بنام مهربانترين

Introduction to the Human Body

Anatomy

– The study of the structure of the human body

Gross , or macroscopic anatomy

• Structures large enough that one can see with the unaided eye

• RegionalRegional –The study of specific areas of the body (Limb. Head and Neck, Trunk)

• SystemicSystemic – gross anatomy of the body studied by system

• SurfaceSurface – study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin

Microscopic Anatomy

• Involves studying anatomical structures that cannot be seen with the unaided eye

• CytologyCytology – Study of the cells and their structures

• HistologyHistology –Study of tissues and their structures

Developmental Anatomy

• from conception to death

• EmbryologyEmbryology – study of developmental changes of the body before birth

Specialized Branches of Anatomy

• Pathological anatomyPathological anatomy – study of structural changes caused by disease

• Radiographic anatomyRadiographic anatomy – study of internal structures visualized by X ray

• Molecular biologyMolecular biology – study of anatomical structures at a sub-cellular level

• Clinical anatomy: anatomical features that undergo changes during illness

• Comparative anatomy– anatomical organization of different animals

• Surgical anatomy– studies landmarks important for surgery

• Functional anatomy-the study of anatomy in its relation to function

Levels of Organization• Chemical• Cellular• Tissue• Organs• System Level• Organismic Level

Overview of the Human Organ Systems

Support, protection of soft tissues;mineral storage; blood formation

Protection from environmentalhazards; temperature control

Locomotion, support, heatproduction

Directing immediate responses tostimuli, usually by coordinating the

activities of other organ systems

Directing long-term changesin the activities of other organ

systems

Internal transport of cells anddissolved materials, including

nutrients, wastes, and gases

Skeletalsystem

Muscularsystem

Nervoussystem

Endocrine system

Cardiovascularsystem

Integumentary system

Defense against infection anddisease

Reproductivesystem

Delivery of air to sites wheregas exchange can occur between

the air and circulating blood

Processing of food andabsorption of organic nutrients,

minerals, vitamins, and water

Elimination of excess water,salts, and waste products;

control of pH

Production of sex cells andhormones

Lymphoidsystem

Respiratorysystem

Digestivesystem

Urinarysystem

Anatomical position

– Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward

– Palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away from the body

Body Planes• SagittalSagittal – divides the body into right and left

parts• Midsagittal or medialMidsagittal or medial – sagittal plane that lies

on the midline• Frontal or coronalFrontal or coronal – divides the body into

anterior and posterior parts• Transverse or horizontalTransverse or horizontal (cross section) –

divides the body into superior and inferior parts

• Oblique sectionOblique section – cuts made diagonally

Figure 1.8

Body Planes

Banana Sectioned into Planes

Directional Terms• Superior and inferior – toward and away from the

head, respectively

• Anterior and posterior – toward the front and back of the body

• Medial, lateral, and intermediate – toward the midline, away from the midline, and between a more medial and lateral structure

• Proximal and distal – closer to and farther from the origin of the body part

• Superficial and deep – toward and away from the body surface

Alternate Terms

• Ventral (= Anterior)• Dorsal (= Posterior)• Cranial – head • Caudal – tail

Orientation and Directional Terms

Table 1.1 (1 of 3)

Prone: lying down, face down

Body cavities

• Ventral body cavity

• Dorsal body cavity

Ventral Body Cavities – Thoracic cavity – divided into three parts

• Two lateral parts each containing a lung surrounded by a pleural cavity

• Mediastinum – contains the heart surrounded by the pericardial sac

– Abdominopelvic cavity – divided into two parts• Abdominal cavity – contains the liver, stomach,

kidneys, and other organs• Pelvic cavity – contains the bladder, some reproductive

organs, and rectum

Dorsal body cavities

•Dorsal body cavity •protects the nervous system, and is divided into two

subdivisions–Cranial cavity – within the skull; encases the brain

–Vertebral cavity – runs within the vertebral column; encases the spinal cord

Anatomical Landmarks

References to palpable structures

Clinical Terms

• CT, CAT (computerized [axial] tomography)

• MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

• Radiologist

• Ultrasound

• X-rays and radiodensity (air, fat, liver, blood, muscle, bone)

X-Ray

Stomach

Small intestine

LE 1-15a

Barium-contrast X-ray

CT Scan

Right kidneyVertebra

Spleen

Aorta

Left kidney

Stomach

Liver

Rib

Vertebra Spleen

Aorta

Left kidney

Stomach

Liver

Vertebra

Spleen

Kidney

StomachLiver

MRI

Kidney

StomachLiver

Kidney

Ultrasound

Spiral CT

Arteries ofthe heart

Heart

Heart Firstrib

Sternum

Aorticarch

Vertebralcolumn

RightscapulaAorta

Angiography

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