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P U B L I S H E D W E E K L Y . ^ A FA M IL Y P A P E R - D E V O T E D T O P O L I T I C S , L I T E R A T U R E , A G R I C U L T U R E , M A N U F A C T U R E S , MIN IN G, AND N E W S .P R I C E $ 2 P E R Y E A R — I n A d v a n c e .
ROBKRT P. WAlllXG, Editor* “ ( t ' l j f I t i i t r c — I t i s t i n r t n s t l j e i ' i l l o u i , b u t o i i f n s t l ) f | n i .n
RVFUS M. HERRON, Publisher.
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l i f t u i r i in^ to t h e S e n a t e t h “ hi l l e n t i t l e d ' ■ Ar, irt n i a -kii;t> a u r a n t ul p u b l i c laud-: t<> t h e s*-veral S t a t e . t o rt h e h e ne l i t ol i i idi i ' f i i t i n s a n e p e i ' - o n s , " w i t h a s f a t e -i iiPiit "1 t h f o bp -c t i o i i s wi i i r l i h a v e r e i j u i r ed 1-nii t o 'w i t h h o l d l i uu i It Ills i i pp i ova l .
To t h e S( > i n t r o j t h e I ' / u t t i S t d t / s :
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i i idi j / 'Ti t i i i s j i t io i x T s o n . s , ” vvl. icl i \i;i .s p n ' . s e u l e d lo
rric oi l t in? t ' Tt l i u l l i u i u , li;i'< Ix m i n : i t i i r c ! y co t i . s i d - t - r cd , , 'uid !>< r e t u r n e d to t h e . ' ' ■ ' ei intf , ( h e hui i s t ; in ,
' v l i i i - l i i ' I w i ' i i '! >-i't iiitMit ol ’.I j- >;'i'»ii.S *
u l i i r l i h ; n o r t i j u i r t ' d i no lo w i i l i l i o l d f r o m it i n y
i i p n r o v a l .
Ill i Ik; f x T l u r i i K i n f e o f tlii 5d u t V , p r p . s c r i b e d b y l l i e i
( ' on><l i t i j injn , I l i a v o b t c u Cf jmj i e l l e i l In r e s i s t l l i e
d i ' f [ ) s y n i p n t h i e s o f m y (le. ' irt in ( ,»vor o f t h e h u - [
m : u ] o p u r p o . s u . s o u g h t t o b e M c c o m p i i s h o d , a n d t .> ;
o x c r c o i i n ; iIk^ r c l u c l a i h - o u iili w l i i c l i I di . ssc i i t f r o m ,
Ibrt c o n c l i i . s i n i i s ( i f t h r t w o i i ou . sc s o f ( ’o f i g r c s s , .
a n d p r e s e n t r i iy o w n o p i n i o n s in u p p d s i l i o n lo i h o
a c i i o i i <)[ a o o - u r u i i i a U ‘ b r a n c l i o l i l i c ^ o v e r n i i i f n t
\vliK' l i p o s s e s s e s s o l u l l y i n y c o n f i d e n c e a n d r c s - p f C . i
l l , in prescnling m y o I j ' Ctions to tli is bi ll, shi.ftild say more than str ic t ly bel(.)i!gs to the meas- j u i f , or ly rei juirt'd for the di.scharire o f my oincial , obli^aMon, let it be attr ibuted to ;i sincere desire , 'o Jus' ily my ai't before ll iose whosc gfiod oj ii i i ion ;I f>'» ! i i ” ! i iy value, and to that ea rnt .stjirs's which S|-r:iigs .'rom my d'-I.l ierate con\ ic t ion that a s!r ict ! adlicn-iice to li ie terms and [lurp ises of the feder- j al roiiip.'M't (dK-rs tin; best, il not the on lv , securi- j ty I' l r tlie preserv:itioi i (dOur blessed in l ieniance ! ot n pi cM'iitalivo l iberty .
J !>e bil l I ' r i i v i d e s , in . s i i ! j s t , ince : 1
i ' n . ^ t . ' I ' h a t t e n i n d l i o n s o f a c r e s c f l a n d b e
;’ r a n t e d t<t i h e s e \ e r a l S l a t e s , t o b e a ( ) [ ) o r i i o n e d ;
a m ( 11 ti l ' in in t in; c o n i f i o ' j i n J r . t i i o o f t h e ^(?o; : rH- j
p l i i c . i l a r r ; i , a n d r< p r e s e n t , n i o n o f s a i d i i ^ t l e s i n ; till! i 1 on . s f o f ne [ ' r e s ( , ' i i t a l i v r s - . j
(‘o in l . T h it v\ herev»M' l l u ' r e a r e [ ;ub ! i c l . ind.s |
in a S ’a t e s u l J " c t to s a l e a t t h e r e ^ i i h i r [ ' r i c e o f 1
priv. i t !* e n t r y , il i ' -, p r> ' [ i o r t i o n o f s ; id t e n m i l l i o n s !
o l ; h t i s I .Hin t ; t o s u c h S t a t e s h a l l h e s ( ; l e c t e d f r o m |
s u c h p a b l i c h i n d s , l a n d s c r i p s h a l l be i ' S i i c d to-i
Uie a m o u n t o l l i i t - i r d i s t r i i n i t i v e s f i a r e s , r e s p e c t i v e - '
l y ; l iaid s c r i p n o t t o b e e n t e r e d b y s a i d S t a t e s , b u t |
t o b e s o l d b y i ln i n , a n d s u b j e c t to e n t r y b y t l i e i r i
a s s i ^ r n . r s , p r o v i d e d i h a t n o n e o f it s l i a l l b e s o l d a t j
l e s s i h i i n o n e d o l l a r p e r a c r e , u n d e r p e n a l t y o f
fo r f* - i t u r e o f i h e s a m e l o t h e I ' n i t e d S i a l e s .
1 I bird. I hut the c.\penses ol tht; manarroment a m snpei inii-ndence o f ,'*aid lands, and of the m on-| e \s rec< a'.'d iherel'roin. shall be paii] by ilie States • to M'liieh they iiu iy beloii” , out o f the i r o a s j r y of I s lid Si.’ite^. j
t ' o i i r i ' : . I ii.Tt i h f ;_’ rcs>i p r o e e n l s of ihc- s a l e s o f j
s u e h l a n d s , o r l a i ' . d - s e r i p s o g r a n t e d , s h a l l b e u i - !
V( s l e d |p\ i Ik' S‘’ve r ; i l S l ' i t o s in s . i / e s t o c k s , to c o n - j
s i i i u t e a }) er p ( ; t ua l f u n d . t l ;o p r i n c i p a l o f w h i c h I s h a l l r e m a i n f o r e v e r u n d i m i n i . ^ h e d , a n d t h e i n t e r - i
Cst to I.e a [ i p r o p r ; a t ( d t o t h e m a i n t e n a n c e o f i h e i
i n d i g e n t i n s , m e w i t h i n t h e s e v e r a l S t a l e s . !
l i l i l ' . 1 hat annual refnrns o f lands or scrip i sold s l r i l l be ii iadi" by the Slates to the Secre tary | of the Inter io r, and the whole grant be subject to ; C(*itain conditions and limitat i ' .ns prescril)ed in the I bil l, to lie assented to by legislative acts o f said : Stateg. j
' I ’ his h;I l , ti iereforo, propose.^ t h a t tlie f e d e r a l
^ov' r n m i nf shall m .ke pro\ ision 10 i h e a m o u n t of :
the value id I r n m i ' l i nn . s o | acr rus of land, lo r an ,
eh-^m osy ir ir \ o l j - c ' u i i l i in the «everal Stales, t o ;
be admin is ’ered t;y the p.' Ii i ical a i i t i io r i ty ol' the:1 . s a m e ; a n d :t p r e s e n t , a t t h e t h r e s h < d i l , t h e q u e s - j
II >n, whether any such ;.r i on tin* ji . ' ir tof the feder- ; ui oo \ t ' rn i i i ‘ nl, is w a rr uited ai. 1 s.inclioned bv the ' eor,s!it(j i i i i i i, the provi',ions and principles of which are to b«* protected and bustained as a first and ' P’l r im: uni du 'v . |
it c a i i i i i j t h e ( ] i : r” ' i ion. ' d t h a t i f Cu ns ^ r t s s h t i v e
[ t o n e r t 1 t n i k i ’ p r o v i ' i a n f o r t h e i n d i ^ . n t i n s ; m e
w i t h o u t t l i e L m u s t i i i b i s I h • i r i c t , u h a s i h e s a m e
p o w e r to [ i r o v ' d f ' j i . r th'* i nd i^ re n l w h o a r e n o t i n
s a n e , . 'uid tliii.s to I r a i i s h r to t h e it di r.il j ^ ' i v e r n n i e n t
t h e oli . iTj^e o: a l l l l ie p o o r iti al l t h e S t a t e s . I t h a s ,
i liC s i m- > p . j w e r l o [i r ' ivide- h o ' [ M l a l s a n d o t h e r lo- •
c a l e . s t a l i i i ' h i i i e n t s t u r t . h i ' c a r e a n d c i ; r e of ( ; v e r v
s ' l e e . t ' s ol l i n m a n i n f i r m i ; y , <ind t h u s t o a s s u m e al !
i h a t d u l y ot e i t h e r p u i d e, pi i i l ; in! i i r o p v , <’>.’• [)U?»lic '
n e ce s . s i i y , t o t h e d» 'p , . n( i e i i l , ihi.> i M p l i a n . t h e s j c k ,
o r t h : ‘ t . ' ; ' edv , whi- . ’h i-< ii iw d i s c h a r j i e d b y t h e
S t a ’tv t h e m s i I v r s , o r b y c n r po r a t»* i n s t i i u ’ ion.s, o r
p r i v . i l e e n d o w i n e n t s e .xis t in^f u n d e r i h e i e g i s l u i i o n
ol i h e S ; a t e s , J fie w hoh* f i e h l o f p u b l i c b e i u ' l i -
e e n e e is t h r o w n op- n t o i h e c a r e a n d v u l l i . r e ol
t h e h d e r a l j j o v e r n i n ' M i t . ( o n e r o u s i m p u l s ' ' . s n o
h u i m ' r e i c o i i n U T t h e l i i n i t a Mi - n s a n d c o n t n 1 o f o u r '
i m p e r i i ' U s i L i i d i m e n i il ^ a w ; ( n r . h o w e v e r w o r i h v
t n a y b e t h e p i c s e n t o b j e c t in i tsi .dl , it is o n l y o n o o f ,
a ci . ' i ss . ll is n o t e \ i ; ! u s i v e l v we . r t l i y o f bt ’i ' ievn-
i e n t r e ; j a r d . W h a t i v r r c o n s i d e r a t i o n s d i c t a t e
syf i tp . ' i th} ' h r i b i s p n r l i c n i a r i d j ^ ' c t . n p p l v , in l i k e
m i i i n e r . it n o t in t h t ' s a m e d e ^ r e o , t o i d i o ' c v , t o
p iy«! r ; i ! d i - ^e a se , t ' l e . \ ’n im* l ie' l l 1 t n ' l e n . It f ’oi i -
ijri s s m a y a t u l n i i ^ h i "it p r o v i d e f o r a n v o n e 01
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•ind ■ il'' ip i- " ■; ■II ol means and < X J i! 'I ! e \ u i . i alir>e be le'i !or t’ l'i; suit-ra I a >n.— 1 i.e di cisi'ai upon tin.* [>r nei['!e, m anv one case,
de'eni'ine.. n f,-r the whole ch.s<. The iine^'ion presente I, t l i - ' re le fe , clt 'arU is upon U v conslitu- ti-i i ia. ity and prn ji r ie ty of ifie f ide ra l g. ivernmenl assuiiKiiij tvi I I,ter iii;.-. a novel and vast l'ie!ii o f ie|ji.',la'i 'ln— namely , that e.f pr(*\ id ini: for ihe care HiuJ suj'[) i r ‘ ol al! th ise. a ino ii^ the people o f the I niteil S ates w!ui, by any hirm of ca lamitv , become fit ohji'cts of public phdanihr. 'pv .
i readily. :ind. I iriiK?. (eelini^iv, acknowledjxe tli'^ du ly incmn! ent on ns all, ns men an-:) cii 'zeno, and as amoii^ the hiali--'st and Im hesn f nor d u t i e s ,
!■' prov,d»,* ; V {]: ise who, in iIjm n r; us ii r ler 01 i ’ r<>\ 1 i f i j i 'e , are snhi,>c{ lo wa ’ .t a n i lo d;srasf- I'll bi>.'v or mu'.i). I ut I c i im o t fp.J anv a i i 'h i r , 'v in tlie ce.nsMu i.-n h>r making t!ip fedt ia l f;.tvern. lueni tiie irre.-it aiou-npr of public c i;ar i fy throviiT||. e.iit the I n i t- l l St.'ites. J ,) dn so w.iuui. in niy il l lymi 'n t, he ro ' ; t ra ry to the letter and spirit of ti^e constiiu iio ii , and subversive t i f the wlnde iheorv ujif n wl'.iidi ih'? union ol t ! i ’"'sc St:itcs is foiind'-'d.
And it It we re ad miss ib l e to c o n le m p la t e the e.x- c r c i se o f t his po we r for an y objec l w h a t ev e r , I c a n not av(>iJ ihe bel i ef l hat it wou ld , in the end , be p rejud ica l , r a th e r :lia:i beneficial , to t he m-ble ofli- ces o f c h a r i t y to ha ve the c h a r g e o f t h em t r a n s f e r r ed f rom the S ta l e s to the federal go v e r n m e n t . A r e we not too p ron e to forget that the l edorai I ni ' .n is the c r e a tu r e of t he S t a t e S ; not t hey o f ihe f ederal Union ? W n we re the inhab i t an t s of c o lo n ies disi incl in local g o v e r n m e n t one f rom the o t he r befi re the revfdu iion . Ijy tha t r evolut ion the co lon - j e s e a c h b e ca m e an in d ep e n d e n lS ta t e . T h e y ach iev- ed tha t i ndc j i endence , an d se cu red its r ecogni t ion f'V the a g e n c y -d a eo n sn l t i n g body , wh ic h f rom be ing an a s s e m bl y o f the m in i s t e r s o f d i s t inc t sov- ereign i i es , i ns t ruct ed to a g r e e to no fo rm o f gove rn- rr.'ent wh ich did not l eave the domest ic c o n c e rn s of e a c h S ta t e to itself, w a s ap pr op r i a t e l y d e n o m i na ted a C o n g re s s . \V’fien h a v in g tr ied the e x p e r im en t ol t he c on fed e r a t i on , t l iey r e solved to c h a n g e lhat for t he p r e s en t f ede ra l U n i o n ; and t bus to confe r on the l ederal g o v e r n m e n t m or e am- p ' e au th o r i ty , t hey sc ru pu lo us ly m e a s u r e d su ch o f the tu nc ' i on s o( t hei r c h e r i she d sove re ign ty as t hey chose to de legate to th(! g en e ra l g o v e r n m e n t . — V\ iih this a im, a n d to th i i end. i he f a the r s o f the r epubl ic f r a m t d the const i t ut ion, in an d by wii ich the indef enden t and .sovereign S ta te s uni ted t h e m se lves , for ce r t a in specif ied object s a n d pu rposes , a nd | ur t hose on ly , l eav ing all powers not t he re in set forth as con fe r r ed on on e o r a n o th e r o f the th ree gr t ' a t depa r t r i i cn ts , the legi sl at ive, i he e x e c u tive, and the judici al , i n dub i t a b ly with the Sfrttes. A nd w hen the people ol ihe seve ra l S t a t e s ha d , in thei r S t a l e con ven t ion s , an d thus a lone , g iven ef- l i c l a n d force lo the const i t u t ion , not con te n t t hat a n y doub t shou ld in future a r i se a.‘» to the scope and c h a r a c t e r ofthi.s act , t hey ingiaf i ei l t he reon the ex- ]ilicil df^clara' .ion l h a t — “ 'I he p ow e r s not d e l e g a t ed to the L’nited S ta t e s by I he cons: i tut ion, n o r p r o h ibi ted by it to the Sla t e s , a r e r e se rved lo the S la te s res[)( c t ive ly , or to the pi 'ople . ”
f a n it be c on t ro ve r t ed that the g re a t m as s o f the busmes.s oi g o v e r n m e n t tha t invo lved, in the social r e l at ions , t he in i e rna l a r r a n g e m e n t s o f the body polit ic ; t he men ta l and mora l cu l tu re o( men ; the dev« lopme nl ol local rescnirces of weal th ; the p u n i shm en t ol c r im es in gen e ra l ; the p r e se rv a t io n of o rde r ; tlie rel ief o f ihe need y , or o lhe r wi se unfor- tniiate m e m b e r s o f soc ie ty , did, in p rac t i ce , r e ma in wi' li tiie S t a t e s ; that none ol t hese object s of local c o n c e r n a re , by the const i t u t ion , e xp re s s l y or i m pl iedly prohi fnied lo the S la te s , and that no n e of t h em a re , by a n y expres'^ l an gu ag e oi ’he consl i- mt ion , Iran.sferred lo the Un i i ed S la t e s ] Ca n it be c l a imed that a n y o f tlu’se func i ions o f local a d m in - i.ilralion and l egislat ion a r e ves t ed in the federal g o v e r n m e n t by a n y impl ica t ion ? I ha ve n e v e r found a i iyi i i ing in ihe const i t ut ion wli ich is sus- cepii i t ie oi Mich a con s t r uc i io n . N o one o f ihe et iumer; ; !ed po w e r touches tlie s u b j e c t , o r has even a r emote an a j . i gy to it. ' i ' he p ow e rs c on fe r r e d Uf)o!i the Ln i t ed S la t e s have r e fe rence to f ederal n l a t ions o r to the mean.s of acc o m pl i sh in g o r e x e cu t ing th ings of federal re lat ion. So , a lso, of the s a m e c h a r a c t e r a r e the po we rs t ake n a w a v f rom ti e S i a i e s by en u m e r a t i o n . In e i lh e r case, the po we rs g r an ted and the j )o\vers r es t r ic t ed w e re so g r a n te d o r so r e s t r ic t ed on ly w he re it was r eq' ii si te lor the m a i n t e n a n c e of peace an d h a r m o n y be tween the Sla te s , or lor t he jni rpose o f pn. )tect ing thei r comiYion int eres i s , and de fend ing thei r c o m m o n
sov e re ig n l y , ag a i n s t ag gr es s i on frcin ab ro ad o r i n su r r ec t io n at l iome.
I sliall not d i s c u s s the ques t ion ol p o w e r s o m e
t imes I'^laimed for the ge ne ra l g o v e r n m e n t , u nd e r the c l ause o f the e igh th sec t ion o f the eonst i t ut ion , w.iicti g ives C’on g re s s the p o w e r ‘‘to l ay and col lect ta. \es, dut ie s, impos t s , a nd exc i se s , to pav (it)Lts, and p rovida for the c o m m o n defiance and ge ne ra l we lf are of the Tn i t ed S t a t e s , ” because if it has not a l r e a d y been sel i led U[)on sound r eason and au tho r i ty , it ne v e r will b^. 1 t ake llic r eceived and ju s t constnic t ioi ) of t hat ar t i c l e , as if wr i t ten to l ay and c o l h c t t axes , dufic'^, impos ts , an d e x c ises , /// order to pa y the deb ts , a n d i)i order lo p rc \ ide for t he c o m m o n de fence an d ge n e r a l wel-* ” T 't ar e. It is not a subs t an t iv e ge n e r a l powe r lo p r o vide for t he wedlare of the Uni ted S la te s , but is a l:inifal' i»n on the g r a n t o f po we r to r a i se m o n e y by t axes , du t i e s , ;iirJ impos ts . If it w e r e o t h e r wi se , all tne rest ol t he co ns t i t u t ion , cons i s t ing ol ca re l i i l l y e n u m e r a t e d and cau t io us l y g ua rd ed g r a n t s o f specific powers , would have been use les s, if not d t . l u sne . i t would bo inipossibl e, in t hat view, to e sc ap e from the conclus ion that t hese wer e in se r t ed on l y to mis l ead for iho j i resent , and , i n s tead of en l ighlenini r and de f in ing the pa l l iwav of t he fnliire, to i nvolve its act ion in the m a z e s of
douht ful co ns t r uc i i on . S u c h a conc lus ion the cl iar- a c t e r of t he m en who f r am ed lh a t s ac red i n s t ru m en t w ill ne ve r permi t us 10 form. Indeed , to s u p pose it suscept ib le o f a n y o t he r con s i ruc t ion would
be to cons ign all t he r igh ts of the S la te s , a n d o f ilie peop le ol t he Sla te s , to t he m ere d i sc re t i on of Congrcs.^, and tluis 'o c lo the the federal g o v e r n men t w i i h n u i h o n t y f^-crmtrol .‘he sov e re ign Sta t es , by wh ic h the S ta t e s would have been dw a r f ed into p rov inces o r dep i i r tmen ts , and all sov e re ig n t y v e s ted ill an nbsolute conso l ida ted cen t r a l pr iwer , ag a i i i ' l w hich the spi r i t of l iber tv has so of ten, a nd in so m.-.ny c eu n l les, s :n ig g l ed in va in. In m y
j u d i i n e n i , you c ann o t , by tr ibute? to h u m a n i t y ,
m a k e . iny adt qi iate compf nsa t ion for iho w ri-ng you would inilicl by remov ing ih<* sourc es o f p ow er and poiii ical ac ' ioi i f rom those who a r e to bo t h e r e by nfi i 'cied. ll the t ime shal l e ve r a r r ive when , | i;r an o b j t c t ap p ea l in g how ev er s t r o ng ly to ou r sy m p a th i e s , the d igni ty of th-' S l a t e s shal l bow’ to m e dtf.’aiii ri o( ( ' o n g r e s s , by cen f iT i i i ing thei r il gis aii'iti t hereto , w h e n the p o w e r , :;r!d n i aj es iv. and honor ol t hose who c r ea t ed shal l l u c o m e s u l - o r d 'n a l e lo the ih ng of t l ieir c r ea t ion , 1 but feeh! ’ utU r m y a p pr eh e ns i o ns w he n I ex pr es s m y fi rm conv ic iu 'n liiai wo sha l l see “ ihe be g inn in g o f the e n d . "
l o r l j o a i e l y , we a r e not left in doub t a s to the purpo.‘.e of t he coris t i !ul ion a n y m o r e t han as to its •^xpress I' . ' .nguage; ior, a i i hou gh the h i s lo ry o f i t s l o rma t ion , as r eco rded in ihe .Madison Pa pe r s ,sh ' iws that t he federal g o v e rn m e n t , in its p re sen tto rm e m e r g e d f rom the cond ic t o f opposini» in fk - ei ices, wi i ieh have con' .i i i ' j fd lo divide s tntesmeri ! rom il’al d. iy 10 tiiis, y(..t the rule o f c lea r !v de- l i n td p i .w er s ; and o f st r ict c o ns ; r u c i io n . p re s ided ov e r the aciu il conc lus ion an d sub seoue i . t adopt ion ol t he cons t i t u t ion .
P ic s id en t -Madison, in the f e d e r a l i s t , s a vs ; ‘' T h e p o w e r s d r i ega tod by the p roposed consi i t u i ion to ihe federal i i ov e r nm en t an- few- an d de f ined. 'I hosc wh ich a re to r e m a i n in ihc S ta l e '»nvern-
m i n t s a ro n u tn e r ou s and indefini te . “ I t s ” ( the gene ra l g o v e r n m e n t ’s) “ ju r i sd i c t ion e.'-tciids to c e r tain e n u m e r a t e d obj-.^cts on l y , a nd l eaves to the sev e ra l St ate s a r e s id ua r y and inv iol ab le s ov e r e ig n ty ove r all o the r ob jec t s . ”
In the s a m e spir i t . P r e s id e n t JnfTerson invokes “ the supp or t o f i he S ta l e g o v e r n m e n t s in all t hei r r i gh ts a s tl-e most c o m p e te n t udn i in i s l r a t ions for ou r domes t i c c o n c r r n s , a n d ;'.ie su re s t bu l w a r k aga in s t an l i - r e p u t i i ca n t e n d e n c i e s ; ” and Prt.-sidenl J a c k so n said iliat o u r t rue s t r e ng t h and wi sd om a re n(4 p r o m ot ed by invas ions o f t he r igli is an d po wers o f the seve ra l S t a t e s , but t ha t , on ihe c o n t r a ry , t hey consi s t “ not in b ind ing ilie S ta l e s more closely 10 t he cen t r e , but in l eav ing e ac h m o re u n obs t ruct ed in its p r o p e r o rb i t . ”
'I 'he f r a m e r s ol t he cons i i t u i ion , in r e fus ing to conle r on the f ederal go v e r n ra c n t any ju r i s d i c t io n ove r these p u r e ly local objec ts , in m y ju d g m e n t man ifes t ed a wi se forecast and b r oa d c o m p r e h e n sion of the t r ue int eres t s o f t hese o l j . c ts t h e m selves. Il is c l ea r t ha t publ ic cha r i t i e s wi th in the S t a t e s c a n be ef i icient ly ad m in i s t e re d on l y by the i r au th o t ' l y . ' I’he bill he fo re me c o n c e d e s ihis , for it does not c o m m i t the funds it p r ov ides to th e ad- mini s l ' a t i on of a n y o t he r a u th o r i t y .
I c i n n o t but r epea t w h a t I h a v e before ex- presse i, t ha t if t he severa l S t a t e s , m a n y o f wh ich have r l r e a d y laid the fo unda t ion o f mun if i cent es- tablisl m en i s o f local bene f i ccnce , a n d n e a r l y all ot w h c h a i e p r o c ee d in g to e s i ab l i sh th em , shall be led to suppose , a s t hey will be shou ld this bill l iecome a law-, t hat C o n g r e s s is lo m a k e p rovi s ion for su.'h object s, t he foun ta ins o f c h a r i t y w ill be (Vied up at h om e , and the sev e ra l S ta te s , i n st ead o f bestowing ihci r o w n m e a n s on ihe s»)Cial wa n t s 01 their own peo[ile, m.ay them se lv es , t h r ou g h the s t r on f t empta t ion , w h i ch ap p ea l s to S la t e s a s to individuals , beco me hu m bl e su pp l i an t s for the bounty o f t he .'’ede ra l g o vc r nm e n r , r e ve r s i ng thei r t rue relat ion to this I ' l i i on .
H;iving st a t ed m y v ie w s o f t he l imi tat ion of t he powers con fe r r e d I>y the e ighth sec tion o f the lirst artieli! o f t he cons t i t u t ion, I deem it p rop e r to cal l at t ent on to the th ird sect ion o f t he fourth arl i i le, and to the p rov i s ions of ihe s ix th ar t ic le , be a r i ng di rect ly up o n ihe quest ion u n d e r consideraMon ; w hich, i nst ead o f a id in g the c l a im to p o w e r e x e r cised in this case, l end, it is bel i eved, s t r on g l y to
i l l ust ra te and expla in posi t ions wh ich , even wi thou t such suppor t , 1 c a n n o t r eg a rd a s ques t ionab le .
'Fh(! ihird sect ion o f t he fourth a r t ic le ol the c o n sti tut ion is in the fol lowing t e rm s : “ ' I 'he C o n g re s s shal l have [lower to dispose a n d m a k e all n e e d ful rules a n d r eg u la t ions r e spect ing , t he t e r r i t o ry or o t he r p r ope r ty be lon g i ng lo the Un i ted S t a t e s ; and no th in g in this cons t i t u t ion sha l l be so c o n s t rued a s ' o p r e jud ice a n y c l aim o f t he Un i i ed Sta te s , o r a n y j ) ar i i cular S t a l e . ” T h e sixth a r t i cle i.s us fol lows, lo wit, t ha t “ All debt s contrnct<d and engat 'eu ' .ents e n t e re d into, before tlie adop tion of this consiitLition, shal l be a s val id aga ins t t he Uni ted S ta t e s u n d e r this const i t u t ion ns u n de r the c o n f e de ra t ion . ”
F o r a c o r re c t u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f the t e r m s used in the thi rd sec tion o f the fou r th a r t i c l e , above quo ted , r e f e r e nc e shou ld be had to the h i s to ry of the t imes in w h ich the cons t i tu t ion w a s fo rmed an d adop ted . It was decided upon in C on ve n t i on , on the 17lh S e p t e m b e r , 17S7 , a nd by it C o n g r e s s was em p o w er e d to “ d i spose o f, ” tScc., “ the t e r r i t o r y o r o t he r p r o p e r ty be long ing to ihe Un i t ed S t a t e s . ”
T l io on l y t e r r i t o ry then be lo ng in g to the Un i t ed S ta l e s w a s lhat t hen r ece n t ly cedcd by the seve ral St ate s, to wit ; by N e w Y o r k in 1781 , by Vi r ^ in i a in 178 1 , by M a ss ac h u se t t s in 17S5 , a n d by S o u t h ( ' a ro l fn a in . \ u g n s t , 1 7^7 , o r l y the m o n t h be fore tho fo rma t ion o f the const i t u t ion, ' i ' he ces s ion from Vi rg in i a con ta i ned the fo l low ing prov is ion :
‘‘T h a i all the l ands w i thin the t e r r i t o ry so ceded to tlie L n i t e d S ta l e s , and not r e se rve lor o r appro- priiited lo a n y o f t he be fo r e -m en t io ned pu rpo ses , or di sposed o f in boun t i e s to the of i icers a n d soldiers o f the Arn e r i ca n a r m y , sha l l be con s id e re d a c o m mon fund lor t he use a nd benefi t o f s uc h o f the Un i t ed S ta l e s a s l iave be co m e o r shal l become m e m b e r s o f t he co nfede ra t ion o r feder. il a l l i ance of t he sa id S ta t e s , V i r g i n i a included , a c c o r d in g to thei r u sual r e spec t ive p roposi t i ons , in t he genera l c h a r g e and e x p en d i t u r e , and shal l be fa i thful ly and bona fide disposed 0} for t ha t pu rpose , an d for no o the r use o r pu rpose w ha t so e v e r . ”
He r e ,’he object for w Inch these l and s a r e lo be di sposed o f is c l e a r ly set for th, an d the p o w e r to di spose n f t h em , g r a n te d by the thi rd sect ion of the fou r th a r t ic le of t he cons t i t u t ion , c l ea r lv c o n t em pl a t e s such d isposi t ion on ly . I f su ch be the fact, a n d in m y m ind the re can be no doubt of i;, then you ha ve a ga i n not on l y no impl i ca t ion in fav(>r of t he c o n t e m p la t ed g r a n t , but t he s t ron ge s t au th o r i ty a g a i n s t it.
I n i r th e r m o r e , t his bill is in violat ion o f the faith o f the G o v e r n m e n t , p l edged in th« ac t o f . f a n u a r y
j 184< . i h e lO lh scc lion ol t ha t act dec l a re s .I “ ' I ' hat , for Ihe p a y m e n t of t he s tock W'liich m;iy ; be c r ea t ed u n d e r ihe p rov is ions o f this act , the I sales ol ihe j iubl ic l ands a re heref jy p l edged ; and : it IS he reby m ade the du ty o f the S e c r e t a r y o f the ; I l e a su r y lo use a nd a[)ply all m o n r v s wh i ch m a y j be r ece ived iiuo the t r e a s u r y for t he sal es o f t he I publ ic l and s a f te r t he first day o f J a n u a r y , IS <8,, first to pay the in t e re s t on a ’l s tocks i ssued by j v i r tue of this n c l ; a nd , s ec o nd ly , lo use the ba lance
, of said recL'ipts, a f t e r p a y i n g the interest afor fsaiil,I in the purchase* of said s tocks a t t hei r m a r k e t 1 va lu e , ” \ ' c . T h e deb t s t hen c o n t r a c t e d h.'jve not , l.’een l iqnida ipd, and the l a n g i r g e o f t his sect ion,: and the o' j l i^at i«ms o f t he U. .‘ '•.atcs u n d e r it, a r e
too plai-n to need c o m m e n t .
1 have been un ab le to d i scove r a n v d i s t inct ion, on co ns t i i u t i r na l g r o u n d s , o r g r o u n d s n f exped i -
, e n c y , be tween an a p p ro pr i a t ion o f 8 l 0 ,0 ( l0 ,0 l» 0 d i r F C ' l y frf>m the m o n e y in the t r e a s u r v , for the
I o l j e c t c o n te m pl a t e d , a nd the a pp r o p r i a t io n of ! land.'? p re se n ted for m y «!incfion. A n d ye t , I j Cannot doub t tlia*, if the bdl prfiposer! ten mil l i ons
o f dol la rs f rom the t r e a s u r y o f the Un i t ed S ta t e s j lor the snp por i o f i nd igent i n sa n e in the seve ral
j S t a l e s , t he cons l i l u t iona l que s t ion involved in the , act would ha ve a t t r a c t ed forcibly the a t t en t ion o f
CV)ngress.
I r e spec t ful ly su b m i t t hat , in a cons t i t u t iona l p >int of view’, it is whcjily imma te r i a l w h e t h e r the appro pr i a t ion be in m o ne v or in l and .
I he publ ic d o m a i n is :h*' c o m m o n p ro p e r ty of • the Un ion j u s t as m u c h a s the s u r p l u s p r oc eed s of ; ih. t l , an d ol du t ie s «'n im p or t s r e m a i n i n g iinex I pended in the t r ^a ^u r y . A-? s uc h it has been ' p l edged, is now p ledged , nnd mriy n e t d to be so
ged a g a m for pub l i c i n deb te dness .
. \ s p r o p e r ly , il is d i s t i ngui shed froir, nc ' i ial m o
ney chief ly in th i s r e s p e c t : t ha t its prof i table m a n a g e m e n t ^ome t imcs r equ i r e s lh a t po r t ions of it he a p p r o p r i a t e d to local ob jec t s , in tlie S l a t e s whe re i n it m a y h a p p e n to lie, a s wou ld be done by a n v p r u de n t p r o p r i e to r to e n h a n c e the sale- va lue o f his p r iva t e d o m a i n . Al l su ch g r a n t s ot l and a re , in fact , a di sposal o f it for va lue r ece ived ; but t hey afl'ord no p r ece den t o r cons l i l u t iona l r eason lor g i v in g a w a y the publ ic l and s . Still less do they g ive sanc t ion to a p pr op r i a t io ns for o b j ec t s wh i ch have not been in t rus t ed lo the f ederal g o v e r n m e n t an d t h e r e lo r e be lon g e x c l u s i v e ly to the State.<».
T o a s s u m e that t he pub l i c l ands a ro ap p l i cab le to o r d i n a r y S t a t e ob ject s , w h e t h e r of publ ic s t ru c tures , pol ice , c h a r i t y , o r e x p e n s e s ol S t a t e a d min i s t r a t ion , wou ld be to d i s r e g a r d , to the a m o u n t of t he va lue of t he publ i c l a n d s , nil the l imi ta t ions o f '.he cons t i t u t ion , and c on fo un d , to tha t ex ten t , all d is t inct ions beiv. 'een the r ights an d p o w e r s ol the Sta l es , a nd those o f t he Uni t ed St . i les ; lor , il the publ ic l ands m a y be appl i ed to the s u p p o r t of the poor , w h e t h e r s a ne o r i n sane , i f t he d i sposa l of t hem ^nd t h e i r p r o c e e d s be not sub jec t to the o r d i n a r y l imi tat ions of the consl i l ut icm, then C o n g r e s s posses ses unqua l i f i ed po w e r to p rov ide for e x p e n d i t u r e s in the S t a t e s by m e a n s of t he publ ic l ands , e ven to the de g r ee of d e l r n y i n g ilie s a l a r i e s o f go ve rn or s , j u d g e s , a n d all o t h e r e x p e n s e s of t he g o v e r t i m e r l , an d in t e rn a l a dm in i s t r a t io n wi thin the se v e ra l S l a t e s . I ' h e conclus ion I'rorn ihe g e n e ral s u r v e y o f i he who le subji c t is, to m y m ind , i r res is t i bl e, and c loses the ques t ion , both o f r ight and o f e x p e d i e n c y , so far a s r e ga rd s the p r inc ip l e of t he a pp r o p r i a t io n p roposed in this bill. W o u ld not t he ad m iss io n o f .«iich a p o w e r in C o n g r e s s to d i spose of i he publ ic d o m a i n w or k ihe p ra c t i ca l ab ro ga t i on o f so m e o f i he mo s t im po r i an t p ro v i s ions o f llie co n s i i t u i io n ? If t he s y s t e m a t i c r e s e r vat ion o f n def ini te po r t ion o f ihe pub l i c l a n ds ( the s ix t een th sec : iot i ) in t he S la t e s , for t he p u r p o s e ; of e du ca t ion a n d o c cas io na l g r a n t s for s i m i l a r | pu r pos es he ci ted a s c o n t r a d i c t i n g these c o n c l u s ions , t he a n s w e r a s it a p p e a r s to me , is obv ious ' an d sa t i s f ac to ry . S u c h r e s e rv a t io n s a n d g r a n t s , , beside s be ing a pa r t o f the c o nd i t i on s on wh ic h the p r o p r i e t a ry r ig h t o f t he Un i ted S t a l e s is m a i n t a ined , a lo n g wi th the e m i n e n t d o m a i n o f a p a r t i c u l a r S l a te , an d b y w h ich the publ ic l and r e m a i n s free f ro m t ax a t ion in the S t a l e in wh ic h it lie?, and as lo n g a s it r e m a i n s tlie p r o p e r ty of t he U n i t ed S la t e s , o re the ac t s o f n m e r e l and o w n e r , d i s pos ing of a s m a l l s h a r e o f his p r o p e r ty in a w a y to a u g m e n t the va lue o f t he r e s idue, a n d in thi? mo d e lo c n c o u r a g e the e a r l y o ccu pa t io n of it bv the indus t r ious a n d inte l l i gent p i onee r .
' I 'he g r ea t e x a m p l e ol a p p a r e n t don a t ion o f l ands lo the S la te s , l ikely to be re l i ed u po n ns su s t a i n in g the p r inc ip l e s o f t his bill, is t he r e l i n q u i s h m e n t o f s w a m p l a n d s lo the S la t e s in wh i ch i hey a r e s i t ua ted ; but t his , a lso , l ike o t h e r g r a n t s a l r e a d y r e fe r r e d lo, w as based e x p r e s s l y upon g r o u n d s c l e a r l y d i s t ing u i s hab le in p r incip l e f rom a n y w h ic h c a n be a s s u m e d for t ho bill h e r e w i t h
co n v en t i o n fis a p p e r t a i n i n g to local l eg i s l a t ion o n l y , t h a t t h e y w e r e no t c o m p r e h e n d e d , e i t h e r e x p r e s s l y o r by impl i ca t ion , in the g r a n t o f g e n e ra l p o w e r to C o n g r e s s , and lh a t , c o n s e q u e n t l y ,
i l iev r e m a i n ed wi th the se v e ra l S l a t e s .' i 'he g e n e r a l r e su l t at w h i c h I h a v e a r r i v e d is
the n e c e s s a r y c o n s e q u e n c e of t ho se v i ews ol t he r e l a t ive r igh ts , p o w e r s a n d du t ie s o f S t a t e s a n d of t he f ede ra l g o v e r n m e n t w h i c h I h a v e lon g en - t er t i i i ned, a n d o ft en e x p r e s s e d , a n d in l e f e r e n c o
lo wh ic h m y co nv ic t ions do bu t i nc r e as e in lo rco wi th l ime a n d e x p e r i enc e .
I ha ve th us d i s c h a r g e d the u n w e l c o m e d u t y o f ful ly s t a t ing m y o fyect ions to this bill, w i th w h i c h 1 c h e e r f u l l y s u b m i t t he who l e su b j e c t to the wi.s*
d o m of C o ng r e s s .F R A N K L I N P I E R C E .
W a s h i n g t o n , M a y J}, 1 8 5 4 .
From >lic l i i t lnnorid Enquirer .
Tlic Velo illcssHsrc*.W it h o u t he s i t a t ion o r d e l a y , t he P r e s i d e n t h a s
put t ho e x ec u t iv e velo on the L u n a t i c LanO Bi ll . '1 he re w a s n e v e r a n y ca u s e o f u p p r e h c n s i o n in r e g a r d to the cour.se o f t he A<lmini s t r a t ion on this an d k i n d r e d nieasur«' s. A s a d i sc ip l e of i he sc ho o l 0 / JelFerson and J a c k s o n , Mr . P i e r ce has been c o n s i s t en t ly oppo sed to e v e r y s c h e m e for d i v e r t i n g the pub l i c l an d s f rom thei r l eg i t ima te use , no m a t t e r w h e t h e r t ho a p p r o pr i a t io n be lor t he s u c c o r of l una t i c s , t he benef i t o f i nd iv idu a l s o f soumi m ind but im p ro v id e n t l iabi ls , o r t he a g g r a n d i z e m e n t of g r aap in g (‘o r p o r a l i o n s . I ’ul, evi 11 if s u c h w e r o not t he inc l ina t ion o f ihn Ad m in i s i r a l io n , i he p l al - l o rm o f princi[>le on w h i c h t hey s t a n d , s l r i c l ly a n d e rn pha t i ca l l s ’ forbids a n y s e c u la r i z a t i o n of t ho publ ic l and s to uses not a u th o r i z ed by llie cou s l i - l ul ion. ' I ' he Ha l l imoro Co n v e n t i o n pul i ' s veto in a d v a n c e u po n e v e r y m e a s u r o for t he d i s t r ihu i ion of t he pub l i c l ands , wh ic h conlem])l ; i les a n y objf^et bes ides the p a y m e n t «)f t he na t iona l deb t a n d lliti equal benefi t o f the se ve ra l S l a t e s .
T h e ve to o f t he L u n a l i c Hill is a m e m o r a b l e .«ilei( in t h e p r o g r e s s o f the D e m o c r a t i c p a r t y . ' J'ho a l a r m i n g in c re as e o f F e d e r a l po w e r a n d the g r a d u a l ob l ivion o f S t a t e r igh t anti s t r i c t c o n s t r u c i i o n p ri r :c iples , fu rn i s he d a c on t r o l l i n g m ot i ve to tho n o m in a t io n of Mr. P ie rce . W e w a n t e d a m a n o f r ight p r inc ip l e nnd o f g e n u i n e c o u r a g e , to a r r e s t t he t e n d e n c y to f ederal c o r r u p t i o n a n d a g g r a n d i s e men t , a n d to b r i n g back the G o v e r n m e n t to the l eg i t ima te s p h e r e o f i t s p o w e r s a nd its dut ie s. In the s t a t e s m a n o f N e w H a m p s h i r e tho D e m o c r a c y found the m a n for i hei r pu rpose . ' J 'he e ven t j us l i -
1 fies t he i r ch o ice . Ur es id en t P i e r c e ha.s av a i l e d j h im s e l f of i he f irst o p p o r t u n i t y fo test i fy Ins devo-
j t ion to the s t r i e t - c o n s l r u c l i o n c r ee d , a nd to inflict a s ln g g e r in g b low on the c o r r u p t m o n s t e r o f
j F e d e r a l i s m . In iho velo of t he J. ,unat ic Hill, t he I c o u n l r y ha.s a p l edg e of t he fu t u r e po l i cy o f h i s j A d m i n i s t r a t io n . N e i t h e r liinid n o r r e s e r v e d in I j u s t i f y i n g h i s c o n d u c t , he l a y s d o w n p r in c ip l e s ] wh i ch c cm ip reh en d all s i m i l a r m e a s u r e s . ' I 'ho
d ea t h w a r r a n t of t he H o m e s t e a d is s ' c n e d in ad-returrici l , viz : upon trie i n t e re s t a n d d u l y o f t he ! v a n ce , an d the t h o u s a n d o t h e r s c h e m e s for the pil-p ro pneUj r . ' J’h e y w e r e c h a r g e d , a n d not w i thou t r eas o n , to be a n u i sa n ce to ihe i n ha b i t an t s o f t he s u r r o u n d i n g c o u n l r y . T h e m e a s u r e w'as p r e d i cat ed , not on ly upon the g r o u n d of t he d i se as e inflicted upon the people o f t he S t a t e s wh i ch the Un i t ed S ta t e s co u ld not j u s t i f y , a s a j us t a n d h o n est p rop r i e t o r , but a lso upon an e x p r e s s l i m i t a t ion ol t he app l i ca t ion of t he p ro c e e d s , in t he fus t i n s t ance , lo pu rp os e s o f l evees a n d d ra in s , t hu s p r o t ec t in g the l ienlth o f t he in h ab i t an t s , a n d , at liie s a m e t ime, e n h a n c i n g the va lue o f t he r e m a i n ing l ands b e lo ng in g to ihe g e ne ra l g o v e r n m e n t , ll is not to be den ied tha t C o n g r e s s , wh i l e a d m i n i st er ing the publ ic l ands a s a p ro pr i e t o r , wi thin the p r inc ip l e d i s t inc t ly a n n o u n c e d in m y a n n u a l m es sa g e , m a y . somet imes hr.ve failed to d i s t ingu i sh
Inge of t he publ ic l an d s a r e laid p r o s t r a t e a t one b low. W e c h e r i s h th e hope th a t (Congress will not d i s r e g a r d iho hint , n o r j ie rs i st in its p i r a l i ca l f o r a y s on the pub l i c d o m a i n . I V r h a ps , h o w e v e r , it m a y se r v e the pu rp o se o f d e m a g o g u i s m to p r e s s thes e v a r i o u s s c h e m e s t h r o u g h C o n g r e s s , wi ih th e posi t ive a s s u r a n c e in a d v a n c e t h a t h e y will mee t t he u n t im e ly f ate o f t he L u n a t i c l iill .
T h e m o s t ski l l ful pilot is e m b a r r a s s e d by ihe sh oa l s , n a r r o w s a n d s u d d e n l ack s o f c r c e k nav i- ga t ion ; o n c e upon the b r oa d t>cean a n d tiie ."hip s p r i n g s fo rw a rd in its c a r e e r wi th an a s s u r a n c e o f s a fe ty , ' i 'he a d mi n i s i r a t ion o f .Mr. Pi( ;rce has been e m b a r r a s s e d by a m ul i i i u d e o f p r e t t y a n n o y a n c e s a n d dif i icult ies , wh i ch we re ns inev i t ab le a s i hoy w e r e dif l icul t to m an a j i e . ' i ' i ie di .s tr ihui ion of th(‘
a cc u r a t e ly be twee n oLjects wh ic h a re a n d w h ic h I p a t r o n a g e a m o n g an a r m y r;f ex( )ec tnn ts a w a k e n e d
a r e no t wi thin Ms cons l i l u t iona l p o w e rs . so m e j ea l ou s i e s atid p r o v o k e d s o m e reseni i r i ent .A l t e r t he most ca re fu l e x a m i n a t i o n , I f ind bu t ' i ’he c o u r se o f llie A d m i n i s i r a l io n whs obst r t i c l ed
two e x a m p l e s m the ac t s o f C o n g r e s s wh :c h fur- ; by the c l a m o r s ol t he d i sap po i n t ed a n d ihe o pp o - ni sh a n y p r e ce de n t for t he p r e se n t bill, a n d those si t ion of t he f ac t ious, a n d for a l ime confus ion a n d e.xamples will, in m y opin ion, s e rv e r a the r a s n de l ay sub je c t e d the P r e s i d e n t to susp ic ion a n d n -
w a r n m g t h a n a j a n i n d u c e m e n t to t r ead in the , p r oa ch . T h e s e difl icuhie: , ha ve been su rm o u n le d , s a rpe p.u i. . A d m i n i s t r a t io n m a y no w p u r s u e ih e i r
I he first 19 tlie act ol M a r c h 3d, 181 9, g r an t - cour se , free f rom fhe obs t ruc i io i i -.vhich beset t h e i r m g a low nsh ip o f l and to th« f-’on n e c l i c u t a s y l u m | e a r l y pa th . T h e y m.ay ra l ly ihi* D e m u e r n l i c party-
on a c o m m o n g ro u n d , by an appea l w h i c h the D e m o c r a c y c a n un de r s lh i id a nd to w h ic h t h e y will
I respfj i id. j he Vf'to of the L u n a l i c Hill e n u n c i a t e s i a p r inc ip l e w h i c h the l ) emoc r ; i l i c par ly will ap - ! prf)ve an d s u p po r t , a n d in ba t t l i ng for il t he y will I lose the r ecol l cc i ion of t hei r d i s c re d i t ab le f euds .
I A d v . \ > ' t a g k s o r t . v y i x g f o r a N e w s p a p e r
. A d v a n c k . — O n e o f t h e f a c t s p u t i n e v i d e n c e nt I t h e t r i a l i n t h e s u p r e m e c o u r t , t o su s t a in t h e w i l l
l i o n a l . ' I ' o s a y ; h a t it w a s a c h a r i t a b l e o b j e c t , i s I U ' i l l i i m R u s s e l l , w a s , l h a t o n l y a f e w
o n l y t o s a y t h a t il w a s a n o b j e c t o f e x p e n d i t u r e d a y s b e l o r e h e h a d m a d e t h e w i l l , h e c a l l e d a t i h n
for t he educa t io n of the d e a f nnd d u m b .T h e second , t ha t o f Apri l .5th, 1 6 2 6 , m a k i n g p.
s i m i l a r g r a n t o f l and to the K e n t u c k y a s y l u m for t e a c h in g the d e a f an d d u m b .
T h e first m o re t ha n ih i r ly y e a r s a f t e r t he a d o p t ion o f t he const i i u i ion , an d the se co nd m o r e t han a q u a r t e r of a c e n t u r y ago .
T h e s e ac t s w e r e u n i m p o r t a n t as to ihe a m o u n t a p p r o p r i a t e d , and , so far a.s I c an a s c e r t a i n , w e r e pas sed on two g r o u n d s : first, t ha t t he ob jec t was a c ha r i t a b le o n e ; a nd , s e c o n d ly , l ha t it w a s na-
p r op e r for the c o m p e t e n t a u th o r i t y ; bu t it no m o re t ended lo show' that it w as a p r o p e r objecl o f ex pe nd i t u r e by the Un i t ed S l a t e s thiin is a n y o t h e r pu re ly local objec t , a p p e a l in g to the best sympathie.H of the h u m a n h e a r t in a n y o f t he S ta t e s . A n d the sugges t ion th a t a schoo l for t he men ta l cu l tu r e o f t he d e a f an d d u m b in C o n n e c t i cut o r K e n t u c k y , is a nat iona l oliject o n l y s h o w s
how loose ly ihi.s e x p r es s i on has been used w h e n
the pu rpos e w'as lo procurt.* ap [ ) ropr i a l ions by C o n g r e s s . It is not pe rce ived how a schoo l of ill 's c h a r a c t e r is o l h e r w is e na t iona l t h a n is a n y e s t ab l i sh m en t o f r e l ig ious o r m or a l i n s t ruc t ion . All i he pu r su i t s of i n d u s t r y , e v e r y t h i n g wh ic h proinoie.w the ma t e r i a l or i ntel lec ual we l l -be ing of t he race , e v e r y c n r o f c o rn or boll o f co t ton which g r o w ? , is na t iona l in the s a m e s e n s e ; for eac h on e n f t hese th ings goes to swel l t he ag gr e - <raie o f nat iona l p rosp e r i ty a n d ha pp in e ss of t he Ln i t e d S t a t e s ; bu t it co n fo u n ds all m e a n i n g o f l a n g u a g e to s a y tha t t hese th in gs a re “ na t i o n a l . ” as <q;i ivalen! to “ fede ra l , ” so a s lo c o m e wi thin a n y of t he c l a s s es o f a pp r o p r i a t io n for w h i ch C o n g r e s s is a u th o r i z ed by the Cone t i tu t ion lo l egi sl ate .
It is a m a r k e d point in the h i s to ry ol t he con- s l i iut ion that whr-n it was p r o p os e d lo e m p o w e r
/ e r s i t y , t he p ropos i t i onwas conf ined to the d i s t r ic t i n t ended for t he fu tu re
office of t he D e m o c r a t a n d p a y ed for his p a p e r 11
y e a r in a d v a n c e , t h e r e b y sa v i ng fifty cen t s . Thi.s fact w a s d w e l t up on al l eng th by c o un se l , and c o m m e n t e d upo n b> the Ju d g e in liis c h a r g e , a s
one of g r e a t i m p o r t a n c e . 'I ' fie ve r d ic t of t he j u r y would s e e m to sus t a in the posi t ion , t l iat a m a n who h a s m in d a n d m e m o r y e n o u g h to p a y for a n e w s p a p e r in adve.nce, \h c o m p e t e n t to m a k e h i i w i l l .— F r a n k l i n D c m .
. Mo v e m e n t s o f M a t t . a r o . — VV'e ha ve a l r e a d y no t i ced tlie a r r i v a l of M a t t . W a r d a n d brot l t - e r a t C a n n e l t o n , Ind . ' I h e y had been in the to wn but a sh o r t t ime be fore , a s we l e a r n f r om the H a w e sv i l i e Ka g le , a c o m m i t t e e o f c i t i zens wa i l e d upon t h e m an d d'.’s i r ed i lu ' tn to l ea ve th e p l ace .
T h e r e u p o n t h e y we n t t o J u d g e H u n t i n g t o n ’s sorno d i s t an ce in the c o u n t r y ; a n d a f t e r w a r d s took p a s s a g e on the E c l i p s e for A r k a n s a s . W h e n the s t e a m e r r e a c h e d H e n d e r s o n a l a rg e c r o w d co l l e c
ted on the w h a r f a n d o r d e r e d the c a p t a in to be oiT wi th h i i boat a n d c a r g o .
A C uH io i - s E x i i i i i i T i o N . - I t is s a id that on e o f t he m o s t i n t e r e s t in g d e p a r t m e n t s o f t h e C r y s t a l I a l a c e ex h i b i t i o n is t ha t w h i c h i» a s s ig ne d to lost a r t i c l e s p i cke d e p by the jkiIicc. A m o n i j i heso
W«s®-infil led m ' o l e l l i l I iMclTntendej ' r ^ i l!’' ' ' ! ° f ’ ‘ ' ‘7 ' ’ 'j"'"'*™ '*
of g c v o n m i . n l „ / ,1,„ ^ ' ' " 7 8 , 1 ° ^ a n d a ' I
- v e n ll,„i p ,o p ,.s ., l Clau.o w a s „m 1»od m c l , d I ^ ““ “l, ” ' " “ I " ' H '“ IS-rralion ol ,h<! exclusive poiv.r, conferred on I n^ hundred ..rliel,-, of j«v,.lrv.Ccngre,., l.ijisUle for , L d islric. o i l "
I pled
m o r e dec i s ive indicat ion of the t r u e co n s t r u c t i o n and the spi ri t of the cons t i t u t ion in r e g a r d lo oil m a t t e r s o f this n a i u r e ha v e been g iven ? It
p r ov es lhat su ch ohjec is w e r e co n s id e r e d by the
h a i r a r e in le rsper .s ed wi th o t h e r w e a r i n g a p p a r e l , a n d a bol t l e o f b r a n d y o c cu p i e s a c o n s p i c u o u s posi i ion . Sp<‘c im e n s of a lm o s t e v e r y t h i n g wh ic h i:> ca p a b l e ol be in g lost m a y bo se en the re .