INDIAN RAILWAYS

SUMMER TRAINING

A TRAINING REPORT

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE

AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

(Electronics And Communication Engineering)

SUBMITTED TO

UTTAR PRADESH TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW

SUBMITTED BY:

NAME OF STUDENT UNIVERSITY ROLL NO.

KAPILESHWAR 1206431047

15-06-2015 to 28-07-2015

HINDUSTAN COLLEGE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

UTTAR PRADESH

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude to all those who have contributed significantly by

sharing their knowledge and experience in the completion of this training. I am greatly obliged to, for providing

me the right kind of opportunity and facilities to complete this venture.

Indian railways, Agra cantt. has been an amazing experience and one that we will relish for our entire life. We

were a part of an organization of such a huge scale for the first time. Overall our training period was very

fruitful as we had the opportunity to enhance our knowledge and understand general working environment of an

electronic based organization.

With profound sense of gratitude we acknowledge our sincere thanks to staff and instructors of the indian

railways for their valuable guidance and suggestion at all stages of the work. Their constructive criticism

towards approaching problems and the results obtained during the course of the work has helped us to a great

extent in bringing this work to a great success

CERTIFICATE

I hereby certify that I have completed the four weeks training in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

award of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics & Communication Engineering. I did my training at indian

railways, Agra Cantt. from 15-06-2015 to 28-07-2015.

The matter presented in this Report has not been submitted by me for the award of any other degree elsewhere.

Signature

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Serial no. Topic

1. Introduction of Indian railways

2. S&T

3. MTRC

4 OFC equipment & cables

4.1 Fusion splicing machine

4.2 Optical time domain reflectometer

4.3 Cleaver

4.4 Optical power meter

5. Tele exchange

6. Networking

6.1 Types of network

6.2 Network topology

INTRODUCTION

Indian Railways is an Indian state-owned enterprise, owned and operated by the Government of India through

the Ministry of Railways.

Railways were first introduced to India in the year 1853 from Mumbai to Thane. In 1951 the systems were

nationalised as one unit, the Indian Railways, becoming one of the largest networks in the world. IR operates

both long distance and suburban rail systems on a multi-gauge network of broad, metre  and narrow gauges. It

also owns locomotive and coach production facilities at several places in India and are assigned codes

identifying their gauge, kind of power and type of operation. Its operations cover twenty nine states and seven

union territories and also provides limited international services to Nepal, Bangladesh and  Pakistan.

The history of rail transport in India began in the mid-nineteenth century. The core of the pressure for building

Railways In India came from London. In 1848, there was not a single kilometre of railway line in India. The

country's first railway, built by the Great Indian Peninsula Railway (GIPR), opened in 1853, between Bombay

and Thane. A British engineer, Robert Maitland Brereton, was responsible for the expansion of the railways

from 1857 onwards. The Allahabad-Jabalpur branch line of the East Indian Railway had been opened in June

1867. Brereton was responsible for linking this with the GIPR, resulting in a combined network of 6,400  km

(4,000 mi). Hence it became possible to travel directly from Bombay to Calcutta. This route was officially

opened on 7 March 1870 and it was part of the inspiration for French writer Jules Verne's bookAround the

World in Eighty Days. At the opening ceremony, the Viceroy Lord Mayo concluded that "it was thought

desirable that, if possible, at the earliest possible moment, the whole country should be covered with a network

of lines in a uniform system".

Indian Railways is divided into 17 zones, which are further sub-divided into divisions. The number of zones in

Indian Railways increased from six to eight in 1951, nine in 1952 and seventeen in 2003. Each zonal railway is

made up of a certain number of divisions, each having a divisional headquarters. There are a total of sixty-eight

divisions.

Each zone is headed by a general manager, who reports directly to the Railway Board. The zones are further

divided into divisions, under the control of divisional railway managers (DRM). The divisional officers, of

engineering, mechanical, electrical, signal and telecommunication, accounts, personnel, operating, commercial,

security and safety branches, report to the respective Divisional Manager and are in charge of operation and

maintenance of assets. Further down the hierarchy tree are the station masters, who control individual stations

and train movements through the track territory under their stations' administration.

S&T (SIGNAL & TELECOM)

Signal & telecom department is a specialist department responsible for control & repair of various S&T

equipment installed at agra cantt. & nearby stations.

The idea of S&T department was first introduced in 1957 by the Ministry of Railways, Government of India.

the training of signalling & telecom is provided by  Indian Railway Institute of Signal Engineering and

Telecommunication Located in  Secunderabad , this institute is run by the Ministry of Railways (India), Indian

Railways in 1957 as a subsidy of Indian Railways.

MTRC

Mobile Train Radio communication is a digital wireless network based on GSMR (Global System for Mobile

Communication Railway) designed on EIRENE (European Integrated Railway Radio Enhanced Network)

Functional requirement specification (FRS) and System Requirement specification (SRS).

The Radio link uses both FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) and TDMA (Time Division multiple

Access). The 900 MHz frequency bands for down link and up link signal are 935-960 MHz and 890-915MHz

respectively.

The main aim MTRC is to increase the capacity by reducing the time interval between train travelling along the

line.

The basic features of GSM-R are:

Point to Point call Allows user to make a distinct call.

Voice Broad cast call Allows groups of user to receive common Information.

Voice Group call Allows groups of user to make calls within/among the groups.

Emergency call Allows user to call controller by short code or button during emergency.

Functional addressing.

Allows a user or an application to be reached bymeans of a number, which identifies the relevantfunction and not the physical terminal

Location dependent addressing Provides the routing of mobile originated calls to the correct controller e.g. relative to the geographic area.

eMLPP (enhanced MultiLevelPrecedence and Preemption)

Allows resource preemption for priority calls

Frequency Used for GSM-R are:

Uplink Downlink ( MS To BTS) (BTS to MS)

907.8 MHz 952.8 MHz

908.0 MHz 953.0 MHz

908.2 MHz 953.2 MHz

908.4 MHz 953.4 MHz 908.8 MHz 953.8 MHz

909.0 MHz 954.2 MHz

909.2 MHz 954.2 MHz

OFC EQIPMENTS & CABLES

Introduction

An optical fibre is a flexible, transparent fibre made of high quality extruded glass (silica) or plastic. It can

function as a waveguide, or “light pipe”, to transmit light between the two ends of the fibre. Optical fibres are

used in fibre-optic communications, which permits transmission over longer distances and at higher bandwidths

(data rates) than other forms of communication. Fibres are used instead of metal wires thus signals travel with

less loss and are also immune to electromagnetic interference.

Optical fibre cable is a medium for carrying information from one point to another in the form of light. A basic

fibre optic system consists of a transmitting device that converts an electrical signal into a light signal, an optical

fibre cable that carries the light, and a receiver that accepts the light signal and converts it back into an electrical

signal.

.Features

Transmitting power over an optical fibre has multiple advantages over transmitting the same power over copper

conductors as given below.

i) Greater bandwidth

Fibre provides far greater bandwidth and greater fidelity than copper wire.

ii) Low attenuation and greater distance

Because the fibre optic signal is made of light, very little signal loss occurs during transmission, and data can

move at higher speeds and greater distances.

iii) Security

Your data is safe with fibre cable. It doesn’t radiate signals and is extremely difficult to tap.

Limitations of OFC

· Difficulty in jointing (splicing)

· Highly skilled staff would be required for maintenance

· Precision and costly instruments are required

· Tapping for emergency and gate communication is difficult.

· Costly if under- utilised

· Special interface equipments required for Block working

· Accept uni-polar codes i.e. return to zero codes only

Optical fibre construction

· Core

Core is a central portion of the cable, in form of very thin tube size (approximately 8 um) made up of glass and

carries light signals from transmitter to receiver.

· Cladding

It surrounds core cylindrically and is having lower refractive index as compared to the core.

· Buffers

a. Primary coating Acrylate, silicon rubber or lecquer is applied as primary coating. It works as mechanical

protection.

b. Secondary coating An additional buffer (secondary coating) is also added during manufacturing process.

· Jacketing

Normally outer most sheath which is called jacketing provides protection from chemical acids, alkalis, solvents

etc. Material used are high density polyethylene with anti -termite compound, polyurethane, PVC, nylon etc.

Information Carrying Capacities of various media are:

Medium / Link Carrier Information Capacity

Copper Cable(short distance)

1 MHz 1 Mbps(ADSL Modem)

Coaxial Cable(Repeater every 4.5 km)

100 MHz 140 Mbps (BSNL)

UHF Link 2 GHz 8 Mbps (BSNL)

MW Link(Repeater every 40 km)

7 GHz 140 Mbps (BSNL)34 Mbps (Rly.)

OFC 1550 nm 2.5 Gbps(STM-16 – Rly.)

10 Gbps (STM-64)

1.28 Tbps (128 Ch. DWDM)

20 Tbps (Possible)

OFC EQIUPMENTS

Fusion Splicing Machine

It melts the two ends of fibre optic cables together to form a continuous cable. To do this properly, machines

must align the cable, touch the ends together, and send heat or an electric arc through the joint to melt the glass.

This process requires a great deal of precision and accuracy. Photograph of typical splicer is given below:

Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)

An OTDR may be used for estimating the fibre's length and overall attenuation, including splice and mated

connector losses. It may also be used to locate faults, such as breaks, and to measure optical return loss.

Photograph of typical OTDRs are given below:

Cleaver

A perpendicular cut in a optical fibre cable is critical to the success of the splice or joint. A cleaver breaks the

glass cable with high precision.Photograph of typical cleaver is given below:

Optical Power Meter

An optical power meter (OPM) is a device used to measure the power in an optical signal. A typical optical

power meter consists of a calibrated sensor, measuring amplifier and display. The sensor primarily consists of a

photodiode selected for the appropriate range of wavelengths and power levels. On the display unit, the

measured optical power and set wavelength is displayed. Power meters are calibrated using a traceable

calibration standard such as a NIST standard.

Sometimes optical power meters are combined with a different test function such as an Optical Light Source

(OLS) or Visual Fault Locator (VFL), or may be a sub-system in a much larger instrument. When combined

with a light source, the instrument is usually called an Optical Loss Test Set.

An Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) can be used to measure optical link loss if its markers are set

at the terminus points for which the fibre loss is desired.

TELE EXCHANGE

A telephone exchange is a telecommunication system used in the public switched telephone networks  or in

large enterprises.

C-DOT 128P RAX is a Telephone exchange designed to meet the telecommunication needs of small sized rural

areas. These exchanges are also suitable for Indian Railway applications where the telephone line capacity is

less than 100. Provision is made in the design to expand the line capacity up to 400 subscribers roughly.

C-DOT (Centre for Development of Telematics) is a Central government organization of India set up to

develop the necessary equipment’s (infrastructure) suitable for Indian climate and environmental conditions.

The system is designed to offer uninterrupted services by using uplicating methods for control and power supply

circuits. Tone generator circuit is also duplicated.

NETWORKING

IP Networks: Networks which adopt packet data transmission and use IP protocol are called IP networks.

• worked at speeds of 2mbps.

Non-IP networks: In these networks, direct connection exists between the client and server.

• higher speeds are not adopted in non-IP networks.

• worked at speeds of 64Kbps.

Network Topology:

• The network in which the terminals are interconnected with each other for inter communication

• within and outside the network is called as Topology.

Basically the Topology is categorized in following four types of designs.

Mesh topology-

In mesh topology every device has a dedicated point to point to every other device. Every device must have (n-

1) I/O ports. All WAN is mesh topology.

Advantages are:

· It is robust

· Each link can carry its own data load.

· It has privacy or secrecy.

· Fault identification is easy

Mesh disadvantages are larger number of cables & I/O ports are required for each device. Also the bulk of the

wires can be greater than the available space.

Star topology-

In star topology each device has a dedicated point to point link only to central controller called as HUB as

shown. If one device wants to send data to another device, it sends through the HUB.

Advantages are

· It is easy to install and reconfigure.

· Each device needs only one link. Hence it is less expensive.

· If a link fails, only that link has to be attended. All other links remain active.

· It is easy to identify fault.

Bus topology-

A BUS topology is multipoint. One long cable acts as a backbone to link all devices in a network. The

advantage is the installation is easy.

Disadvantages are

· Difficult in fault isolation and reconnection.

· Difficult to add device to an exsisting system.

· A fault or break in bus cable stops all transmission.

Ring topology-

In a ring topology, each has a dedicated point to point connection only with two devices on either side of it. A

data is passed along the ring in one direction, from device to device until it reaches its destination. Each device

in a ring incorporates a repeater.

The advantages are

· It is easy to install & configure.

· The disadvantages are unidirectional traffic and a break in the ring can disable entire network.

· To add or delete a device requires only changing two connections

Categories of Networks:

Networks are categorized in three different categories as

· LAN (Local Area Network)

· MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

· WAN (Wide Area Network)

LAN (Local Area Network)-

Local Area Networks (LANs) are networks that connect computers and resources together in a building or

buildings close together. The computers share resources such as hard-drives, printers, data, CPU power,

fax/modem, applications, etc... They usually have distributed processing - means that there is many desktop

computers distributed around the network and that there is no central processor machine (mainframe).

Location: In a building or individual rooms or floors of buildings or connecting nearby buildings together like a

campus wide network like a college or university.

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)-

Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) are networks that connect LANs together within a city. From The Big

Picture, we see that telecommunication services provide the connection (storm clouds) between networks. A

local telecommunication service provides the external connection for joining networks across cities.

Location: Separate buildings distributed throughout a city. Examples of companies that use MANs are

universities, colleges, grocery chains, gas stations, department stores and banks

WAN (Wide Area Network)-

Wide Area Networks (WAN) are a communication system linking LANs between cities, countries and

continents. The main difference between a MAN and a WAN is that the WAN uses Long Distance Carriers

rather than Local Exchange carriers. Otherwise the same protocols and equipment are used as a MAN.

Location: City to city, across a country or across a continent. Wide Area Networks (WANs) connect LANs

together between cities or across a country.

CONCLUSION

I would like to say that this training program is an excellent opportunity for us to get to the ground level and

experience the things that we would have never gained through going straight into a job. I am grateful to the

indian railways for giving me this wonderful opportunity.

.The main objective of the industrial training is to provide an opportunity to undergraduates to identify, observe

and practice how engineering is applicable in the real industry. It is not only to get experience on technical

practices but also to observe management practices and to interact with fellow workers.It is easy to work with

sophisticated machines, but not with people. The only chance that an undergraduate has to have this experience

is the industrial training period. I feel I got the maximum out of that experience. Also I learnt the way of work in

an organization, the importance of being punctual, the importance of maximum commitment, and the

importance of team spirit.

The training helps me in gaining depth knowledge about technologies used in development of real life projects. I

gain the knowledge of working as a team member in the team of developers and they give me very good

knowledge of how to work on different type of tools and communicational environment. In the end, I hereby

conclude that I have successfully completed my industrial training on the above topics.