the human body: an orientation -...
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1The Human Body: An Orientation
Yong Jeong, MD, PhD
Department of Bio and Brain Engineering
The Human Body—An Orientation
Anatomy
Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
Physiology
Study of how the body and its parts work or function
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Anatomy—Levels of Study
Gross anatomy
Large structures
Easily observable
Figure 14.1
Anatomy—Levels of Study
Microscopic Anatomy
Very small structures
Can only be viewed with a microscope
Figure 14.4c–d
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Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1
Smooth muscle cellMolecules
Atoms
Smoothmuscletissue
Epithelialtissue
Smoothmuscletissue
Connectivetissue
Bloodvessel(organ) Cardio-
vascularsystem
Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules
Tissue levelTissues consist ofsimilar types of cells
Organ levelOrgans are made upof different typesof tissues
Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of differentorgans that work together closely
Organismal levelHuman organismsare made up of manyorgan systems
Chemical levelAtoms combine toform molecules
http://www.zygotebody.com/#nav=2.31,81.5,250
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Figure 1.2a
Organ System Overview
Integumentary
Forms the external bodycovering
Protects deeper tissue frominjury
Helps regulate body temperature
Location of cutaneousnerve receptors
Figure 1.2b
Organ System Overview
Skeletal
Protects and supportsbody organs
Provides muscleattachment for movement
Site of blood cellformation
Stores minerals
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Figure 1.2c
Organ System Overview
Muscular
Produces movement
Maintains posture
Produces heat
Organ System Overview
Nervous
Fast-acting controlsystem
Responds to internal andexternal change
Activates muscles andglands
Figure 1.2d
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Organ System Overview
Endocrine
Secretes regulatoryhormones
Growth
Reproduction
Metabolism
Figure 1.2e
Figure 1.2f
Organ System Overview
Cardiovascular
Transports materials in bodyvia blood pumped by heart
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Nutrients
Wastes
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Organ System Overview
Lymphatic
Returns fluids to blood vessels
Cleanses the blood
Involved in immunity
Figure 1.2g
Organ System Overview
Respiratory
Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
Removes carbon dioxide
Figure 1.2h
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Organ System Overview
Digestive
Breaks down food
Allows for nutrient absorption into blood
Eliminates indigestible material
Figure 1.2i
Organ System Overview
Urinary
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
Maintains acid-base balance
Regulates water and electrolytes
Figure 1.2j
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Organ System Overview
Reproductive
Produces offspring
Figure 1.2k–l
Interrelationships Among Body Systems
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Necessary Life Functions
Maintain boundaries
Movement
Locomotion
Movement of substances
Responsiveness
Ability to sense changes and react
Digestion
Break-down and absorption of nutrients
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Necessary Life Functions
Metabolism—chemical reactions within the body
Produces energy
Makes body structures
Excretion
Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions
Reproduction
Produces future generation
Growth
Increases cell size and number of cells
Survival Needs
Nutrients
Chemicals for energy and cell building
Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals
Oxygen
Required for chemical reactions
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Survival Needs
Water
60–80% of body weight
Provides for metabolic reaction
Stable body temperature
Atmospheric pressure
Must be appropriate
Homeostasis
Homeostasis—maintenance of a stable internal environment
A dynamic state of equilibrium
Homeostasis is necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life
Homeostatic imbalance
A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease
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Figure 1.4
Changedetectedby receptor
Stimulus:Produceschangein variable
Input:Informationsent alongafferentpathway to
Receptor (sensor) Effector
Variable(in homeostasis)
Response ofeffector feedsback toinfluencemagnitude ofstimulus andreturns variableto homeostasis
Controlcenter
Output:Information sentalong efferentpathway to activate
cf: Steady state
Biomedical Engineering © Mark Saltzman 2009
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cf: Equilibrium
Maintaining Homeostasis
The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems
Receptor
Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)
Sends information to control center
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Maintaining Homeostasis
Control center
Determines set point
Analyzes information
Determines appropriate response
Effector
Provides a means for response to the stimulus
Feedback Mechanisms
Negative feedback
Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms
Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity
Works like a household thermostat
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Feedback Mechanisms
Positive feedback
Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther
In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and during the birth of a baby ?
The Language of Anatomy
Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding
Exact terms are used for
Position
Direction
Regions
Structures
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Figure 1.5a
Regional Terms
Anterior body landmarks
Regional Terms
Posterior body landmarks
Figure 1.5b
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Directional Terms
Table 1.1 (1 of 3)
Directional Terms
Table 1.1 (2 of 3)
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Directional Terms
Table 1.1 (3 of 3)
Body Planes and Sections
Figure 1.6
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Body Planes and Sections
A sagittal section divides the body (or organ) into left and right parts
A median, or midsagittal, section divides the body (or organ) into equal left and right parts
A frontal section divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior parts
A transverse, or cross, section divides the body (or organ) into superior and inferior parts
Rostral (beak) vs. caudal (tail): embryology base
Superior vs. inferior
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Body Cavities
Dorsal body cavity
Cranial cavity houses the brain
Spinal cavity houses the spinal cord
Ventral body cavity
Thoracic cavity houses heart, lungs and others
Abdominopelvic cavity houses digestive system and most urinary system organs
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Body Cavities
Figure 1.7
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Figure 1.8a
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Abdominopelvic Regions
Figure 1.8b
Abdominopelvic Major Organs
Figure 1.8c