INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

DEFINITIONS

Anatomy- “to cut apart”- Study of Bodily Structure- Includes:

* Systemic or Regional* Gross or Microscopic* Developmental* Imaging

DEFINITIONS continued

Physiology- “study of nature”- Study of Bodily Function- Includes:

* Cell Physiology* Pathophysiology* Immunology* Exercise Physiology

LEVELS OF structural ORGANIZATION

Chemical- Atoms, Molecules

Cellular- Organelles, Cells

Tissue- Groups of Cells

Organ- 2 or more tissue types- Specific functions- Recognizable shape

LEVELS OF structural ORGANIZATION continued

System- Groups of organs with common functions- 11 organ systems

Organismal- Highest level- All parts of organism

11 Organ Systems

Integumentary – external body covering; protection & sensation

Skeletal – internal support; protectionMuscular - movementNervous – fast-acting control systemEndocrine – hormonal control; secreted by

glands

11 Organ Systems

Cardiovascular – Transports via circulating blood

Lymphatic – Returns fluid leaked from blood; immune defense

Respiratory – exchanges gases (O2 & CO2) with environment

Digestive –Breakdown & absorption of food; elimination of undigestable food

11 Organ Systems

Urinary – Removes most metabolic wastes from the blood as urine

Reproductive – produces offspring

HOMEOSTASIS

Homeostasis

- Maintaining a relatively stable internal environment, regardless of external conditions.

- Allows changes within narrow limits.

- “Dynamic Equilibrium”

- Regulated by feedback mechanisms

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

- 3 Components

*Receptor – detects changes

*Control Center – to determine set point (normal) and appropriate response to deviations

*Effector – responds to change

Negative Feedback - Control of Room Temperature

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

Negative Feedback System- Common- Reverses Change- Results in Fluctuations about Set Point- e.g. control of body temperature

Positive Feedback System- Rare- Change is increased- May be Harmful (induced by pathogens)- e.g. lactation, blood clot formation

Positive Feedback – Blood Clot Formation

TERMINOLOGY

Anatomical Position- Erect Stance, Palms Forward

Directional Terms- Explain Relative Location of Body Parts- Many Paired Opposites

Regional Terms- Refer to Specific Body Parts, Regions- Divided into Anterior & Posterior

Landmarks

Directional Terms

Regional Terms

TERMINOLOGY continuedBody Planes & Sections

- Frontal (Coronal)* Vertical, Divides into Anterior &

Posterior- Transverse

* Horizontal, Divides into Superior & Inferior

- Sagittal (Para- & Mid-)* Vertical, Divides into Right & Left

- Oblique* Diagonal, Between Vertical & Horizontal

TERMINOLOGY continued

Body Cavities (Protect & Allow for Growth/Change)

Dorsal & Ventral form during embryological development- Dorsal

* Cranial - Brain* Spinal or Vertebral – Spinal Cord

BODY CAVITIES continued

- Ventral* Thoracic

Pleural - LungsMediastinal – Trachea, esophagus,

thymus; Between LungsPericardial – Heart; division of

mediastinal* Abdominopelvic

Abdominal (Peritoneal)Pelvic

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Abdominal Regions

Hypochondriac – spleen & parts of diaphragm, liver, kidneys, pancreas

Epigastric – Most of pancreas & parts of stomach, liver, duodenum, IVC, abdominal aorta

Lumbar/LateralUmbilicalIliac/InguinalHypogastric