Introduction to the HUMAN

BODY

Basic Plan

Anatomy and Physiology Defined

Anatomy - Study of structure and the relationships among structures

Subdivisions of Anatomy include: surface, gross, systemic and regional anatomy

Physiology - deals with how body parts function (fxn)

(the structure of a part determines its fxn)

Examples include…

Basic Anatomical Terminology

Body Positions (there are 2)

1. Anatomical Position -

Subject stands erect facing the observer, the upper extremities are placed at the sides, the palms of the hands are turned forward, and the feet are flat on the floor

Basic Anatomical Terminology2. Reclining Position - Face down = prone position

Face up = supine position

Regional Names

Given to specific regions of the body for

reference

Examples include:

Planes and Sections

(medial)

(horizontal)

Imaginary flat surfaces that are used to divide the body or organs into definite areas

Flat surfaces resulting from cuts through body structures

Body Planes•Sagittal– divides the body into right and left parts

•Midsagittal – sagittal plane that lies on the midline (equal halves)

•Parasagittal - sagittal plane that divides unequally

•Frontal or Coronal – divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

•Transverse or horizontal (cross section) – divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Directional Terms

Directional Terms

Axial – head, neck, and trunk

Appendicular – appendages or limbs

Specific regional terminology

Regional Terms

Regional Terms

Type of Vertebrae p. 168

Superior

Cervical - neck 7 (breakfast; Cereal)

Thoracic - chest,ribs 12 (lunch; Turkey)

Lumbar – Low back 5 (dinner; Lasagna)

Sacral – between hips

Coccygeal/coccyx – tailbone

Inferior

9 Snack of Chocolate

Body CavitiesSpaces within the body that help protect, separate,

and support internal organs

Dorsal = cranial & vertebral cavities

Ventral =

thoracic & abdominopelvic cavities

(separated by the diaphragm)

Body Cavities

Thoracic cavity is subdivided into pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity

Pleural cavities – each houses a lung

Mediastinum – contains the pericardial cavity, and surrounds the remaining thoracic organs

Pericardial – encloses the heart

Body Cavities

Body Cavities

The abdominopelvic cavity is separated from the superior thoracic cavity by the dome-shaped diaphragmIt is composed of two subdivisions

Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organsPelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis and contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Body Cavities

Ventral Dorsal

Thoracic Chest

Abdominopelvic

Pleural (2)

Lungs

Respiratory

Pericardial

Around

Heart

CV

Diaphragm=wall

Mediastinum – space in thoracic cavity that houses everything but pleural. Heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus

Cranial

Brain

NS

Vertebral Spinal cord

NS

Abdominal

Liver

Stomach

Lg/Sm Int.

Pancreas

Spleen

Digestive

Pelvic

Rectum end of Lg Int.

Digestive

Uterus

Ovaries

Testes

Reproductive

Urinary bladder

Urinary

Key

•Organs

•Systems

•extra

Abdominopelvic Regions & Quadrants

There are 9

RUQ

RLQ

LUQ

LLQ

Abdominopelvic CavitySingle largest cavityLarge # of organs, therefore, it needs to be further divided to pinpoint organs, pain, etc.

1. Draw/label the diagram on your handout2. Dot in the middle of the small intestines make a

transverse and sagittal cut through dot to divide the abdominopelvic cavity

3. Shade in / label the appendix4. Label the parts of the large intestine

-descending-ascending Colon-transverse

2. Cellular Level – includes…

cells - the basic structural & functional living units of an organism

Levels of Organization

Structural organization

1. Chemical Level – includes atomsSuch as: C, H, O, N,

Ca, K, & Na (essential for maintaining life)

Levels of Organization

3. Tissue Level - Groups of similar cells that perform specialized fxn’s (there are 4 types)

Any guesses? epithelial, muscle, connective, and nervous

4. Organ Level - Groups of 2 or more different types of tissues and have specific fxn’s

5. System Level - Consists of related organs that have a common fxn

6. Organismic Level - All body systems functioning together

Levels of OrganizationTissue• Epithelial

• Connective

• Muscle

• Nerve

This tissue forms the outer layer of skin, covers organs, lines cavities, and forms tubes, ducts, and portions of certain glands; responsible for protection, absorption, secretion, and excretion.

Levels of OrganizationTissue• Epithelial

• Connective

• Muscle

• Nerve

Is the most abundant of tissue and is responsible for supporting organs of the body, providing sheaths for muscles, and connecting muscle to bones and bones to joints.

Levels of OrganizationTissue• Epithelial

• Connective

• Muscle

• Nerve

Consists of three different types of tissue:

• Voluntary or striated; skeletal• Cardiac• Involuntary or smooth

Tissue• Epithelial

• Connective

• Muscle

• Nerve

Levels of Organization

Consists of nerve cells and interstitial tissue. It has the properties of excitability and conductivity, and functions to control and coordinate the activities of the body.

Characteristics of the Living Human Organism

There are 11 human body systems:Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, urinary, digestive, and reproductive

(What sets us apart from a rock)

1. Metabolism – sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body…including catabolism and anabolism

2. Responsiveness / Excitability – ability to detect and respond to changes in the external or internal environment (ex. change in temp., change in pressure, change in pH, etc.)

3. Movement - motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, or even organelles inside cells

Characteristics of the Living Human Organism (cont.)

4. Growth – increase in size and complexity, due to an increase in… The number of cells, size of cells or both

5. Differentiation – change in a cell from an unspecialized state to a specialized state

6. Reproduction – either new cells formation for growth, repair, or replacement, or the production of a new individual

Homeostasis is…A dynamic process that keeps the internal conditions of the body in balance within narrow ranges. Equilibrium in the body’s internal environment

Body Fluids

Intracellular Fluid - Fluid inside body cells

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)- Fluid outside body cells found in 2 main places

1. Filling narrow spaces between cells…called interstitial fluid, or more commonly intercellular fluid

2. In blood vessels & known as plasma

ECF is known as the body’s internal environment

THINK HIGHWAYS

Classification of Disease

Congenital

Immunological

Metabolic

Neoplastic

CongenitalCongenital• Disease arises before birth

• Genetic code is altered by wither genes or disease causing agent (across placenta)

• Ex.: Down’s Syndrome, Tay-Sach’s, Congenital heart disease

ImmunologicalImmunological• Reaction by body to an invasion by

foreign substances.• Use of white blood cells (fight infection;

create antibodies)• Body usually responds by inflammation

(causes sore throat, pain from swollen tissue, coughing)

• Foreign substances: bacteria, viruses, fungi, &/or protozoa

• Ex.: allergies, common cold, HIV, pneumonia

MetabolicMetabolic

• Disease that affects metabolism directly (all diseases can eventually affect metabolism )

• No energy is made… other systems start to fail

• Ex.: Diabetes, physical injury (trauma) which results in fluid loss that upsets metabolic balance between cells.

NeoplasticNeoplastic• Normal cells growth and reproduction become

abnormal because cells develop lesions (tumor)

• Threatens the normal activities of tissues and organs.

• Ex. Melanoma, carcinoma, sarcoma (cancers)

Metabolism A broad term used for all the chemical

reactions that occur within cells of the body

Catabolism - breaking down substances into simpler components for the release of energyAnabolism – synthesizing more complex substances or structures from simpler substances; process of growth and repair.

Dehydration Synthesis: Anabolism (builds up)

Small organic molecules are joined to form a macromolecule and a water molecule is given off.

Hydrolysis: Catabolism (breaks down)

Macromolecules are broken down into small organic molecules by the addition of water.

Metabolism The substances being metabolized are

Macromolecules/Organic Compounds

Name Building Blocks_____ Carbohydrates monosaccharidesLipids 1 glycerol & 3 fatty

acidsProteins amino acidsNucleic Acids nucleotides(DNA & RNA)

Homeostasis

Homeostasis is the ability of the body to maintain a relatively stable internal environment

The internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of equilibrium [internal conditions vary, but within relatively narrow limits (ranges)]

A wide variety of chemical, thermal, and neural factors act and interact in complex ways to maintain homeostasis

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

Normal (Variable) – the factor or event being regulated

Receptor monitors the environment and responds to changes (stimuli)

Control center determines the set point at which the variable is maintained

Effector provides the means to respond to the stimulus

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

Negative FeedbackIn negative feedback systems, the output “turns down” or “shuts off” the original stimulus

Example: Regulation of blood glucose levels

Positive Feedback

In positive feedback systems, the output enhances or “turns up” the original stimulusExamples: Regulation of blood clotting, Uterine contractions during labor.

Medical ImagingAllows physicians to peer inside the body to provide clues to abnormal anatomy and deviations from normal physiology in order to help diagnose disease Examples?????

Conventional Radiography

(X-Ray)

Medical ImagingComputed Tomography

(CT) Scanning

formerly called Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT)

Scanning

Ultrasound

Medical ImagingAnterior

Posterior

Positron Emission Tomography

(PET)What happened here?

Digital Subtraction

Angiography

(DSA)

Medical Imaging

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

(MRI)

Body Systems

Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, urinary, digestive, and reproductive (* denotes systems covered in class in detail)

*Integumentary System•Contains the skin and the structures found within•Regulates body temp, protects the body, excretes some waste, helps produce vit D

*Skeletal System•Bones, cartilage, & joints

•Protects, supports, & assists in movement•Helps w/blood cell formation & storage of vitamins & lipids

*Muscular System•Mainly skeletal (attached to bones)

*Cardiovascular System•Blood, heart, & blood vessels

•Powers body movements & stabilizes body

•Transports O2 & CO2

•Also including smooth & cardiac

•Helps regulate body temp

•Prevents hemorrhaging

Lymphatic System •Lymph, lymphatic vessels, spleen, lymph nodes, & tonsils•Returns proteins & plasma to cardio system•Transports fats from GI tract to cardio system

•Raises white blood cells•Produces antibodies

Nervous System•Brain, spinal cord, nerves, eyes, ears

•Detects, interprets, & responds to environmental changes by inducing muscular contractions &/or glandular secretions

Endocrine System•Pituitary & thyroid glands, pancreas•Regulates body activities via hormones

*Respiratory System•Lungs & the leading passageways•Supplies O2•Eliminates CO2•Helps w/vocal sounds

*Digestive System •GI tract & associated organs (salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, & pancreas)

•Performs breakdown of food

•Helps eliminate wastes

*Urinary/Excretory System•Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, & urethra•Produces, stores, & eliminates urine

*Reproductive System •Uterine (Fallopian) tubes & uterus in females•Epididymis, ductus (vas) deferens, & penis in males

•Each produces gametes which can unite to form a new organism

THE END