chapter 1: introduction to the human body chapter 1: introduction to the human body
TRANSCRIPT
TheHuman Bodyin Healthand Illness
Barbara Herlihy
Chapter 1:Introduction to the
Human Body
Chapter 1:Introduction to the
Human Body
2Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
All rights reserved.
Lesson 1.1 ObjectivesLesson 1.1 Objectives
• Define the terms anatomy and physiology.• List the levels of organization of the
human body.• Describe the 11 major organ systems.• Define homeostasis.
• Define the terms anatomy and physiology.• List the levels of organization of the
human body.• Describe the 11 major organ systems.• Define homeostasis.
3Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
All rights reserved.
Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and Physiology
• Anatomy: the branch of science that studies the structure of the body
• Physiology: the branch of science that describes how the body functions
• Structure and function are closely related.
• Anatomy: the branch of science that studies the structure of the body
• Physiology: the branch of science that describes how the body functions
• Structure and function are closely related.
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The Body’s Levels of OrganizationThe Body’s Levels of Organization• Organization from
simple to complex:– Atoms– Molecules– Cells– Tissues– Organs– Organ systems– Human organism
• Organization from simple to complex:– Atoms– Molecules– Cells– Tissues– Organs– Organ systems– Human organism
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Major Organ SystemsMajor Organ Systems
• Integumentary system
• Skeletal system• Muscular system• Nervous system• Endocrine system• Circulatory system
• Integumentary system
• Skeletal system• Muscular system• Nervous system• Endocrine system• Circulatory system
• Lymphatic system• Respiratory system• Digestive system• Urinary system• Reproductive system
• Lymphatic system• Respiratory system• Digestive system• Urinary system• Reproductive system
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Major Organ Systems (cont’d.)Major Organ Systems (cont’d.)
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Major Organ Systems (cont’d.)Major Organ Systems (cont’d.)
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Major Organ Systems (cont’d.)Major Organ Systems (cont’d.)
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Major Organ Systems (cont’d.)Major Organ Systems (cont’d.)
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Homeostasis: Staying the SameHomeostasis: Staying the Same• Homeostasis: the body’s ability to
maintain a stable internal environment in response to a changing external environment
• Homeostatic mechanisms: help maintain homeostasis
• Homeostatic imbalance: associated with various disorders
• Homeostasis: the body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment in response to a changing external environment
• Homeostatic mechanisms: help maintain homeostasis
• Homeostatic imbalance: associated with various disorders
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Lesson 1.2 ObjectivesLesson 1.2 Objectives
• Describe the anatomical position.• List common terms used for relative
positionsof the body.
• Describe the three major planes of the body.
• List anatomical terms for regions of the body.
• Describe the major cavities of the body.
• Describe the anatomical position.• List common terms used for relative
positionsof the body.
• Describe the three major planes of the body.
• List anatomical terms for regions of the body.
• Describe the major cavities of the body.
12Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Anatomical TermsAnatomical Terms
• Anatomical position:– Standing erect– Face forward– Arms at sides– Toes and palms directed
forward
• Anatomical position:– Standing erect– Face forward– Arms at sides– Toes and palms directed
forward
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Relative PositionsRelative Positions
• Directional term pairs:– Superior and inferior– Anterior and posterior– Medial and lateral– Proximal and distal– Superficial and deep– Central and peripheral
• Directional term pairs:– Superior and inferior– Anterior and posterior– Medial and lateral– Proximal and distal– Superficial and deep– Central and peripheral
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Planes and Sections of the BodyPlanes and Sections of the Body• Sagittal plane: divides
the body lengthwise into right and left portions
• Frontal plane: divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
• Transverse plane: divides the body horizontally; creates an upper and lower body
• Sagittal plane: divides the body lengthwise into right and left portions
• Frontal plane: divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
• Transverse plane: divides the body horizontally; creates an upper and lower body
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Regional TermsRegional Terms
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Cavities of the BodyCavities of the Body
• Dorsal cavity– Cranial cavity– Spinal (vertebral) cavity
• Ventral cavity– Thoracic cavity– Abdominopelvic cavity
• Dorsal cavity– Cranial cavity– Spinal (vertebral) cavity
• Ventral cavity– Thoracic cavity– Abdominopelvic cavity
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Cavities of the Body (cont’d.)Cavities of the Body (cont’d.)
• Divisions of the abdominopelvic cavity:– Four
quadrants– Nine regions
• Divisions of the abdominopelvic cavity:– Four
quadrants– Nine regions