while LHV does not. Therefore, HHV

is always greater than LHV.

Bomb calorimeter

According to the Combustion Theory,

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energy contained in a substance can be

predicted from its unsure. However, this way

is very difficult because unsure of a

substance must be known first. Other way to

know the energy contained in a substance is

just using bomb calorimeter. Bomb

calorimeter is a commonly device, which is

used for determining calorific value of solid

or liquid fuel. By using this device, specimen

tested with certain mass is burned under

standardized condition. Combustion is

activated by adding oxygen from container,

which has pressure, varies from 20 – 35 atm.

Water jacket is measured by using

thermometer or temperature tester.

Differences between initial temperature and

final temperature can be used for predicting

calorific value. Unit used of measurement

using bomb calorimeter is cal/gr. One calorie

is the amount of heat needed for increasing

temperature of 1-gram water from 14.5 0C to

15.5 0C at standard pressure (INFIC, 1997).

Bomb calorimeter is mostly used for testing a

substance that contains Nitrogen and

Sulphur. Therefore, combustion with excess

air or oxygen results N2O3 and S2O3. Those

oxidations form HNO3 and H2SO4 when they

meet water. HNO3 and H2SO4 are strong acid

that can add heat in the bomb calorimeter.

Therefore, calorific value determined by

using bomb calorimeter should be corrected.

Chemical solutions used for correcting

calorific value commonly are:

a) Standard alkali solution. This solution

is used for titrating washer water that

is used for correcting the acid. For

this purpose, usually researcher uses

0.0725 N.

b) Methyl Orange Indicator or Methyl

Red.

Figure 3. Adiabatic bomb calorimeter

Heat analysis using bomb calorimeter

should use equations below:

Wet Gross Energy (GEwet):

initialfinal TTT Δ (5)

cal/cm wire)x2.3rested-(10

burned wireofHeat (6)

Where:

∆T is difference temperature (0C)

initialT is temperature before combustion (0C)

finalT is temperature after combustion (0C)

2.3 cal is heat resulted from combustion

every 1 cm wire burned.

10 is initial length of flash wire.

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masssample titrationmillilitre

masssampleburned wireofleng2470

wetGE

-Tx (7)

Sample mass is in gram, milliliter titration is

in calorie, wetGE (wet gross energy) is in

cal/gram, and length of wire burned is in

calorie, number 2470 is constant in calorie

that reveres to 1 oC of temperature increment

of 1 gram water. One cm of rested wire is

equal to 2.3 cal. Milliliter titration (Na2CO3)

is correction for heat generated by nitrate

acid during combustion.

To analyze dry calorific value,

analyzer can use equation below:

sampledry %GE dry

wet100xGE (8)

Where: GEdry (Dry gross energy) is in

cal/gram (INFIC, 1997).

RESEARCH METHOD

Stuff used in this research was

Jatropha fruit without seed, Jatropha leaf and

residue of Jatropha oil producing, wet starch.

Devices used are:

1. Adiabatic oxygen

bomb calorimeter.

2. Mold and briquette

presser.

3. Electrical oven.

11. Pipette

12. Glass steering

13. Ceramic bowel.

14. Pincers

15. Desiccators

4. Oxygen vessel.

5. Analytical balancer

with accuracy 0.1

mg.

6. Mortar

7. Stopwatch

8. Thermometer

9. Beaker glass.

10. Flash wire.

16. Ruler.

17. Backed.

18. Scissor.

19. Pliers.

20. Spoon.

Briquette Making

Making briquette can be done as

follows:

a. Take stuff of briquette for being dried

under the sun.

b. Dry stuff is then pounded to be

powder.

c. Mix starch with water in comparison

of 10:3 (10 gr starch and 3 gr water at

80 0C) uniformly.

d. Mix part of each sample that has been

dried and crushed with starch dough

in comparison of 4:1, 7:1 and 10:1

(all are in gr).

e. Put each sample into mold then press

it.

f. Dry briquette in oven at 65 0C as long

as 10 hours.

Water contained testing

Water contained testing can be done

as follows:

1. Clean ceramic bowel is dried in oven 105

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0C.

2. Then that bowel is cooled in desiccators.

3. Measure the weight of that bowel.

4. Put 1.5 gram of sample into the bowel.

5. Dry the bowel that contains 1.5 gram of

sample in the oven at 105 oC as long as 8-

12 hours.

6. Take out the bowel and cool it in the

desiccators.

7. Measure again the weight of bowel that

contains 1.5 gram of sample.

Briquette energy testing

Energy contained in the briquette can be

tested by using bomb calorimeter. These are

the regency (Na2CO3, 0.0725 N and methyl

orange indicator) and the procedures for

testing:

a) Clean and dry bowel in oven at 105 0C as

long as 1 hour.

b) Take 1.1 gram of sample.

c) Fill bucket with 2 kg of water.

d) Regulate the water temperature at 1.5 0C

above room temperature.

e) Cut flash wire as long as 10 cm and

install it.

f) Put bowel that contains 1.1 gram samples

into oven and regulate the flash wire in

order to touch the sample.

g) Put 1 ml of water into bomb.

h) Fill bomb with oxygen from vessel that

has pressure of 35 atm.

i) Switch on the dynamo for turning the

steering as long as ± 5 minutes until

temperature become steady.

j) Burn the sample by pressing red button

on ignition unit.

k) Note the maximum temperature reached.

l) Turn off dynamo.

m) Wash inside of bomb and take out the

bowel.

n) Put washer water into beaker glass and

titrate it with Na2CO3, 0.0725 N and

methyl orange as many as 3 drops until

liquid becomes orange.

o) Release flash wire and measure its length.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

As shown in figure 4, fruit+leaf

briquette, at any value of stuff-starch

comparison, has the highest percentage of

water contained than others. However, water

contained of fruit+leaf decreases when stuff-

starch comparison increases. This is caused

by internal water contained of fruit+leaf

briquette and the decrement of water

contained in a row with increasing stuff-

starch comparison is caused by starch's water

contained. Water contained of starch is lower

than that of fruit+leaf, so that briquette,

which contains much starch, has lower water

contained percentage as well.

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Figure 4. Briquette water contained

In the meantime, residue's water contained

and fruit+leaf+residue's water contained have

the same behavior with that of fruit+laef's

water contained. When more starch is added,

water contained decreases.

Water contained of residue is the

lowest one because residue, in fact, contains

very little water. According to the PPMJ-

NTB (Jatropha Oil Production Centre-NTB),

that before being processed, Jatropha seed

has maximum water contained 5 %, however,

because of the long time, the ways of saving

and the temperature where it is placed, seed's

water contained can rise until 9%.

After being pressed, Jatropha seed lose its oil

and water contained and it becomes residue.

Thus, it is convenient that residue almost

have little water, so that it has lower water

contained percentage than others.

Because residue briquette has lower

water contained percentage than others and

fruit + leaf briquette's water contained

percentage is the highest, so that

fruit+laef+residue briquette's water contained

percentage lies between the values of those

both percentages.

Calorific values of several stuffs and

briquettes are shown in figure 5 and 6.

Calorific value testing was done by using

bomb calorimeter. Samples tested had each

mass 1.1 gram. Using equation (5), one can

calculates temperature difference ( T ),

while the length of wire burned can be

determined by using equation (6). Calorific

value of a briquette (GEwet) can be calculated

by using equation (7), while GEdry value can

be deliberated by using equation (8).

As shown in figure 5, stuff of residue

has the highest calorific value. This highest

value is caused by oil contained, which

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consists of carbon and hydrogen. It is well

known that carbon and hydrogen have

calorific value because they are unsure of

fuel. Therefore, this stuff has highest value of

calorie.

Other stuffs such leaf; fruit and starch

do not have calorific value as high as residue,

because they do not consist of carbon and

hydrogen. Mixing stuffs, although it contains

residue for fruit+leaf+residue, do not have

calorific value as high as that belongs to

residue, because fruit and leaf have lower

calorific value than residue so that when they

are in compound, they do not have calorific

value as high as that of residue either.

Figure 5. Calorific value of stuffs

In figure 6, calorific value of residue

is higher than that of others. It is clear

enough, like what has been explained above

that residue contains carbon and hydrogen,

so that although residue is mixed with starch

to be a briquette, it still has higher calorific.

According to figure 6, that increasing

the amount of starch in compound, decreases

calorific value of residue. This phenomenon

is caused by lower calorific value of starch.

Starch has lower calorific value than residue,

so that residue briquette has calorific value

between starch calorific value and residue

calorific value.

Unlike residue briquette, others have

increment of calorific value when starch is

added more and more. It is evident that

calorific value of fruit+leaf briquette and

fruit+leaf+residue briquette increases in a

row with increasing starch added because

starch has higher calorific value than others.

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Figure 6. Calorific value of several briquettes

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

Based on research data, data

analyzed, and discussion, conclusion can be

revealed as follows:

1. Water contained of briquettes differs

from each other, depends on what

briquette stuffs are.

2. Water contained decreases in a raw

with increasing the amount of starch.

3. Residue briquette has highest

calorific value than that of others.

4. Calorific value depends on the stuffs

and the amount of starch.

5. Residue briquette can be used as

alternative fuel.

However, this research is not perfect

yet and is still able to be done further.

REVERENCES

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Adan, I.U., 1998, Membuat Briket bioarang, Bandung : Kanisius.

Tjokrowisastro, E. H. dan Widodo, B. U. K.,

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