human factors issues a discussion on selected topics rob methorst september 27, 2007
TRANSCRIPT
Human factors issues
A discussion on selected topicsRob MethorstSeptember 27, 2007
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Outline
IntroductionSystems approach to Vulnerable Road UsersSafety Culture in Hazardous Goods TransportSustainable Road Safety – an update
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Systems approach to Vulnerable Road Users
Issue and reasonVRU accidents do not follow trendsNeglected issue in researchAgeing of the population: expected mobility restraints and higher risksHidden single accidents (~70% of VRU victims (= 40% of all travel victims ER+))
Activities: 2003 report Vulnerable Road Userspolicy development Vulnerable Road Users, particularly re. bicyclistCOST 358 Pedestrians’ Quality Needs
Focus on mobility needs, including safety
6 Main elements
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Vulnerable Road Users – Pizza model
Individual road user
Unit / Group
Vehicle
Phisical environment
Nearby humans
Transport concepts
Norms
Networks
Travel and transportation needs
Values
Social sector
Land use
Internal
External
Human Techniquek
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Vulnerable Road Users - TRIPOD
The developers’ (Prof. Wagenaar) dog had only 3 legs and was called ‘Driepoot’(English = Tripod)
Travel
decisions
Latent Accident causes
Unsafe
acts
Disturbance
of freedom of
action
freedom
Accident Consequences
Active safety
provisions
Passive safety
provisions
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Vulnerable Road Users - perspectives
1. Functional perspective: usage value, what is being offered = intrinsic quality supply, looking at the system from the ‘head’
2. Perception perspective: what is being requested = subjective quality demand, looking at the system from the ‘heart’, including attitudes towards and of pedestrians.
3. Durability and Future Prospects: whilst # 1 and # 2 are static quality descriptions, # 3 refers to a dynamic perspective. Durability is, like user value and perception value, a relative value and depends on current qualities, future social values and future use of the physical environment and transport system.
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Vulnerable road users – Hierarchy of needs
Health / Mobility
Comfort
Convenience
Reliability
Safety
Satisfyers Attrac-
tive
Dissatisfyers
Preconditions
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Vulnerable Road Users – Universal Design
Children, elderly,
handicapped
Undergo extreme risks
Highly capable, risk
taking, agressive
drivers
Set high risks Ta
sk c
om
pe
ten
ce
Number of people
Normal task competence, normal risks
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Vulnerable Road Users – Cascade approach
Strategic level
focus on: Preconditions
travel needs, land use structure, laws and rules, administration social
system Tactical level
focus on: Latent accident causes
route characteristics, road design, road environment, road management, speed
management, vehicles, time-space, knowledge, campaigns
Operational level
Focus on: Traffic behaviour
individual road users’ behaviour (law enforcement, communication)
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Vulnerable Road Users - Discussion
What are ideas regarding making the principles operational?
What views and experiences are there in the USA regarding systems approach?
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Safety Culture in Hazardous Goods Transport
Issue: feasibility of implementation of Safety Care Systems in the Hazardous Goods Transport industry.
Reason: pursuit of continuous improvement of safety as part of the Dutch policy note on HGT; catastrophic nature of accidents
Current situation: divers market situation; overall relatively safe
Pre-conditioning for measures not yet favourable
Policy scenarios:1. Education, communication and enforcement2. Using market mechanisms
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Safety Culture in HGT – divers market
The market:International characterMany different players:
shippers (interests, imago)large, medium sized and small transport firms (cost control, options for implementing SC)mixed and specialised transporters‘rogue’ drivers and firms from the formal East BlockCharters
Many different products and clientsindustrial chemicalsGassesFuel distributionAmmunition and fireworksWaste and refuse transport
Specialised transport vehicles and containerization
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Safety Culture in HGT – current situation
Hardly any serious accidents, but clearly a public fear - political item.Hazardous Goods Traffic is very divers and relatively safe. Main distinction:
long distance bulk transport, medium and large firms; good safety recordDistribution = small firms; questionable safety record
Chemical industry (mainly petrochemicals) regulate transport safetyDistribution market parties are not interested in implementing Safety Culture
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Safety Culture in HGT - trends
Trends in Europe and NL:
InternationalisationCommon Market-effect; intake of new EU states and other former East European statesOutsourcing to cheap foreign drivers and small companies
ContainerisationDevelopment of strong containers for fluids and gasses Less special demand on driver/transporter skills and education
FragmentationOutsourcing transport by shippersOutsourcing transport to former employees
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Safety Culture in HGT – towards implementation
Pre-conditioning for measuresVehicle requirementsLicense systemLiability transfer: insurance resolutive conditions
Policy scenarios:1. ‘there is something for everybody’: problem awareness; analysis
& quick wins; tailored solutions; building on current safety care; communition and education.
2. Market scenario: market mechanism; incentives; flanking policy; bonus/malus; integrated
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Safety Culture - Discussion
Small companies inherently more unsafe?
Is outsourcing controllable?
What real options are there to implement Safety Management?
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Sustainable Road Safety – an update
Reason: ambitious targets; limitation of traditional approaches re.
achievements
Man is measure of thingsPrevention is better than a curative approachRoad classificationIntegrated policiesSafety principles
See website: www.sustainablesafety.nl
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Sustainable Road Safety – human centred
Man is measure of things:
environment (road, vehicle) should conform to what humans are capable of and provide protectionhumans should be properly instructed to prepare them for safe behaviourHumans should eventually be supervised to see whether they are safe road users
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Sustainable Road Safety: focus on prevention
Primary preventive approach:
System approach, but focussed on safetyPrevention of latent errors that can lead to dangerous behaviour and ultimately crashesApplication of 5 safety principles ( 2 new)Decentralisation of responsibilities and implementationSupervision and inspection
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Sustainable Safety - principles
1. Functionality of roadsRoads should either flow (flow roads) or provide access (access roads) and are connected by distributor roads
2. Homogeneity of masses and/or speed and directionVehicles that differ too much in mass or speed and that use the same space should be physically separated from each other
3. Predictability/ recognizabilityLayout of road and predictability of road course and road behaviour; self explaining roads, vehicles and human behaviour
4. ForgivingnessAccidents should not lead to (severe) injury of death
5. State awarenesscapability or possibility of road users estimating own task competency correctly; every road users should know what his skills are and act accordingly
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Sustainable Safety – effects and lessons
Since introduction many improvementsRoad classificationTraffic Calming: > 50% of urban roads are 30 km/hRoundabouts on distributor roadsMoped from cycle paths to carriage wayShared responsibility National – Regional – Local authoritiesEnhanced law enforcement: speeds, DUI, safety belt, bicycle lightsImpulse to traffic safety education
Too little focus on non-infrastructural aspects of the visionLow cost implementation limits effectiveness
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Sustainable Safety – issues
Basic components:InfrastructureVehiclesEducationLegislation and law enforcement
Special issues:Speed managementDrink-and-drug drivingCyclists and pedestriansMotorized two-wheelersHeavy Goods Vehicles
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Sustainable Safety – Light Rail example
Light rail: a come-back in urban areas in EURisk:
Level crossingsRelatively large massSilent vehiclesEvasive actions by light rail no optionRelatively low risk levels for cars, but VRU meet high fatality risk levels (bike 30x, pedestrian 40x)
Safety requirements:1. Preferably different levels crossing2. If not possible:
distributor road crossing only fully guardedProperty access roads: guarded
3. If not possible: Light Rail speeds less than 30 km/h at level crossings
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Sustainable Safety - Discussion
Second generation policies: a bridge too far?
tackling current problems versus prevention: can it all be done?
making safety principles operational?
preconditions for success?