Anatomy-The structureAnatomy-The structure

Physiology – How it worksPhysiology – How it works

A. Gross – Collective (whole)A. Gross – Collective (whole)

B. Microscopic anatomyB. Microscopic anatomy

1. Cytology - cellular1. Cytology - cellular

2. Histology – study of 2. Histology – study of tissuetissue

I. AnatomyI. Anatomy

C. Levels of biological C. Levels of biological organizationorganization1. chemical level1. chemical level

2. cellular level2. cellular level

3. tissue level – mass of cells 3. tissue level – mass of cells performing a similar functionperforming a similar function

4. Organ – two or more tissues4. Organ – two or more tissues

5. System – several organs5. System – several organs

6. Organism – all 6. Organism – all systems systems

D. Life ProcessesD. Life Processes1. Metabolism – sum of all chemical 1. Metabolism – sum of all chemical

processes processes a. Catabolism – breakdown of complex a. Catabolism – breakdown of complex molecules into simple moleculesmolecules into simple molecules

b. Anabolism – use of energy from b. Anabolism – use of energy from catabolism to build vital structures, catabolism to build vital structures, functional partsfunctional parts

2. Excitability – ability to respond2. Excitability – ability to respond

3. Conductivity – ability to 3. Conductivity – ability to transfer an impulse from one transfer an impulse from one cell to anothercell to another

4. Contractility – ability to 4. Contractility – ability to generate a force resulting in generate a force resulting in shorteningshortening5. Growth – increase in size5. Growth – increase in size

6. Differentiation – unspecialized cells 6. Differentiation – unspecialized cells become specializedbecome specialized

7. Reproduction – formation of new cells for 7. Reproduction – formation of new cells for growth, replacement or production of a growth, replacement or production of a new individualnew individual

http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm

E. Systematic AnatomyE. Systematic Anatomy1. Integumentary - skin1. Integumentary - skin

2. Skeletal – bones, 2. Skeletal – bones, cartilage and jointscartilage and joints

3. Muscular – 3. Muscular – muscles and muscles and tendonstendons4. Nervous – brain, 4. Nervous – brain, spinal nerves, spinal nerves, sensory nerves, sensory nerves, sensory organssensory organs5. Endocrine – glands 5. Endocrine – glands and tissue that and tissue that secrete hormonessecrete hormones

http://images.google.com/imgres?http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.udel.edu/imgurl=http://www.udel.edu/biology/Wags/histopage/colorpage/biology/Wags/histopage/colorpage/cin/skin.GIF&imgrefurl=http://cin/skin.GIF&imgrefurl=http://www.udel.edu/biology/Wags/www.udel.edu/biology/Wags/histopage/colorpage/cin/histopage/colorpage/cin/cin.htm&h=640&w=480&sz=64&hl=ecin.htm&h=640&w=480&sz=64&hl=en&startn&start

http://images.google.com/http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://imgres?imgurl=http://bp0.blogger.com/bp0.blogger.com/_voA4LI_mxzE/R1TJ7GU6UAI/_voA4LI_mxzE/R1TJ7GU6UAI/AAAAAAAAAGY/rYPbbwF2_vA/AAAAAAAAAGY/rYPbbwF2_vA/s320/Muscular_System.jpg&imgs320/Muscular_System.jpg&img

http://http://www.chirosolutions.com.www.chirosolutions.com.au/images/ANS.gifau/images/ANS.gif

http://www.massgeneral.org/http://www.massgeneral.org/cancer/crr/types/endocrine/cancer/crr/types/endocrine/images/ENDOCRINE_Front.jpgimages/ENDOCRINE_Front.jpg

7. Respiratory – lungs 7. Respiratory – lungs and pathwaysand pathways

8. Reproductive – organs 8. Reproductive – organs that produce gametes and that produce gametes and the organs that the organs that nourish/transfer themnourish/transfer them

9. Digestive – Gastrointestinal 9. Digestive – Gastrointestinal tract and accessory organstract and accessory organs

10. Urinary –kidneys, bladder, 10. Urinary –kidneys, bladder, urethra – production and urethra – production and elimination of wasteelimination of waste

11. Lymphatic – organs and 11. Lymphatic – organs and tissue of the white blood cells tissue of the white blood cells - immunity- immunity

6. Cardiovascular – 6. Cardiovascular – blood, heart and blood, heart and vesselsvessels

http://archimede.bibl.ulaval.ca/http://archimede.bibl.ulaval.ca/archimede/files/e8ebe68d-1ee7-archimede/files/e8ebe68d-1ee7-4e8e-b018-852786824b4d/4e8e-b018-852786824b4d/23201000.jpg23201000.jpg

http://http://upload.wikimedia.org/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/5/5e/Respiratory_system_completRespiratory_system_complete_en.svg/528px-e_en.svg/528px-Respiratory_system_completRespiratory_system_complete_en.svg.pnge_en.svg.png

http://images.google.com/http://images.google.com/images?images?um=1&hl=en&safe=activeum=1&hl=en&safe=active&rls=GGLD,GGLD:2005-&rls=GGLD,GGLD:2005-32,GGLD:en&q=urogenital+32,GGLD:en&q=urogenital+system&start=20&sa=N&nsystem&start=20&sa=N&ndsp=20dsp=20

http://images.google.com/http://images.google.com/images?images?um=1&hl=en&safe=activeum=1&hl=en&safe=active&rls=GGLD,GGLD:2005-&rls=GGLD,GGLD:2005-32,GGLD:en&q=urogenital+32,GGLD:en&q=urogenital+system&start=20&sa=N&nsystem&start=20&sa=N&ndsp=20dsp=20

http://http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f24-1_lymphatic_system_c.jpgf24-1_lymphatic_system_c.jpg

II. Anatomic TerminologyII. Anatomic Terminology

A. Anatomic positionA. Anatomic position1. Planes and sections1. Planes and sections

a. Sagittal plane – divides into right and a. Sagittal plane – divides into right and leftleft parasagittal – unequal, offset from the parasagittal – unequal, offset from the

midlinemidlineMidsagittal – equal, down the midlineMidsagittal – equal, down the midline

b. Frontal (coronal) – divides into b. Frontal (coronal) – divides into anterior and posterioranterior and posterior

c. Transverse (horizontal or cross) – c. Transverse (horizontal or cross) – divides into superior and inferiordivides into superior and inferior

d. Oblique - diagonald. Oblique - diagonal

B. Directional termsB. Directional terms1. Anterior 1. Anterior 2. Posterior2. Posterior3. Ventral3. Ventral4. Dorsal4. Dorsal5. Superior5. Superior6. Inferior6. Inferior7. Proximal7. Proximal8. Distal8. Distal9. Medial9. Medial10. Lateral10. Lateral11. Superficial11. Superficial12. Deep12. Deep

III. Body CavitiesIII. Body CavitiesA. Dorsal – near back, posteriorA. Dorsal – near back, posterior

1. Cranial - skull1. Cranial - skull2. Spinal – cavity within vertebrae 2. Spinal – cavity within vertebrae

containing spinal cardcontaining spinal cardB. Ventral – anterior, divided by diaphragm B. Ventral – anterior, divided by diaphragm

into:into:1. Thoracic – chest cavity1. Thoracic – chest cavitya. Pleural – 2, one for each lunga. Pleural – 2, one for each lungb. Pericardial – surrounding the heartb. Pericardial – surrounding the heartc. Mediastinum – all structures in c. Mediastinum – all structures in

thoracic except the lungs (heart, thoracic except the lungs (heart, attached large arteries & veins, attached large arteries & veins, thymus, trachea, esophagusthymus, trachea, esophagus

b. Quadrants – four, used in medicineb. Quadrants – four, used in medicinea. Organs – digestive and reproductivea. Organs – digestive and reproductive

2. Abdominopelvic – lower portion, 2. Abdominopelvic – lower portion, abdominal and pelvic, between abdominal and pelvic, between diaphragm and pelvis, lined with diaphragm and pelvis, lined with peritoneumperitoneum

3. Hypogastric3. Hypogastric

4. Inguinal – right and left4. Inguinal – right and left

5. Lumbar – right and left5. Lumbar – right and left

6. Hypochondral – right and left6. Hypochondral – right and left

2. Epigastric2. Epigastric1. Umbilical1. Umbilical

c. Regions – anatomy uses nine (pg.18)c. Regions – anatomy uses nine (pg.18)

Anatomic Anatomic RegionsRegions

IV. Homeostasis – condition in which IV. Homeostasis – condition in which balance is maintained in the body’s balance is maintained in the body’s internal environment (remains within internal environment (remains within certain physiological limits)certain physiological limits)

A. Composition – interstitial fluidA. Composition – interstitial fluid

1. Gases - O1. Gases - O22 and CO and CO22

2. Nutrients – blood sugar, lipids, 2. Nutrients – blood sugar, lipids, amino acidsamino acids

3. Electrolytes – pH, Na3. Electrolytes – pH, Na++ and Cl and Cl--

B. Stress – stimulus that creates an B. Stress – stimulus that creates an imbalance (most are mild)imbalance (most are mild)1. External - heat, cold, lack of 1. External - heat, cold, lack of

oxygenoxygen2. Internal – high blood pressure, 2. Internal – high blood pressure, tumors, unpleasant thoughtstumors, unpleasant thoughts

3. Extreme – poisons, sugar, over 3. Extreme – poisons, sugar, over exposure to heatexposure to heat

C. Control – nervous and endocrine C. Control – nervous and endocrine systemssystems1. Nervous – detects and sends 1. Nervous – detects and sends

messages to counteractmessages to counteract

2. Endocrine – sends hormones 2. Endocrine – sends hormones

D. Feedback – information is D. Feedback – information is monitored and feedback given to monitored and feedback given to the central control region.the central control region.

2. Control center – 2. Control center – determines determines controlled conditioncontrolled condition

1. Receptor – sends 1. Receptor – sends input to control input to control centercenter

3. Effector – sends 3. Effector – sends responseresponse