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SUNRISE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION

ict PROJECT FILE

SUBMITTED BY:name:univ.roll no.:Unit-1

Microsoft Windows

Microsoft Windows is a series of software operating systems and graphical user interfaces produced by Microsoft. Microsoft first introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20, 1985 as an add-on to MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces. Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world's personal computer market, overtaking Mac OS, which had been introduced in 1984. As of October 2009, Windows had approximately 91% of the market share of the client operating systems for usage on the Internet. The most recent client version of Windows is Windows 7; the most recent server version is Windows Server 2008 R2; the most recent mobile OS version is Windows Phone 7.

Basic concept of operating system and functionComputer SystemsA computer system consists of two basic types of components:

Hardware components, which are the electronic devices and electromechanical devices, such as the processors, memory modules, disk units, keyboard, screen, and other devices. Software components, such as the application programs, operating system, utilities, and other programs.Computer Architecture

The architecture of a computer system is the relationship among the various components. Computer systems have the following three fundamental functions: processing, input, and output.

Structure of a Computer SystemThe basic structure of a computer normally consists of one or more of the following hardware components:

The CPU or the central processing unit, also called the processor RAM or random access memory, also known as main memory The massive storage devices, which store large amounts of data and programs in permanent form The I/O devices or input/output units The system bus, which provides interconnections for all components of the system

Computer Network On a local area network (LAN), several small computers are connected to a larger computer called a server, and depending on the network topology, the smaller computers may also be connected to each other.

The server stores the global files or databases and may include one or more shared printers. A much larger type of network is known as a wide area network (WAN) and covers a large geographical region and connects local area networks located in various remote places. Hardware Interrupts An interrupt mechanism in which a hardware component (an I/O device) sends an interrupt request signal to the CPU. This interrupt signal causes a temporary stop of the normal execution of a program, and the CPU then starts to execute a special function called an interrupt service routine (ISR) that handles the interrupt. When the execution of this routine is complete, the CPU can resume the execution of the program that was interrupted.Interrupts An application requests an operating system to perform an operation by using a Software Interrupt. Interrupts are requests to the operating system to do something. An operating system is interrupt drivenSoftware A program is a sequence of instructions to be executed in the computer for the purpose of carrying out some specific task. Before a program executes, it has to be translated from its original text form (source program) into a machine language program. Then, the program needs to be linked and loaded into memory.

Software Components The software components are the collection of programs that execute in the computer. These programs perform computations, control, manage, and carry out other important tasks. Two general types of software components are: System software, Application software

System Software The system software is the set of programs that control the activities and functions of the various hardware components, programming tools and abstractions, and other utilities to monitor the state of the computer system. The system software forms an environment for the programmers to develop and execute their programs (collectively known as application software). Three types of users can be identified: System programmers, Application programmers and end-users.

Application Software Application software consists of those programs that solve specific problems for the users and execute under control of the operating system. Application programs are developed by individuals and organizations for solving specific problems.

Types of Software Systems System software-Operating System, Assemblers, Loaders, Linkers, Compilers, Editors.. Application software-All User-Oriented Programs. Application program System program Hardware userWhat is an Operating System? A large and complex software component for the operation and control of the computer system. It acts as an intermediary between a user and the computer system. Examples: Unix, MS Windows, Mac-OS, Linux, Sun Solaris, DEC VMS, etc.

Introduction of window using mouse

The windows operating system started with the introduction of Windows OS and Windows for work group for networking. Since then it has come a long way and Windows 95, 98 and 2000 family of operating systems were introduced. It provided the computer user with the most integrated and easy to use operating system with all the facilities in built. The Windows XP is the newborn baby in the Windows family. It is built on the windows 2000 concept and framework. It has more features to provide the user with greater stability, security and enhanced performance.

Using your mouseJust as you would use your hands to interact with objects in the physical world, you can use your mouse to interact with items on your computer screen. You can move objects, open them, change them, throw them away, and perform other actions, all by pointing and clicking with your mouse.

Basic partsA mouse typically has two buttons: a primary button (usually the left button) and a secondary button (usually the right button). The primary button is the one you will use most often. Most mice also include a scroll wheel between the buttons to help you scroll through documents and web pages more easily. On some mice, the scroll wheel can be pressed to act as a third button. Advanced mice might have additional buttons that can perform other functions.

Holding and moving the mousePlace your mouse beside your keyboard on a clean, smooth surface, such as a mouse pad. Hold the mouse gently with your index finger resting on the primary button and your thumb resting on the side. To move the mouse, slide it slowly in any direction. Don't twist itkeep the front of the mouse aimed away from you. As you move the mouse, a pointer (see picture) on your screen moves in the same direction. If you run out of room to move your mouse on your desk or mouse pad, just pick up the mouse and bring it back closer to you.

Pointing, clicking, and draggingPointing to an item on the screen means moving your mouse so the pointer appears to be touching the item. When you point to something, a small box often appears that describes the item. For example, when you point to the Recycle Bin on the desktop, a box appears with this information: "Contains the files and folders that you have deleted."The pointer can change depending on what you're pointing to. For example, when you point to a link in your web browser, the pointer changes from an arrow to a hand with a pointing finger .Most mouse actions combine pointing with pressing one of the mouse buttons. There are four basic ways to use your mouse buttons: clicking, double-clicking, right-clicking, and dragging.Clicking (single-clicking)To click an item, point to the item on the screen, and then press and release the primary button (usually the left button).Clicking is most often used to select (mark) an item or open a menu. This is sometimes called single-clicking or left-clicking.Double-clickingTo double-click an item, point to the item on the screen, and then click twice quickly. If the two clicks are spaced too far apart, they might be interpreted as two individual clicks rather than as one double-click.Double-clicking is most often used to open items on your desktop. For example, you can start a program or open a folder by double-clicking its icon on the desktop.Right-clickingTo right-click an item, point to the item on the screen, and then press and release the secondary button (usually the right button).Right-clicking an item usually displays a list of things you can do with the item. For example, when you right-click the Recycle Bin on your desktop, Windows displays a menu allowing you to open it, empty it, delete it, or see its properties. If you're ever unsure of what to do with something, right-click it.

DraggingYou can move items around your screen by dragging them. To drag an object, point to the object on the screen, press and hold the primary button, move the object to a new location, and then release the primary button.Dragging (sometimes called dragging and dropping) is most often used to move files and folders to a different location and to move windows and icons around on your screen.Using the scroll wheelIf your mouse has a scroll wheel, you can use it to scroll through documents and webpages. To scroll down, roll the wheel backward (toward you). To scroll up, roll the wheel forward (away from you).

Customizing your mouseYou can change your mouse settings to suit your personal preferences. For example, you can change how fast your mouse pointer moves around the screen, or change the pointer's appearance. If you're left-handed, you can switch the primary button to be the right button. Tips for using your mouse safelyHolding and moving your mouse properly can help you avoid soreness or injury to your wrists, hands, and arms, particularly if you use your computer for long periods of time. Here are some tips to help you avoid problems: Place your mouse at elbow level. Your upper arms should fall relaxed at your sides. Don't squeeze or grip your mouse tightly. Hold it lightly. Move the mouse by pivoting your arm at your elbow. Avoid bending your wrist up, down, or to the sides. Use a light touch when clicking a mouse button. Keep your fingers relaxed. Don't allow them to hover just above the buttons. Basic Component of Windows

ComponentDescriptionIntroduced

Control Panel

Control PanelAllows users to view and manipulate basic system settings and controls, such as adding hardware, adding and removing software, controlling user accounts, changing accessibility options, and so on.Windows 1.0

Device ManagerAllows the user to display and control the hardware attached to the computer, and control what device drivers are used.Windows 95

Windows Mobility CenterCentralizes the most relevant information related to mobile computing.Windows Vista

Windows Action CenterCentralizes and reports on the status of anti-virus, Automatic Updates, Windows Firewall, and other security-related components of the operating system.Windows XP SP2

Administrative Tools

Microsoft Management ConsoleProvides system administrators and advanced users with a flexible interface through which they may configure and monitor the system.Windows NT 4.0 Option Pack

Windows System Assessment ToolA built-in benchmarking tool that analyzes the different subsystems (graphics, memory, etc.), and uses the results to allow for comparison to other Windows Vista systems, and for software optimizations. It rates the computer's performance using the Windows Experience Index.Windows Vista

System RestoreAllows for the rolling back of system files, registry keys, installed programs, etc., to a previous state in the event of a system failure.Windows Me

Windows Recovery EnvironmentHelps diagnose and recover from serious errors which may be preventing Windows from booting successfully, or restore the computer to a previous state using System Restore or a backup image.Windows Vista

Windows Disk DefragmenterRearranges files stored on a hard disk to occupy contiguous storage locations in order to optimize computer performance.Windows 95, Windows 2000

Event ViewerLets administrators and users view the event logs on a local or remote machine.Windows NT 3.1

Resource Monitor (or Reliability and Performance Monitor)Lets administrators view current system reliability and performance trends over time.Windows Vista

Logical Disk ManagerA logical volume manager developed by Microsoft in conjunction with Veritas Software.Windows NT 4.0 (as a separate Tool) 2000 (integrated in the Management Console)

Registry EditorEdits the Windows registry.Windows 3.1

Task SchedulerAllows users to script tasks for running during scheduled intervalsMicrosoft Plus! for Windows 95

Software installation and deployment

Windows UpdateAn online service which provides critical updates, service packs, device drivers, and other updates. A variation called Microsoft Update also provides software updates for several Microsoft products.Windows 98

Windows InstallerA packaging format and engine for the installation, maintenance, and removal of software. Includes a GUI framework, automatic generation of the uninstallation sequence and deployment capabilities for corporate networks.Windows 2000

ClickOnceTechnology for deploying .NET Framework-based software via web pages, with automatic update capabilities. Intended for per-user only applications..NET Framework 2.0

M.S Office

Microsoft Office is a proprietary commercial office suite of inter-related desktop applications, servers and services for the Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X operating systems, introduced by Microsoft in 1989. Initially a marketing term for a bundled set of applications, the first version of Office contained Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, and Microsoft PowerPoint. Over the years, Office applications have grown substantially closer with shared features such as a common spell checker, OLE data integration and Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications scripting language. Microsoft also positions Office as a development platform for line-of-business software under the Office Business Applications brand. According to Forrester Research, as of June 2009, some version of Microsoft Office is used in 80% of enterprises, with 64% of enterprises using Office 2007. The current versions are Office 2010 for Windows, released on June 15, 2010; and Office 2011 for Mac OS X, released October 26, 2010.

Microsoft WordMicrosoft Word is a word processor and was previously considered to be the main program in Office. It is commonly known, is a software application that allows you (the user) to perform word processing. You may use Word to create documents such as letters, invitations, term papers, flyers, resumes, novels, and much more!Last Its proprietary DOC format is considered a de facto standard, although Word 2007 can also use a new XML-based, Microsoft Office-optimized format called. DOCX which has been standardized by Ecma International as Office Open XML and its SP2 update will support ODF and PDF. Word is also available in some editions of Microsoft Works. It is available for the Windows and Mac platforms. The first version of Word, released in the autumn of 1983, was for the MS-DOS operating system and had the distinction of introducing the mouse to a broad population. Word 1.0 could be purchased with a bundled mouse, though none was required. Following the precedents of Lisa Write and MacWrite, Word for Macintosh attempted to add closer WYSIWYG features into its package. Word for Mac was released in 1985. Word for Mac was the first graphical version of Microsoft Word. Despite its business, It became one of the most popular Mac applications.

Microsoft Excel

Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet program which originally competed with the dominant Lotus 1-2-3, but eventually outsold it. It is available for the Windows and Mac platforms. Microsoft released the first version of Excel for the Mac in 1985, and the first Windows version (numbered 2.05 to line up with the Mac and bundled with a standalone Windows run-time environment) in November 1987.

What is Excel: Excel is an Electronic Spreadsheet ProgramExcel is an electronicspreadsheetprogram that can be used for storing, organizing and manipulatingdata.When you look at the Excel screen (refer to the example) you see a rectangular table or grid ofrowsandcolumns. The horizontal rows are identified by numbers (1,2,3) and the vertical columns with letters of the alphabet (A,B,C). For columns beyond 26, columns are identified by two or more letters such as AA, AB, AC.The intersection point between a column and a row is a small rectangular box known as a cell. A cell is the basic unit for storing data in the spreadsheet. Because an Excel spreadsheet contains thousands of these cells, each is given acell referenceor address to identify it.

The cell reference is a combination of the column letter and the row number such as A3, B6, AA345.Data Types, Formulas, and FunctionsThe types of data that a cell can hold include numbers, text or formulas. Just as in math class,formulasare used for calculations usually involving data contained in other cells. Excel and other electronic spreadsheets include a number of built in formulas used for common tasks known asfunctions.Excel and Financial DataSpreadsheets are often used to store financial data. Formulas and functions that are used on this type of data include: Performing basic mathematical operations such as summing columns and rows of figures. Finding values such as profit or loss. Calculating repayment plans for loans or mortgages. Finding the average, maximum, or minimum values in a specified range of data.Excel's Other UsesOther common operations that Excel can be used for include: graphing orchartingdata to assist users in identifying data trends. sorting and filtering data to find specific information.The information garnered in a spreadsheet can easily be incorporated into electronic presentations, web pages, or printed off in report form.

Microsoft Power PointMicrosoft PowerPoint is a full-featured desktop presentation program. It is part of theOffice suite and can be purchased separately. A presentation can be a collection of slidesrelating to a specific topic, which may be shown while the topic is discussed or may beshown as a continuous show. From the presentation slides, handouts, speaker notes, oroutlines can also be prepared. PowerPoint contains graphic tools and many kinds ofpictures and graphs to be imported. A Macintosh version is available which functionsalmost identically to the Windows version. Presentations created in either platform can be run from the other, without any conversion needed.

Unit-2INTEGRATION OF ICT WITH SCHOOL TEACHING SUBJECTSMaking SMALL PresentationSPOINTS TO REMEMBER WHILE MAKING A PRESENTATION Have a very clear introduction, to motivate what you do and to present the problem you want to solve. The introduction is not technical in nature, but strategic (i.e. why this problem, big idea). If you have a companion paper, mention it during the talk and recommend it for more details. Don't put all the details in the talk. Present only the important ones. Use only one idea per slide. Have a good conclusions slide: put there the main ideas, the ones you really want people to remember. Use only one "conclusions" slide. The conclusion slide should be the last one. Do not put other slides after conclusions, as this will weaken their impact. Having periodic "talk outline" slides (to show where you are in the talk) helps, especially for longer talks. At least one "talk outline" slide is very useful, usually after the introduction. Don't count on the audience to remember any detail from one slide to another (like color-coding, applications you measure, etc.). If you need it remembered, re-state the information a second time. Especially if you have to present many different things, try to build a unifying thread. The talk should be sequential in nature (i.e. no big conceptual leaps from one slide to the next). Try to cut out as much as possible; less is better. Help the audience understand where you are going. Often it's best to give them a high-level overview first, and then plunge into the details; then, while listening to the details they can relate to the high-level picture and understand where you are. This also helps them save important brain power for later parts of the talk which may be more important. Use a good presentation-building tool, like MS PowerPoint. Avoid Latex, except for slides with formulas. Humor is very useful; prepare a couple of puns and jokes beforehand (but not epic jokes, which require complicated setup). However, if you're not good with jokes, better avoid them altogether. Improvising humor is very dangerous. The more you rehearse the talk, the better it will be. A rehearsal is most useful when carried out loud. 5 rehearsals is a minimum for an important talk. The more people criticize your talk (during practice), the better it will be; pay attention to criticism, not necessarily to all suggestions, but try to see what and why people misunderstood your ideas. Not everything has to be written down; speech can and should complement the information on the slides. Be enthusiastic. Act your talk: explain, ask rhetorical questions, act surprised, etc. Give people time to think about the important facts by slowing down, or even stopping for a moment. Do not go overtime under any circumstance. Listen to the questions very carefully; many speakers answer different questions than the ones asked. Do not treat your audience as mentally-impaired: do not explain the completely obvious things.

Text Slides should have short titles. A long title shows something is wrong. Use uniform capitalization rules. All the text on one slide should have the same structure (e.g. complete phrases, idea only, etc.). Put very little text on a slide; avoid text completely if you can. Put no more than one idea per slide (i.e. all bullets should refer to the same thing). If you have lots of text, people will read it faster than you talk, and will not pay attention to what you say. Don't use small fonts. Use very few formulas (one per presentation). The same goes for program code (at most one code fragment per presentation). Do not put useless graphics on each slide: logos, grids, affiliations, etc. Spell-check. A spelling mistake is an attention magnet.

Creation of presentation

Making slides in Powerpoint

Set your slides up as 35 mmPower Point automatically defaults to On-screen show for any new presentation. This setting will not give the correct aspect ratio for the slide, and will result in black lines on either side of your slide. To avoid this your presentation needs to be set to 35mm Slides for the presentation to be imaged correctly. It is best to do this before any slide layout and design is done, as the conversion from On-screen show to 35mm Slides can dramatically affect tabbing, text layout, and precision layout of arrows and indicators. Any presentations we receive as On-screen show cannot be guaranteed to look as intended, and may have to be sent back to the client for corrections.The following screen shots outline the process of changing the page set-up.

Figure 1a. Select File/Page Set-upFigure 1b. Using the pull down menu, change the Page Set-upto 35mm Slides.

Note: If you use the Auto Content Wizard to set-up your slides, you will be asked What kind of output will you use?, and you should answer 35mm slides. If you have a custom template set-up as 35mm, then you dont need to worry, as 35mm will be set automatically.Note: If you need a set of slides as well as a presentation using a computer data projector, then your best choice is to set up your slide as 35mm, as this will still work fine with the data projector and you only need one file.

Use the Master Slide to define your slideWith a presentation open, go to View/Master/Slide Master (Figure 2a). You will now see the slide master. Any settings you make now, such as font, font size, font color, bullet colour, text placeholder position etc. will apply to all new slides.

To add a logo to all the slides in the presentation, import a picture and position it. It will appear on all slides automatically. Likewise, a new text box with a department or company name on the master, will appear on all slides in the presentation.

Your settings will apply to all slide layouts except the title slide layout, which has its own master, and surprise, its called the Title Master.

Once you are happy with the way you have defined your masters, you should save your presentation as atemplate for future use. (Again, ensuring that the slide is set up as 35mm).

Figure 2a. Go to the Slide Master View.

Figure 2b. The Slide Master

Note: The Master slides will only control text which is contained within a placeholder. Any additional text boxes that are added to an individual slide will not be controlled by the masters.Note: To get back to a normal slide after defining your master, go to View/Slide.

Use a template set-up as 35mmIf you do a lot of presentations, and you want to keep the same look so you can mix and match presentations, then you can use a template to record settings such as slide set-up, colors, fonts etc. After using the slide master to define properties such as fonts, bullets, text position, text formatting, background, text color, logo etc. (with the slide set-up as 35mm), you can save your blank presentation as a template. When you need to do a new presentation, you simply open your template, and all of your settings are preserved.

To make a template, ensure the presentation has all the above properties set as desired (via the Master Slide), go to the Slide Sorter view (View/Slide Sorter), delete all slides, return to "Slides" view (View/Slides), then save the presentation as a Presentation Template.Figure 3. If you save your template in Presentation Designs, as above, when you make a new presentation using a template, it will appear as below, with all of the default templates. Rather handy.

ColoursBe careful with the use of colour. A good guide is to use a deep blue or green background colour, with white, yellow, orange and cyan text and lines. White is dominant therefore it is good for highlighting text. Due to the sensitivity of our eye, yellow letters will appear to come forward; dark blues and deep reds will recede, so yellow on blue, for instance, will make a slide that is easy to read.Avoid red text, especially on a blue or green background, as it is very hard on the eyes, and often impossible for your audience to read. In fact there will most likely be a portion of your audience who is colour-blind.Never use blue letters on a black background or black letters on blue as our eyes are not very sensitive to blue and there is not enough contrast between these colours to make these combinations easy to read.Don't be tempted to go crazy with color: Just because you can use 27 different color combinations on a single slide doesnt mean you have to!!!!If you dont want to go with the tried and true white & yellow on blue slides, then a good starting point is to have a look at the templates supplied with powerpoint, as most of the colour schemes work well when projected.

BackgroundsBackgrounds often look good if they are graduated for example, from blue, to darker blue, but avoid using a graduation of two colors for a background.Darker backgrounds with lighter text tend to be easier to read than light backgrounds with dark or black text, especially in a darkened room, as is usually the case when projecting slides.Whatever you choose, keep the same background throughout the presentation. for a consistent presentation. Consider using a small logo on the background throughout your presentation.

Keep it simpleDont try to fit a whole novel on each slide. Bullets and short phrases are more effective than sentences. If you can shorten a point, then do so. A good guide is to use no more than 5-7 bullets per slide, and no more than 5-7 words per bullet.Try holding a slide at reading distance to see if you can read it or go to View/Slide Show, move back about 5 feet from your monitor (for a 15 inch, more for larger monitors), and try to read your slide from here. This will give you a good representation of what the audience will see.One concept/slide at a time is a good guide; or use progressive disclosure slides (using animation) where the audience only sees the point you are about to talk about.Word slides should be used to outline and emphasize key words.Ask yourself whether you can scan the information on the slide in 15 seconds because this is what your audience will do.Try to change slides every 30 -60 seconds to give a good pace to your talk and keep your audience interested.The use of graphs or graphics can add interest as well as simplify the information.Above all slides should support you and reinforce the message you are conveying.Dont be tempted to go right to the edge of the slide. Apart from looking over crowded, you will not get everything you see on the slide.The slide mount is smaller than the image area. Rule of thumb - keep all objects a mouse pointer (approx. 3/8 inch) away from the edge of the slide.

Dont use Excel for your graphs !!!Graphs are a great way to present a great deal of information to your audience. It is much easier to view a graph than digest a series of numbers in a table.

But dont do your graphs in Excel and then import them into Powerpoint. Excel is used for number crunching by accountants etc, not by people trying to make a cutting edge presentation: thats what Powerpoint is for.Powerpoint has a fantastic graphing program all of its own, and the graphs it produces are more pleasing to the eye, behave better, and fit into the look of your presentation. The graphing program built into PowerPoint is very similar to the one in Excel, but it simply works better. Even if you are producing a graph for a journal or other publication, use PowerPoint.There may be occasions where you need to use the power of Excel to extrapolate data or statistics to obtain a result. The you simply copy the data from an Excel workbook, and paste it into the data sheet in PowerPoints graphing program. The latest version of Powerpoint will even do graphs with error bars.

Slide Manipulation and Slide Show Presentation of the Slide

Slide Manipulation

1. Inserting A New Slide

Click Insert at top of screen Select New Slide2. Formatting A Slide BackgroundYou can format your slide to make it look however you would like, whether it be a background color, picture, or a design template built into Microsoft PowerPoint. The next step will show you how to apply a Design Template, but the other items mentioned above can be accomplished the same way. Click Format on the menu bar. Select Apply Design Template Select Design you wish to apply Click Apply Button3. Adding Text to a SlideOpen the presentation you created. The first slide already contains the title and your name. Also, note that the footer text that you chose is on the slide. In the Outline pane, select the text State the purpose of the discussion and then type Classroom procedures, attendance, and grades. Select the text Identify yourself and then type Instructor and student introductions. Continue by replacing text in each of the slides. You can edit slides at any time by clicking the text you want to change. Then you can delete, add, or change text.4. Adding Notes to a SlideThe Notes pane is used to add speaking notes to a presentation. After you have completed a presentation, you can print the presentation with notes so that you can keep track of what is coming up next in the presentation. Use the scroll bar in the Slide pane to move to the first slide in the presentation. Click in the Notes pane. Type Explain that the presentation will give all class participants an overview of what to expect for the coming semester. Continue to add notes to each slide by selecting the slide with the scroll bar, clicking in the Notes pane, and then typing the notes. Save your work.5. Replacing Fonts in your PresentationOn the Format menu, click Replace Fonts. To see this option, you may have to click the chevron. In the box, click Arial Black. Click Replace. Click the Replace menu and click Tahoma. In the box, click Avant Garde. Click Replace. Repeat steps 4-6 until you have selected the most effective fonts for your presentation. Click Close when you have finished. Save your work.6. Inserting Clipart & PicturesDisplay the slide you want to add a picture to. Click Insert on the menu bar. Select Picture Select Clip Art Click the category you want Click the picture you want Click Insert Clip on the shortcut menu when you are finished using the Clip Gallery, click the Close button on the Clip Gallery title bar Steps 1-4 are very similar when inserting other Pictures, Objects, Movies, Sounds, and Charts.7. Add an Auto shapeOn the Insert menu, click Picture and then click Auto Shapes. Click Stars and Banners and then click the 5-Point Star. Click in the upper-right corner of the slide and then drag the object down diagonally about one inch. To delete an AutoShape, right-click the AutoShape you want to delete and then click Cut.8. Add an Auto shape with TextOn the AutoShapes toolbar, click Call outs. Click the Rounded Rectangular Call out. Click in the slide and drag the object down diagonally about one inch. Type the text of your choice. Select the text you have just typed. Right-click the Callout box, click Font, change the font size to 24, and then click OK. Click and drag the upper-right corner of the Callout box until all the text fits within it. Close the AutoShapes toolbar.9. Grouping & UngroupingChoose the objects or pictures you want to group. From the drawing toolbar, select DrawGroup. You will see all individual pictures or objects will be combined to a single object. Forum grouping, select the object, click Draw Ungroup. All the individual components in the object will be ungrouped.10. Insert a ChartClick on the Insert Menu Click New Slide Click on Chart Type a title: Create a Chart Double-click on the box marked Double click to add chart Power Point includes sample data that can be replaced with your own. Change the numbers under 1st Qtr with: 85, 62.5, 15Change the chart type to a 3D bar. Click the Chart Type button on the toolbar: Select 3D Bar Click on the white area outside of the chart box to return to PowerPoint slide view.11. Inserting Slide Numbers, Date TimeSelect Insert Slide Number from the menu bar to insert a slide number. Select Insert Date/Time from the menu bar to insert your date/time.12. Inserting Headers & Footers

On the View menu, click Header and Footer. On the Slide tab, under Include on slide, select Date and time and Update automatically if you want the date to reflect the last date the slides were modified. You can also do one of the following: You can also select a date format from the date list- Or Select Fixed and type the date you will be giving the presentation, so that it reflects when the presentation is given instead of when it was updated. Select Slide number to print a number on each slide. Select Footer; the text English 7-8 is already in the footer. To change this, select the text and then type the preferred text in the text box. Select Don't show on title slide. This shows the footer you have created on all subsequent slides, but leave the footer off the title slide. Click Apply to All to make these changes throughout the presentation.13. Inserting Movie & SoundFor a media-rich slideshow, you may decide to display some movie or sound files that you can play during your presentation. You must first have the movie or sound file saved on your computer. For more details on this, see the later part of this book. You can insert a voice narration, video, audio, music etc in this section.14. Inserting CommentsOn the Insert menu, click Comment, and then type Remember to update this slide. PowerPoint 2000 automatically adds your user name to indicate that you wrote the note. To move the comment, move the pointer over it. When the double-headed arrow appears, click and drag the comment to where you want to move it. To turn off Comments, on the View menu, click Comments.

15. Follow up with meeting minder Participants in an online meeting can also use the Meeting Minder dialog box or the Speaker Notes dialog box to take notes. The notes are visible to all participants. These features are available only when the presentation is in Slide Show view. To add notes or meeting minutes, right-click the slide and then click Meeting Minder or Speaker Notes. Click in the box and then type the notes or minutes. To add an action item, right-click the slide, click Meeting Minder and then click the Action Items tab. Click in the box, type the information for the first action item, and then click Add. Repeat step 2 for every action item and then click OK. The action items appear on a new slide at the end of the slideshow.16. Make your Presentation Look Great with a BackgroundPowerPoint includes several presentation designs with formatting and graphic elements. Even if you only have a black and white printer, there is an option that can make presentation designs look great in black and white. In this exercise, we will show you that option. Add a design: Click on the Format Menu Choose Apply Design Scroll through the list of designs and select one you like Click Apply View your Presentation in Black and White: Click on the View Menu Choose Black and White17. Inserting Other ObjectsTables: Go to the menu bar and select Insert > Hyper link. Then, a new window will appear for specifying the information regarding the hyperlink you want to insert into your document. List: boxes are the same as any other text box. There are many ways you can create lists in text boxes in Power Point. The first way is to create a new slide and choose a slide from the pre-made layouts. You can recognizea slide with a list object box by the bulleted list. Another way to add a list is insert a new text box in a slide. Then, click inside the box. Using the formatting toolbar, click on the Numbering or Bullets button. To start making your list, simply click your cursor next to the first bullet and type. To add a new item to the list, just hit the Enter key on your keyboard to begin a new line.Word Art: Inserting a WordArt element rather than regularly formatting text can give a little extra flair. WordArt is essentially text effects. To bring up the Word Art Gallery, open up the WordArt toolbar by going to the menu bar and selecting View >> Toolbars >> WordArt. A separate toolbar just for making WordArt will now appear. Click on the respective options to create a nice looking word art to be inserted into the slide. Inserting Wordart1. On the Insert menu, click Picture and then click WordArt2. Double-click the WordArt in the first column, third row.3. Type the text you want in the WordArt.4. In the Font box, click a font5. In the Size box, click 72.6. Click OK. The WordArt appears on the slide.7. Drag the WordArt to the location on the slide that you prefer.8. Close the WordArt toolbar by clicking the X in the upper-right corner of the tool bar.Flowchart:-1. Select the slide to which you want to add flowchart symbols.2. On the View menu, click Toolbars and then click Drawing.3. On the Drawing toolbar, click Auto Shapes, click Flowchart, and then click a hope.4. Click in the slide and then drag the shape down diagonally about one inch.

Blueprints for a successful presentation- 26 -5. Type thetextyou want in the shape and then make any changes to the text like you did withthe AutoShape.6. Add additional flowchart symbols by following steps 3-5.Add Smart Connectors1. On theDrawingtoolbar, clickAutoShapesand then clickConnectors.2. Click Straight Arrow Connector (in the upper-center of the palette).3. Move the pointer over the shape you just added to your slide. Notice that OfficeArt changesthe pointer to a scope and the object is outlined by four blue boxes.4. Click any connection point on the first shape. Release the mouse button to anchor theconnector.5. Click any connection point on a second shape. Release the mouse button to anchor theconnector.6. Drag the first shape to a new location on the slide. Notice that OfficeArt keeps the arrowconnector attached between the shapes.

Saving Your PresentationIt's important to save your work frequently, so that you don't lose your work. To save your presentation, go to the menu bar and selectFile >> Save As.When the window appears, find a location to save your presentation on your computer, and give it a file name in the text box. To save your file periodically as you work on it, use the shortcut Ctrl+S. Saving the document as another file type Now that you have a conventional slide show presentation, you can save the presentation as another file type for use on any computer. If you are sharing your presentation with others who have a different version of Power Point or other kinds of presentation software or files, you may need to select a different file type. By saving your file in HTML, you make it possible for anyone with a browser to download and read the presentation. Saving to the Web to Save a presentation to the Web means to place a copy of the presentation in HTML format on the Web. When saving a presentation to the Web you can do any of the following: Make available on the Web a copy of a presentation that only you will edit. Make a subset of your presentation available. Select which browser format you want to make your presentation available in, such as Microsoft Internet Explorer 6.0 or Netscape Navigator 8.0. Make only the slides (not the notes) of your presentation available. To save your presentation as a Web page On the File menu, click Save as Web Page. Select a folder and name the file and then click Save. To view the presentation as a Web page, open it in the browser. To save a copy of a presentation to a Web server in Windows Explorer In Windows Explorer, right-click the file you want to copy or move to a Web server and then click Copy. Double-click Web Folders. In the list of Web folder sites, double-click the folder you want and then right-click the destination folder you want to save the presentation to and then click Paste. If you don't see the Web server you want to save your presentation to, double-click Add Web Folder at the root folder of Web Folders to create a new Web folder to it. When you save a presentation as a Webpage, all supporting files such as bullets, background textures, and graphics are organized in supporting folder. If you move or copy a Web page to another location, you must also move the supporting folder so that you maintain all links to the Web page. Blueprints for a successful presentation- 23 -4. Adding Notes to a SlideThe Notes pane is used to add speaking notes to a presentation. After you have completed a presentation, you canprint the presentation with notes so that you can keep track of what is coming up next in the presentation.Use the scroll bar in the Slide pane to move to the first slide in the presentation.Click in the Notes pane.Type Explain that the presentation will give all class participants an overview of what to expect for the comingsemester.Continue to add notes to each slide by selecting the slide with the scroll bar, clicking in the Notes pane, and thentyping the notes.Save your work.5. Replacing Fonts in your PresentationOn the Format menu, click Replace Fonts. To see this option, you may have to click the chevron.In the With box, click Arial Black.Click Replace.Click the Replace menu and click Tahoma.In the With box, click AvantGarde.Click Replace.Repeat steps 4-6 until you have selected the most effective fonts for your presentation.Click Close when you have finished.Save your work.6. Inserting Clipart & PicturesDisplay the slide you want to add a picture to.Click Insert on the menu bar.Select PictureSelect Clip ArtClick the category you wantClick the picture you wantClick Insert Clip on the shortcut menuWhen you are finished using the Clip Gallery, click the Close button on the Clip Gallery title barSteps 1-4 are very similar when inserting other Pictures, Objects, Movies, Sounds, and Charts7. Add an AutoshapeOn the Insert menu, click Picture and then click AutoShapes.Click Stars and Banners and then click the 5-Point Star.Click in the upper-right corner of the slide and then drag the object down diagonally about one inch.To delete an AutoShape, right-click the AutoShape you want to delete and then click Cut.8. Add an Autoshape with TextOn the AutoShapes toolbar, click Callouts.Click the Rounded Rectangular Callout.Click in the slide and drag the object down diagonally about one inch.Type the text of your choice.Select the text you have just typed.Right-click the Callout box, click Font, change the font size to 24, and then click OK.Click and drag the upper-right corner of the Callout box until all the text fits within it.Close the AutoShapes toolbar.9. Grouping & UngroupingChoose the objects or pictures you want to group. From the drawing toolbar, selectDrawGroup.You will see all individual pictures or objects will be combined to a single object. Forungrouping, select the object, clickDraw Ungroup. All the individual components in theobject will be ungrouped. Blueprints for a successful presentation- 24 -10. Insert a ChartClick on the Insert MenuClick New SlideClick on ChartType a title: Create a ChartDouble-click on the box marked Double click to add chartPowerPoint includes sample data that can be replaced with your own.Change the numbers under 1st Qtr with: 85, 62.5, 15Change the chart type to a 3D bar. Click the Chart Type button on the toolbar:Select 3D BarClick on the white area outside of the chart box to return to PowerPoint slide view.11. Inserting Slide Numbers, Date TimeSelect Insert Slide Number from the menu bar to insert a slide number.Select Insert Date/Time from the menu bar to insert your date/time.12. Inserting Headers & FootersOn the View menu, click Header and Footer.On the Slide tab, under Include on slide, select Date and time and Update automatically if you want the date toreflect the last date the slides were modified. You can also do one of the following:You can also select a date format from the date list- Or Select Fixed and type the date you will be giving the presentation, so that it reflects when the presentation is giveninstead of when it was updated.Select Slide number to print a number on each slide.Select Footer; the text English 7-8 is already in the footer. To change this, select the text and then type the preferredtext in the text box.Select Don't show on title slide. This shows the footer you have created on all subsequent slides, but leave thefooter off the title slide.Click Apply to All to make these changes throughout the presentation.13. Inserting Movie & SoundFor a media-rich slideshow, you may decide to display some movie or sound files that you can play during yourpresentation. You must first have the movie or sound file saved on your computer. For more details on this, see thelater part of this book. You can insert a voice narration, video, audio, music etc in this section.14. Inserting CommentsOn the Insert menu, click Comment, and then typeRemember to update this slide. PowerPoint 2000 automaticallyadds your user name to indicate that you wrote the note.To move the comment, move the pointer over the it. When the double-headed arrow appears, click and drag thecomment to where you want to move it.To turn off Comments, on the View menu, click Comments.15. Follow up with meeting minderParticipants in an online meeting can also use the Meeting Minder dialog box or the Speaker Notes dialog box to takenotes. The notes are visible to all participants. These features are available only when the presentation is in SlideShow view.To add notes or meeting minutes, right-click the slide and then click Meeting Minder or Speaker Notes. Blueprints for a successful presentation- 25 -Click in the box and then type the notes or minutes.To add an action item, right-click the slide, click Meeting Minder and then click the Action Items tab.Click in the box, type the information for the first action item, and then click Add.Repeat step 2 for every action item and then click OK. The action items appear on a new slide at the end of the slideshow.16. Make your Presentation Look Great with a BackgroundPowerPoint includes several presentation designs with formatting and graphic elements. Even if you only have ablack and white printer, there is an option that can make presentation designs look great in black and white. In thisexercise, we will show you that option.Add a design:Click on the Format MenuChoose Apply DesignScroll through the list of designs and select one you likeClick ApplyView your Presentation in Black and White:Click on the View MenuChoose Black and White17. Inserting Other ObjectsTables: Go to the menu bar and select Insert >> Table to insert a number of rows and columns to create a table.When the table is inserted, a new table menu window will pop up with various formatting features. Here, you canadd borders, change the border sizes of the table, and manage the cells in the table.Hyperlink: If you are giving a presentation on a computer that has access to the Internet, then you may find ithelpful to have some hyperlinks in your slideshow, so that you can click on a link while you are presenting and thendemonstrate a web site. To insert a hyperlink, go to the menu bar and select Insert >> Hyperlink. Then, a newwindow will appear for specifying the information regarding the hyperlink you want to insert into your document.List: boxes are the same as any other text box. There are many ways you can create lists in text boxes inPowerPoint. The first way is to create a new slide and choose a slide from the pre-made layouts. You can recognizea slide with a list object box by the bulleted list. Another way to add a list is insert a new text box in a slide. Then,click inside the box. Using the formatting toolbar, click on the Numbering or Bullets button. To start making yourlist, simply click your cursor next to the first bullet and type. To add a new item to the list, just hit the Enter key onyour keyboard to begin a new line.WordArt: Inserting a WordArt element rather than regularly formatting text cangive a little extra flair. WordArt is essentially text effects. To bring up the WordArtGallery, open up the WordArt toolbar by going to the menu bar and selectingView >> Toolbars >> WordArt. A separate toolbar just for making WordArt willnow appear. Click on the respective options to create a nice looking wordart to beinserted into the slide.Inserting Wordart1. On theInsertmenu, clickPictureand then clickWordArt.2. Double-click theWordArtin the first column, third row.3. Type the text you want in the WordArt.4. In theFontbox, click afont.5. In the Size box, click72.6. ClickOK. The WordArt appears on the slide.7. Drag the WordArt to the location on the slide that you prefer.8. Close theWordArttoolbar by clicking theXin the upper-right corner of the toolbar.Flowchart1. Select the slide to which you want to add flowchart symbols.2. On theViewmenu, clickToolbarsand then clickDrawing.3. On theDrawingtoolbar, clickAutoShapes, clickFlowchart, and then click a shape.4. Click in theslideand then drag the shape down diagonally about one inch.

Blueprints for a successful presentation- 26 -5. Type thetextyou want in the shape and then make any changes to the text like you did withthe AutoShape.6. Add additional flowchart symbols by following steps 3-5.Add Smart Connectors1. On theDrawingtoolbar, clickAutoShapesand then clickConnectors.2. Click Straight Arrow Connector (in the upper-center of the palette).3. Move the pointer over the shape you just added to your slide. Notice that OfficeArt changesthe pointer to a scope and the object is outlined by four blue boxes.4. Click any connection point on the first shape. Release the mouse button to anchor theconnector.5. Click any connection point on a second shape. Release the mouse button to anchor theconnector.6. Drag the first shape to a new location on the slide. Notice that OfficeArt keeps the arrowconnector attached between the shapes.Adding Transitions to a Slide ShowYou can add customized transitions to your slide show that will make it come alive and become appealing to youraudience. Follow these steps when adding Slide Transitions.In slide or slide sorter view, select the slide or slides you want to add a transition to.On the Slide Show menu at the top of the screen, click Slide TransitionIn the Effect box, click the transition you want, and then select any other options you wantTo apply the transition to the selected slide, click Apply.To apply the transition to all the slides, click Apply to All.Repeat the process for each slide you want to add a transition to.To view the transitions, on the Slide Show menu, click Animation Preview.Color SchemeColor schemes are useful if you are not already using a pre-made designed template. If you click on the ColorSchemes text, you will see the color schemes menu.From this point, you can apply pre-made color schemes toone or all slides. Simply click on a color scheme, and youwill see how it looks on the current slide appearing on yourscheme.If you dont like any of the available color schemes, click onthe Edit Color Schemes or Customs to create your owncolor schemes.Using the Animation SchemeWhen you select a text box, an image object, a graph, or any other sort of PowerPoint object, you can choose toapply an animation to it. During your slideshow presentation, instead of the text just appearing on the screenregularly, an applied preset animation uses a special effect to make an object appear on the screen in some sort ofaction, such as "flying" or "typing" or "spinning" on to the screen. View the Animation Schemes by going to themenu bar and selecting Slide Show >> Animation Schemes.A panel containing all of the animations you can use will appear in the Slide Design panel on the right of yourscreen:Make sure you have selected an object. Then choose a Preset Animation from the list. If you click on an animationname, you can preview the animation on your screen.Using Custom AnimationsYou feel like doing more advanced work with animations, you can choose to make your own special effects to applyto objects. Go to the menu bar and select Slide Show >> Custom Animation. The custom animation options willappear in the Slide Design panel on the right side of the screen. Play around with all of the different options until

Blueprints for a successful presentation- 27 -you come up with something you like. You can come up with just about any kind of combination of transitions,directions, timing, and grouping of words/letters/objects.Reviewing the Slide ShowNow that you have created a presentation, you can make sure that the delivery is as well prepared as thepresentation itself. PowerPoint offers a variety of ways to review and deliver presentations so that they are polishedand professional.The Slide Show feature allows you to preview your presentation on your computer. You can use the Slide Show tocheck a presentation before printing it or to prepare to show it electronically. By adding transitions to yourpresentation, you can help emphasize topic changes.To preview the slide showOn the Slide Show menu, click View Show.After the first slide appears, click anywhere on the screen to move through the presentation.At the last slide, click anywhere to end the slide show.Highlighting parts of the slide showYou can use highlighting while you are giving the presentation to add emphasis to important information.On the Slide Show menu, click View Show.Click the right-mouse button, point to Pointer Options and then click Pen. The mouse pointer becomes apen.Click and hold the pen on the slide. Drag the pen around the words you want to highlight until a lineencircles the text.Click the right-mouse button, point to Pointer Options and then click Arrow. The pen changes back to themouse pointer.Click anywhere on the slide to advance to the next slide.To save your changes, on the File menu, click Save.To use the Slide Show MenuOn the Slide Show menu, click Set Up Show.Click Browsed at a kiosk and notice that PowerPoint automatically checks the Loop continuously box.Under Slides, click All. Notice the box at the bottom of the menu that lets you select how slides areadvanced--manually or based on slide timings. The selections that make it easy for you to set up a self-running presentation are all now available in a single menu. Leave as the default by clicking OK.On the Slide Show menu, click View Show. The presentation runs in a continuous loop.To end the show, press ESC.You can view your slide show by any of the following ways:Click Slide Show at the lower left of the PowerPoint window.On the Slide Show menu, click View Show.On the View menu, click Slide Show.Press F5 on the keyboardNavigating While In Your Slide ShowForward Navigation: Simply click on the left Mouse Button or hit the Enter Button on your keyboardReverse Navigation: Hit the Backspace on the keyboardExiting the show: Hit the Esc Button on the keyboard

Blueprints for a successful presentation- 28 -Saving Your PresentationIt's important to save your work frequently, so that you don't lose your work. To save your presentation, go to themenu bar and selectFile >> Save As.When the window appears, find a location to save your presentation on your computer, and give it a file name in thetext box. To save your file periodically as you work on it, use the shortcut Ctrl+S.Saving the document as another file typeNow that you have a conventional slide show presentation, you can save the presentation as another file type foruse on any computer. If you are sharing your presentation with others who have a different version of PowerPointor other kinds of presentation software or files, you may need to select a different file type. By saving your file inHTML, you make it possible for anyone with a browser to download and read the presentation.Saving to the WebTo Save a presentation to the Web means to place a copy of the presentation in HTML format on the Web. Whensaving a presentation to the Web you can do any of the following:Make available on the Web a copy of a presentation that only you will edit.Make a subset of your presentation available.Select which browser format you want to make your presentation available in, such as Microsoft InternetExplorer 6.0 or Netscape Navigator 8.0.Make only the slides (not the notes) of your presentation available.To save your presentation as a Web pageOn the File menu, click Save as Web Page.Select a folder and name the file and then click Save.To view the presentation as a Web page, open it in the browser.To save a copy of a presentation to a Web server in Windows ExplorerIn Windows Explorer, right-click the file you want to copy or move to a Web server and then click Copy.Double-click Web Folders.In the list of Web folder sites, double-click the folder you want and then right-click the destination folderyou want to save the presentation to and then click Paste.If you don't see the Web server you want to save your presentation to, double-click Add Web Folder atthe root folder of Web Folders to create a new Web folder to it. When you save a presentation as a Webpage, all supporting filessuch as bullets, background textures, and graphicsare organized in asupporting folder. If you move or copy a Web page to another location, you must also move thesupporting folder so that you maintain all links to the Web page.Pack & GoPack up a presentation for use on another computerOpen the Presentation you want to packOn the File menu, click Pack and GoFollow the instructions in the Pack and Go Wizard.Unpack a presentation to run on another computerInsert the disk or connect to the network location you packed the presentation toIn My Computer, go to the location of the packed presentation, and then double-click PngsetupEnter the destination you want to copy the presentation to

Blueprints for a successful presentation- 29 -Designing a Quick Presentation using Design TemplateDesign Template In the new section of the NewPresentation panel, click on the From DesignTemplate button. The following panel will thenappear. This is a list of different designtemplates. They are pre-made backgrounds &layouts that you can use to quickly prepare apresentation. When you find the design youwant to use, simply click on the design and itwill be applied to your presentation. Each newslide you create now onwards, will retain thesame design.You can right-click on a design template tobring up even more options. You can apply adesign template to selected slides, all theslides, use the design for all new presentationsyou create, or choose to view large previewversions of the slide designs.Printing a PresentationYou can print other types of presentation output using the Print what list. When you print notes pages, they printwith one slide at the top of the page and the presentation notes at the bottom of the page. Handouts print two,three, or six slides per page with room for your audience to add notes as you give the presentation. You may usehandouts to provide an outline of the presentation to your class.To print notesOn the View menu, point to Master, and then click Notes Master.Add the items you want on the notes masterart, text, headers or footers, date, time, or pagenumber. Items you add appear only on the notes; no changes are made to the slide master.On the File menu, click Print.In the Print what box, click Notes Pages.Click OK.To print handoutsOn the View menu, point to Master and then click Handout Master.On the View menu, point to Toolbars and then click Handout Master. To preview the layout youwant, click the layout buttons on the Handout Master toolbar.Add the items you want on the handout master art, text, headers or footers, date, time, or pagenumber. Items you add appear only on the handouts; no changes are made to the slide master.On the File menu, click Print.In the Print what box, click Handouts.In the Slides per page box, click the number of slides you want on the handouts.If you select four, six, or nine slides per page, click Horizontal or Vertical to specify the order inwhich you want the slides to appear on the page.You can also change the orientation of the paper when you print handouts. Click Page Setup onthe File menu and then click Landscape or Portrait under Notes, handouts & outline.Click OKIntroduction to Multimedia and its Application

Introduction to MultimediaMultimedia can have a many definitions these include: Multimedia means that computer information can be represented through audio, video, and animation in addition to traditional media (i.e., text, graphics/drawings, images).General DefinitionA good general working definition for this module is: Multimedia is the field concerned with the computer controlled integration of text, graphics, drawings, still and moving images (Video), animation, audio, and any other media where every type of information can be represented, stored, transmitted and processed digitally.Multimedia Application DefinitionA Multimedia Application is an application which uses a collection of multiple media sources e.g. text, graphics, images, sound/audio, animation and/or video.What is HyperText and HyperMedia?Hypertext is a text which contains links to other texts. The term was invented by Ted Nelson around 1965.Hyper Text NavigationTraversal through pages of hypertext is therefore usuallynon-linear (as indicated below).This has implications in layout and organisation of material and depends a lot on the application at hand.Hypermedia Hyper Media is not constrained to be text-based. It can include other media, e.g., graphics, images, and especially the continuous media sound and video.

Example Hypermedia Applications?The World Wide Web (WWW) is the best example of a Hypermedia application. PowerPoint. Adobe Acrobat Many Others?

Multimedia Applications

Examples of Multimedia Applications include: World Wide Web Multimedia Authoring, e.g. Adobe/Macromedia Director Hypermedia courseware Video-on-demand Interactive TV Computer Games Virtual reality Digital video editing and production systems Multimedia Database systems

Multimedia SystemsA Multimedia System is a system capable of processing multimedia data and applications. A Multimedia System is characterized by the processing, storage, generation, manipulation and rendition of Multimedia information.

Characteristics of a Multimedia SystemA Multimedia system has four basic characteristics: Multimedia systems must be computer controlled. Multimedia systems are integrated. The information they handle must be represented digitally. The interface to the final presentation of media is usually interactive.

Challenges for Multimedia SystemsDistributed NetworksTemporal relationship between dataRender different data at same time continuously.Sequencing within the media

Playing frames in correct order/time frame in video Synchronization inter-media scheduling E.g. Video and Audio Lip synchronization is clearly important for humans to watch playback of video and audio and even animation and audio. Ever tried watching an out of (lip) sync film for a long time?

Key Issues for Multimedia Systems The key issues multimedia systems need to deal with here are: How to represent and store temporal information. How to strictly maintain the temporal relationships on play back/retrieval What process are involved in the above. Data has to represented digitally AnalogDigital Conversion, Sampling etc. Large Data Requirements bandwidth, storage,

Data compression is usually mandatoryDesirable Features for a Multimedia System

Given the above challenges the following feature a desirable(if not a prerequisite) for a Multimedia System:Very High Processing Power needed to deal with large data processing and real time delivery of media.Special hardware commonplace.Multimedia Capable File System needed to deliver real-time media e.g. Video/Audio Streaming. Special Hardware/Software needed e.g. RAID technology.Data Representations File Formats that support multimedia should be easy to handle yet allow for compression/decompression in real-time.Efficient and High I/O input and output to the file subsystem needs to be efficient and fast. Needs to allow for real-time recording as well as playback of data.e.g. Direct to Disk recording systems.Special Operating System to allow access to file system and process data efficiently and quickly. Needs to support direct transfers to disk, real-time scheduling, fast interrupt processing, I/O streaming etc.Storage and Memory large storage units (of the order of hundreds of Tb if not more) and large memory (several Gbor more). Large Caches also required and high speed buses for efficient management.Network Support Client-server systems common as distributed systems common.Software Tools user friendly tools needed to handle media, design and develop applications, deliver media.

Components of a Multimedia SystemNow let us consider the Components (Hardware and Software) required for a multimedia system:Capture devices Video Camera, Video Recorder, Audio Microphone, Keyboards, mice, graphics tablets, 3D input devices, tactile sensors, VR devices. Digitizing Hardware.Storage Devices Hard disks, CD-ROMs, DVD-ROM, etcCommunication Networks Local Networks, Intranets, Internet, Multimedia or other special high speed networks.Computer Systems Multimedia Desktop machines, Workstations, MPEG/VIDEO/DSP HardwareDisplay Devices CD-quality speakers, HDTV,SVGA, Hi-Res monitors, Colour printers etc.

ApplicationsExamples of Multimedia Applications include: World Wide Web Hypermedia courseware Video conferencing Video-on-demand Interactive TV Groupware Home shopping Games Virtual reality Digital video editing and production systems

A Brief Look at Multimedia Data:Input and FormatText and Static Data Source: keyboard, speech input, optical character recognition, data stored on disk. Stored and input character by character: Storage of text is 1 byte per character (text or format character). For other forms of data (e.g. Spreadsheet files). May store format as text (with formatting) others may use binary encoding. Format: Raw text or formatted text e.g HTML, Rich Text Format (RTF), Word or a program language source (C, Pascal, etc.. Not temporal BUT may have natural implied sequence e.g. HTML format sequence, Sequence of C program statements. Size Not significant w.r.t. other Multimedia data.

Graphics Format: constructed by the composition of primitive objects such as lines, polygons, circles, curves and arcs. Input: Graphics are usually generated by a graphics editor program (e.g. Illustrator) or automatically by a program (e.g.Postscript). Graphics are usually editable or revisable (unlike Images). Graphics input devices: keyboard (for text and cursor control), mouse, trackball or graphics tablet. graphics standards : OpenGL, PHIGS, GKS Graphics files usually store the primitive assembly Do not take up a very high storage overhead.

Images Still pictures which (uncompressed) are represented as a bitmap (a grid of pixels). Input: digitally scanned photographs/pictures or direct from a digital camera. Input: May also be generated by programs similar to graphics or animation programs. Stored at 1 bit per pixel (Black and White), 8 Bits per pixel (Grey Scale, Colour Map) or 24 Bits per pixel (True Colour) Size: a 512x512 Grey scale image takes up 1/4 Mb, a 512x512 24 bit image takes 3/4 Mb with no compression. This overhead soon increases with image size modern high digital camera 10+ Megapixels _ 29Mb uncompressed! Compression is commonly applied.

Audio Audio signals are continuous analog signals. Input: microphones and then digitized and stored CD Quality Audio requires 16-bit sampling at 44.1 KHz Even higher audiophile rates (e.g. 24-bit, 96 KHz) 1 Minute of Mono CD quality (uncompressed) audio requires 5 Mb. 1 Minute of Stereo CD quality (uncompressed) audio requires 10 Mb. Usually compressed (E.g. MP3, AAC, Flac, Ogg Vorbis).

Video Input: Analog Video is usually captured by a video camera and then digitized. There are a variety of video (analog and digital) formats Raw video can be regarded as being a series of single images. There are typically 25, 30 or 50 frames per second. E.g. A 512 _ 512 size monochrome video images take 25 0:25 = 6.25Mb for a minute to store uncompressed. Typical PAL digital video (720 _ 576 pixels per colour frame) 1:2 _ 25 = 30Mb for a minute to store uncompressed. High Definition DVD (1440_1080 = 1.5 Megapixels per frame) 4:5 _ 25 = 112.5Mb for a minute to store uncompressed. (There are higher possible frame rates!) Digital video clearly needs to be compressed for most times.