introduction to anatomy chapter 1. anatomy - internal and external structure - physical...
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Introduction to Anatomy Chapter 1
Introduction to Anatomy Chapter 1
Anatomy
- Internal and external structure
- Physical relationships among body parts
Microscopic anatomy
Study of:
Gross anatomy
Physiology
Study of:
- human body function
Anatomy & physiology are always related. Under normal circumstances – structure determines function
Levels of Organization
Chemical (or Molecular) Cellular Tissue Organ Organ System Organism
Life is built on successive levels of increasing complexity:
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Complex proteinmolecule
Atoms incombination
Chemical orMolecular Level
Figure 1-1 2 of 7
Chemical
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Cellular Level
Heartmuscle
cell
Protein filaments
Complex proteinmolecule
Atoms incombination
Chemical orMolecular Level
Figure 1-1 3 of 7
Cellular
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Cardiacmuscletissue
Tissue Level
Cellular Level
Heartmuscle
cell
Protein filaments
Complex proteinmolecule
Atoms incombination
Chemical orMolecular Level
Figure 1-1 4 of 7
Tissue
•Epithelial tissue•Connective tissue•Muscle tissue•Neural (nervous) tissue
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Cardiovascular
OrganLevel
Theheart
Cardiacmuscletissue
Tissue Level(Chapter 4)
Cellular Level(Chapter 3)
Heartmuscle
cell
Protein filaments
Complex proteinmolecule
Atoms incombination
Chemical orMolecular Level
(Chapter 2)
Figure 1-1 5 of 7
Organ
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Integumentary
SkeletalMuscular
NervousEndocrine
CardiovascularLymphatic
RespiratoryDigestive
Urinary
Reproductive
OrganLevel
Theheart
Cardiacmuscletissue
Tissue Level
Cellular Level
Heartmuscle
cell
Protein filaments
Complex proteinmolecule
Atoms incombination
Chemical orMolecular Level
OrganSystem Level
Figure 1-1 6 of 7
Organ System
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Integumentary
SkeletalMuscular
NervousEndocrine
CardiovascularLymphatic
RespiratoryDigestive
Urinary
Reproductive
OrganLevel
Theheart
Cardiacmuscletissue
Tissue Level
Cellular Level
Heartmuscle
cell
Protein filaments
Complex proteinmolecule
Atoms incombination
Chemical orMolecular Level
OrganismLevel
OrganSystem Level
)
Figure 1-1 7 of 7
Organism
Anatomical Landmarks & Regions
Figure 1-6(a)
Anatomical Landmarks & Regions
Figure 1-6(b)
Anatomical Landmarks & Regions
Anatomical Position
Standard reference position Hands at side Palms forward Feet together
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Directional TermsSuperior
Inferior
Directional TermsSuperior
Inferior
Cephalic Cranial
Caudal
Directional TermsSuperior
Inferior
Cephalic Cranial
Caudal
Anterior or ventral
Posterior or dorsal
Directional TermsSuperior
Inferior
Cephalic Cranial
Caudal
Anterior or ventral
Posterior or dorsal
Proximal
Proximal Distal
Distal
Directional TermsSuperior
Inferior
Cephalic Cranial
Caudal
Anterior or ventral
Posterior or dorsal
Proximal
Distal
Lateral Medial
Proximal
Distal
Directional TermsSuperficial
Deep
Ipsilateral
Contralateral
Bilateral
Prone
Supine
Body Planes & Sections
•Cross-section
Longitudinal
Transverse Plane
Sagittal Midsagittal Parasagittal
Coronal/Frontal
Body Cavities
Cranial cavity
Spinal cavity
Ventral body cavity
Body CavitiesDiaphragm subdivides ventral cavity into:
Thoracic cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
Ventral Body Cavity
Thoracic cavity Pleural cavities (R and L) Mediastinum Pericardial cavity
Ventral Body Cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominal Pelvic
Abdominal Quadrants & Regions
(LUQ)
(LLQ)
(RUQ)
(RLQ)
Membranes of the Ventral Cavity
Pleura Pericardium Peritoneum
All 3 are double layered serous membranes:
-outer “Parietal” layer lines cavity wall
-inner “Visceral” layer covers the organ(s) within the cavity
Membranes of the Ventral Cavity