ch. 1 introduction to the human body (pp. 3-10) study of human body anatomy: study of body structure...
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Ch. 1 Introduction to the human body (pp. 3-10) Study of human body Anatomy: study of body structure Physiology: study of body function
Anatomy “cutting up” Location, what it looks
like Gross anatomy: study of
body structures visible to the naked eye
Microanatomy: needs microscope. Histology is the study of tissues which is a type of microanatomy
Systemic anatomy: studies body structures with in a given organ system like the digestive, muscular or skeletal systems
Regional anatomy: studies all structures with in a given region of the body like the head or leg.
Physiology “study of nature”
How does it work The way the body obtains energy and
manages its use in order to maintain stability
Directional terms Anatomical position
(p.6 fig. 1-2) is the position of a person standing upright facing the observer with arms at sides and toes and palms turned forward
Copy table 1-1
Directional terms Superior (cranial): towards
head Inferior (caudal): away
from head Anterior (ventral): towards
the front or belly side Posterior (dorsal): towards
the back side Medial: towards midline
of body Lateral: away from
midline
Superficial (external): towards surface of body
Deep (internal): inward from surface
Proximal: towards structure’s origin to trunk
Distal: away from structure’s origin to trunk
Directional terms EX. Look at wrist and
elbow, the elbow is proximal with respect to the wrist because it is closer to the point of attachment to the trunk.
http://www.whitman.edu/biology/vpd/anaref.html
Sagittal Plane Divides body into
left and right sides *midsagittal:
equal left and right
*parasagittal: non equal left and right
Structural levels of organization How the body is
organized from simple to complex
Atoms molecules cell tissue organs organ systems organism
1. Cells Formed from combination of
molecules They are the basic structural
and functional units of life Smallest living parts of the
body Macromolecules “large”
provide structural foundation
*proteins, fats, carbohydrates and nucleic acids
2. Tissue group of similar cells
combined to perform a common function. There are 4 types:
A. epithelial: close arrangement of cells with little intercellular material. Covers body surface, lines inside of organs and body cavities, forms glands.
B. connective: abundance of extracellular material with few cells. Function in support and binding of body structures
C. muscle: specialization to contract
D. nervous: sends nervous signals
3. Organ Two or more different
types of tissue which combine and form a general function
Organs usually have distinct shapes
1. Integumentary System Organs: skin Function:
protects underlying structures and loss of body fluid
4. Nervous System Organs: brain,
nerves, spinal cord Function: controls
homeostasis by causing muscles to contract and glands
to secrete
6. Cardiovascular System Organs:heart,
arteries,veins Function: transport materials to and from body cells
7. Lymphatic System Organs:spleen, thymus,
tonsils,vessels Function: remove dead cells and foreign bodies
8. Respiratory System Organs:
larynx,trachea, lungs
Function: gas exchange between blood and external environment
9. Digestive System Organs:
esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver
Function: break apart food for absorption to blood
11. Reproductive SystemOrgans:testes,urethra,penis,ovaries,uterus,vaginaFunction:production ofnew individuals