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Intro to Animal Structure & Function

Convergence on streamlined swimming shape

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Epithelial tissue

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SBM Fig. 37.01!(b) Sweat gland! (C) Compound gland!

Skin!

(a) Goblet cells!

Basement!membrane!

Cilia!Unicellular glands!(goblet cells)!

Exocrine glands

Endocrine glands

(45.6)

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2 tissues unique to animals

Organ: groups of tissues

(4) THE NER-!VOUS SYSTEM!consists of the!brain, spinal!cord, sense!organs, and!nerves. This is!the principal reg-!ulatory system.!!

(5) THE ENDO-!CRINE SYSTEM!consists of the!ductless glands!that release hor-!mones. It works!with the nervous!system in regulat-!ing metabolic ac-!tivities.!!

(6a) THE CIRCU-!LATORY SYS-!TEM includes the!heart and blood!vessels. Trans-!ports materials;!defends body!against disease!organisms.!

Brain!

Nerves!

Spinal cord!

Testes!

Ovaries!

Pancreas!(islets)!

Adrenals!

Thymus!

Parathyroids!Thyroid!Pineal!

Pituitary!Hypothalamus!

Arteries!

Heart!

Veins!

SBMFig. 37.05b left!

Communication & Control

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(1) THE INTEGUMEN-! TARY SYSTEM consists! of the skin and the stru-! tures such as the nails and! hair that are derived from it.! This system protects the! body, helps to regulate!body temperature, and!receives stimuli such as!pressure, pain, and tem-! perature.!

Fingernails!

Skin!

Hair!

(2) THE SKELETAL!SYSTEM consists of!bones and cartilage. This!system helps to support!and protect the body.!

(3) THE MUSCULAR! SYSTEM consists of the! large skeletal muscles that! enable us to move, as! well as the cardiac mus-! cle of the heart and the! smooth muscle of the!internal organs.!

Toenails!

SBM Fig. 37.05a left!

Protection, support, movement

(9) THE URINARY!SYSTEM is the!main excretory!system of the!body and helps!to regulate blood!chemistry. The!kidneys remove!wastes and excess!materials from the!blood and produce!urine.!

Urethra!

Urinary!bladder!

Ureter!

Kidney!

(10) MALE AND FEMALE REPRO-! DUCTIVE SYSTEMS. Each reproduc-! tive system consists of gonads and! associated structures. The reproduc-! tive system maintains the sexual! characteristics and passes on!genes to the next generation.!

Vagina!

Uterus!Ovaries!

Oviduct! Testes!

Penis!

Vas deferens!

Prostate gland!

SBM Fig. 37.05b right!

Reproduction

(6b) THE LYMPHATIC!SYSTEM is a subsystem!of the circulatory sys-!tem; it returns excess!tissue fluid to the blood!and defends the body!against disease.!

Lymph vessels!

Spleen!

Lymph node!Thoracic duct!

Thymus!

(7) THE RESPIRA-! TORY SYSTEM consists! of the lungs and air pas-! sageways. This system! supplies oxygen to the! blood and excretes!carbon dioxide.!

(8) THE DIGESTIVE SYS-! TEM consists of the! digestive tract and! glands that secrete! digestive juices into the! digestive tract. This sys-! tem mechanically and! enzymatically breaks!down food; functions in!nutrient absorption;! eliminates wastes.! !

Diaphragm!

Bronchus!

Trachea (windpipe)!

Larynx (voice box)!

Oral mouth (mouth)!

Lungs!

Pharynx!(throat)!

Nasal!cavity!

Pharynx! Salivary glands!

Anus!Rectum!

Large intestine!Small intestine!

Pancreas!Gallbladder!

Stomach!

Liver!Esophagus!

Oral cavity!

SBM Fig. 37.05a right!

Gas Exchange Nutrition

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(4) THE NER-!VOUS SYSTEM!consists of the!brain, spinal!cord, sense!organs, and!nerves. This is!the principal reg-!ulatory system.!!

(5) THE ENDO-!CRINE SYSTEM!consists of the!ductless glands!that release hor-!mones. It works!with the nervous!system in regulat-!ing metabolic ac-!tivities.!!

(6a) THE CIRCU-!LATORY SYS-!TEM includes the!heart and blood!vessels. Trans-!ports materials;!defends body!against disease!organisms.!

Brain!

Nerves!

Spinal cord!

Testes!

Ovaries!

Pancreas!(islets)!

Adrenals!

Thymus!

Parathyroids!Thyroid!Pineal!

Pituitary!Hypothalamus!

Arteries!

Heart!

Veins!

SBM Fig. 37.05b left!

Transport & Internal Protection

(6b) THE LYMPHATIC!SYSTEM is a subsystem!of the circulatory sys-!tem; it returns excess!tissue fluid to the blood!and defends the body!against disease.!

Lymph vessels!

Spleen!

Lymph node!Thoracic duct!

Thymus!

(7) THE RESPIRA-! TORY SYSTEM consists! of the lungs and air pas-! sageways. This system! supplies oxygen to the! blood and excretes!carbon dioxide.!

(8) THE DIGESTIVE SYS-! TEM consists of the! digestive tract and! glands that secrete! digestive juices into the! digestive tract. This sys-! tem mechanically and! enzymatically breaks!down food; functions in!nutrient absorption;! eliminates wastes.! !

Diaphragm!

Bronchus!

Trachea (windpipe)!

Larynx (voice box)!

Oral mouth (mouth)!

Lungs!

Pharynx!(throat)!

Nasal!cavity!

Pharynx! Salivary glands!

Anus!Rectum!

Large intestine!Small intestine!

Pancreas!Gallbladder!

Stomach!

Liver!Esophagus!

Oral cavity!

SBM Fig. 37.05a right!

Transport & Internal Protection

(9) THE URINARY!SYSTEM is the!main excretory!system of the!body and helps!to regulate blood!chemistry. The!kidneys remove!wastes and excess!materials from the!blood and produce!urine.!

Urethra!

Urinary!bladder!

Ureter!

Kidney!

(10) MALE AND FEMALE REPRO-! DUCTIVE SYSTEMS. Each reproduc-! tive system consists of gonads and! associated structures. The reproduc-! tive system maintains the sexual! characteristics and passes on!genes to the next generation.!

Vagina!

Uterus!Ovaries!

Oviduct! Testes!

Penis!

Vas deferens!

Prostate gland!

SBM Fig. 37.05b right!

Excretion

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(homeotherm)

(poikilotherm)

Remember for temperature also : ectotherm vs. endotherm

Sometimes ectotherms can be warmer than endotherms

Regulator vs. Conformer not just about temperature: salt

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Elements of feedback mechanism

Sensor/ receptor

Integrator

Effector

Negative feedback

Until birth occurs - then negative feedback imposed

Positive feedback (rare)

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Set points can change

Bioenergetics

Lowest metabolic rates

BMR = basal metabolic rate

(endotherms at a “comfortable” temp.)

SMR = standard metabolic rate

(ectotherms at a specified temp.)

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What do you need for your metabolism?

Metabolic rate & body mass

Metabolic rate/weight & size

(proportional to surface area)

Energy budgets: how an organism uses the energy available

Physical processes of heat exchange with environment

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Countercurrent exchange: helps retain heat (& oxygen)

going toward core

Acclimatization

More unusual

fever

pyrogens

torpor

daily

hibernation

estivation