Chapter 1: An Orientation to the Human Body

Introduction• Anatomy– Study of:

• External & internal structures of body• Physical relationship between parts of body

– Answers questions “What?” & “Where?”

• Physiology– Study of functions of various parts of body– Answers questions “Why?” & “How?”

Navigating the Body

• Planes of division

Navigating the Body (cont’d)• Anatomical Position

– To ensure consistency when describing relationship of structures

– Body is erect– Feet parallel & flat on floor– Arms at sides– Palms forward– Fingers straight down– Head & eyes forward

Navigating the Body (cont’d)

• Directional References

Superior/cephalic= Top/toward headInferior/caudal = Bottom/below headAnterior/ventral = In front ofPosterior/dorsal = In back of/behindMedial = Near midlineLateral = Away from midlineDeep/internal = Away from surfaceSuperior/external= Close to surfaceProximal = Close to trunkDistal = Away from trunk

Navigating the Body (cont’d)

• Body regions. A. Anterior view. B. Posterior view.

Navigating the Body (cont’d)

• Body cavities

Building the Body: Atoms to Organisms

• Levels of organization of the body

Body Systems

• Integumentary (A), skeletal (B), & muscular (C) systems

Body Systems (cont’d)

• Nervous (D), cardiovascular (E), & lymphatic (F) systems

Body Systems (cont’d)

• Respiratory (G) & endocrine (H) systems

Body Systems (cont’d)

• Reproductive system (I)

Body Systems (cont’d)

• Digestive (J) & urinary (K) systems

Chapter 2: The Body and Its Terminology

Introduction

• Learning terminology is integral part of proficiency

• Study of human body involves scientific names for structures, locations, and physiological mechanisms

• For manual therapists, medical terminology allows clear communication

• Medical terminology is needed for understanding pathologies and scientific research

Orientation to the Body

• Anatomic position: standard body reference position used to navigate anatomical terminology

Orientation to the Body (cont’d)

• Body planes: used to describe location and position of structures (see Figure 2-2)– Sagittal plane: vertically divides body or part into

right and left– Frontal (coronal) plane: vertically divides body or

part into front and back– Transverse (horizontal) plane: horizontally divides

body or part into top and bottom

Orientation to the Body (cont’d)

• Directional terms clearly communicate position of one body part in relation to another– Example: “the scar is superior and lateral to the

left nostril”• Directional terms are easier to understand and

remember in pairs of contrasting terms (see Figure 2-3)

Key Directional Terms

Term Definition

anterior (ventral) front

posterior (dorsal) back

lateral farther from midline

medial closer to midline

superior (cephalad) above; closer to head

inferior (caudal) below; closer to feet

Key Directional Terms (cont’d)

Term Definition

proximal closer to attachment point

distal farther from attachment point

superficial closer to the surface

deep farther from the surface

contralateral opposite side of the median

ipsilateral on same side of the median

Orientation to the Body (cont’d)

• Movement terminology describes how structures move in general and in relation to other parts– Movements on frontal plane move toward (adduction) or

away from (abduction) midline– Movements on transverse plane move toward (horizontal

adduction) or away from (horizontal abduction) midline– Movements on sagittal plane move toward front (flexion)

or back (extension)

Movement Terminology• Abduction and adduction

Movement Terminology (cont’d)

• Horizontal abduction and adduction

Movement Terminology (cont’d)

• Flexion and extension

Movement Terminology (cont’d)

• Rotation and circumduction

Common Anatomical Terminology

• Understanding terms important for study of body

• Anatomical terminology describes location and relative position of structures more precisely

• Manual therapists use medical language to communicate with health care community

Prefixes, Suffixes, and Word Roots• Many anatomy and physiology terms formed by combining word roots, prefixes, and suffixes

• Knowing common word parts makes it easier to understand complex terms

• See Table 2-3 for common word parts used in manual therapies

Body Regions

• Regional terminology describes areas and divisions of body more precisely

• See Table 2-4 and Figures 2-8 through 2-10 for common terms referring to body regions

• Examples of regional terms: sternal, carpal, scapular, lumbar, gluteal, femoral, calcaneal, plantar

Body Cavities

• Four primary body cavities: ventral (anterior) or dorsal (posterior) - see Figure 2-11

• Ventral cavities: thoracic cavity (lungs and heart) and abdominopelvic cavity (organs within abdomen and pelvis)– Quadrant method and nine-region method used to

subdivide abdominopelvic cavity (see Figure 2-12)• Dorsal cavities: cranial cavity (brain) and spinal

cavity (spinal cord)

Pathology Classifications and Terminology

• Pathology: study of disease• Manual therapists should know commonly

used classifications and terminology• See Table 2-5 for basic pathology terms– Examples: acute, chronic, contraindication,

diagnosis, lesion, prognosis, sign, symptom

Classifications of Disease

• Diseases broadly classified by causes:– Infectious• Pathogens (e.g., bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites)

– Environmental (e.g., cigarette smoke)– Hereditary (e.g., hemophilia)– Nutrition and lifestyle (e.g., dietary deficiencies)