http://dee/meso/timeline.htm mesopotamian timeline timeline ©wsu, 1993 dee/meso/timeline.htm
TRANSCRIPT
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http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MESO/TIMELINE.HTM
Mesopotamian TimelineTimeline ©WSU, 1993 http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MESO/TIMELINE.HTM
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Mesopotamian TimelineTimeline ©WSU, 1993
http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MESO/TIMELINE.HTM
7000-5500 BCE Early Neolithic building mounds
4700 BCE Hassunah period: earliest pottery making culture
4400 BCE Halaf period: pottery culture with knowledge of metal
3900 BCE Ubaid period: first well-known culture from southern Mesopotamia; the Ubaids - first evidence of temple and other sophisticated architecture
3600 BCE Warka period
3400 BCE Gawra and Ninevite periods
2900 BCE Pre-dynastic Sumerians
2750 BCE First Sumerian dynasty of Ur
2340-2125 BCE Akkadian rule in Mesopotamia
2100-1800 BCE Third Sumerian dynasty of Ur
1800-1170 BCE Old Babylonian Period
1200-612 BCE Assyrian Period
612-539 BCE Neo-Babylonian Period
650-600 BCE Persian Era
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http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/meso/meso.htm
Ancient Mesopotamia
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WEST MOUND EXCAVATIONS, TURKEY, 2000. http://catal.arch.cam.ac.uk/catal/catal.html
Early Chalcolithic period Early Chalcolithic period (paleolithic era)(paleolithic era)
(c. 7000-6500)(c. 7000-6500)
•metal known but not widely used•stone used for tools
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WEST MOUND EXCAVATIONS, TURKEY. 2000 http://catal.arch.cam.ac.uk/catal/catal.html
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WEST MOUND EXCAVATIONS IN 2000 AD http://catal.arch.cam.ac.uk/catal/catal.html
Building 5Unnamed Building
Arial view
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CHALCOLITHIC POTTERY FROM THE WEST MOUND EXCAVATIONS http://catal.arch.cam.ac.uk/visit/West/WestEN.html
unique horned clay objects, probably ritual in nature
Chacolithic PotteryChacolithic Pottery
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CHALCOLITHIC POTTERY FROM THE WEST MOUND EXCAVATIONS http://catal.arch.cam.ac.uk/visit/West/WestEN.html
Large Basket Handled Pot
Chacolithic PotteryChacolithic Pottery
Incised Decorated Pottery
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CHALCOLITHIC POTTERY FROM THE WEST MOUND EXCAVATIONS http://catal.arch.cam.ac.uk/visit/West/WestEN.html
Plaster Basin/Bowl
Chacolithic PotteryChacolithic Pottery
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Halaf Period ArtifactsHalaf Period Artifacts
(5500-4500 B.C.,
North Mesopotamia-Syria)
http://www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/ue/uea.html
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Halaf Pottery Plate from Arpachiyah, upper Mesopotamia. One of many small cultures of Northern Iraq and Turkey that were loosely in communication with each other. Ca. 5000 B.C. (London: British Museum).
http://www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/ue/uea.html
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Halaf Figurine heavy stone
(northern style) sans
arms or legs
Arpachiya, from upper Tigris, c. 5000 B.C.
(British Museum)
• http://www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/ue/uea.html
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•Chagar Bazar, c. 5000 B.C• Exaggerated female characteristics - suggesting the object served some religious purpose. • Paint traces - suggesting arm and leg jewelery or decoration and a loin cloth. • Breasts - painted or tattood
(British Museum) http://www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/ue/uea.html
Terracotta Halaf female figurine
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Al-`Ubaid Al-`Ubaid (6-4th millenium, South Mesopotamia)
These people displaced the Halaf culture.
http://www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/ue/uea.html
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http://www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/ue/uea.html
• Two terracotta female heads, from Tell al-`Ubaid and from ??. ca. 4500 B.C.
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Ubaid terracotta figurine of a woman suckling a child
(from Ur, c. 4500 B.C.)
Ubaid figure style •painted jewelery, body paint or tattoos • protruding eyes
•slim figure (in contrast to the North)
• elongated head
. • http://www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/ue/uea.html
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What do you think?
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http://www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/ue/uea.html
Handmade painted potteryHandmade painted pottery
• from tombs at Eridu• Dark geometric designs on
light ground - Ubaid Levels XVIII-XIV
• piece at lower right - early style
(Iraq Museum, Baghdad)
Notice the vivid colors painted on these items.
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http://www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/ue/uea.html
Baked clay male figurine • from an Ubaid grave at Erid• Decoration or tattoos from
shoulder to shoulder - for men and women
• Southern Ubaid figure style
(Iraq Museum, Baghdad)
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Pots from al `Ubaid type - typical of last phase of Ubaid pottery
(British Museum, UK),
http://www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/ue/uea.html
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http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/
jmac/meso/meso.htm
The White Temple at Uruk
Uruk (Warka) Era(mid 4th to late 3rd mill. B.C.,
South Mesopotamia)
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http://www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/ue/uea.html
Ruin of ziggurat of E-anna at Uruk
Uruk chronology -based on the pottery styles found in a 20-meter deep pit dug at this sacred site.
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limestone tablet from Kish - both sides ( c. 3500 B.C.)
– earliest example of pictographs– contains sign for head, hand, foot, a threshing
sledge, and numbers
(Dept. Antiquities, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK)
Uruk http://www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/ue/uea.html
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Uruk. http://www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/ue/uea.html
Administrative clay tablet
• c. 3000 B.C.• deep circles and
cresents – numbers• pictographs
representing high necked jars etc.
• Simple enumeration
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http://www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/ue/uea.html
Marble head of Marble head of woman from Urukwoman from Uruk
“Originally the eyes and eyebrows had colored inlays, and the head was perhaps placed on a wooden body.”
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Zinchen, Z. The Sumerian Civilization – Part 2. ., Lauri Kaub ed. http://www.strayreality.com/Lanis_Strayreality/sumerian_civilization%202.htm
The Sumerian Civilization
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Relief of Relief of huntinghunting
or battle? or battle?
•http://www.mrdowling.com/603mesopotamia.html
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http://www.sumerian.org/map.htm
Sumerian Migration
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http://www.ed.psu.edu/k-12/edpgs/su96/meso/mesopotamia.html; Kaub, Lauri. The Sumerian Civilization – Part 2. http://www.strayreality.com/Lanis_Strayreality/sumerian_civilization%202.htm
Contributions of Ancient Sumerian Mesopotamia to the World
• World’s first city-state ("cradle of civilization”)
• World’s first empire (Sargan I)• water clock• a writing system
(cuneiform and cylindrical seal that functioned like a printing press)
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http://www.mrdowling.com/603mesopotamia.html ; http://www.ed.psu.edu/k-12/edpgs/su96/meso/mesopotamia.html
• learned in strict Sumerian schools (edubbas, or tablet houses), lasting about twelve hours daily
• Subjects: reading, writing, arithmetic• “A mistake on a clay tablet could merit a beating.”• Career results: successfully completing twelve
years of schooling - an official scribe, or writer, a prestigious
• Role of Scribes: “to the maintain and improve the record keeping that the Sumerians deemed so very necessary.”
• Also wrote on cylinder seals carved out of stone.
What root word do you see here? What sounds familiar about the school system?
Cuneiform WritingCuneiform Writing
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http://www.ed.psu.edu/k-12/edpgs/su96/meso/mesopotamia.html; Kaub, Lauri. The Sumerian Civilization – Part 2. http://www.strayreality.com/Lanis_Strayreality/sumerian_civilization%202.htm
Contributions of Ancient Sumerian Mesopotamia to the
World• the twelve-month calendar based on lunar
cycles
• the wheel
• the plow
• high –rise buildings
• archways
• The Bronze Age
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http://www.ed.psu.edu/k-12/edpgs/su96/meso/mesopotamia.html; Kaub, Lauri. The Sumerian Civilization – Part 2. http://www.strayreality.com/Lanis_Strayreality/sumerian_civilization%202.htm
Contributions of Ancient Sumerian Mesopotamia to the
World• clay• the wheel• the plow• sailboat
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http://www.ed.psu.edu/k-12/edpgs/su96/meso/mesopotamia.html; Kaub, Lauri. The Sumerian Civilization – Part 2. http://www.strayreality.com/Lanis_Strayreality/sumerian_civilization%202.htm
Contributions of Ancient Sumerian Mesopotamia to the
World• clay
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Sumerian MetalurgySumerian Metalurgy
Kaub, Lauri. The Sumerian Civilization – Part 2. http://www.strayreality.com/Lanis_Strayreality/sumerian_civilization%202.htm
Earrings Fertility Symbol Parthenon Horse ( or rocket)?
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Sumerian Musical Instruments
Lyre with bull’s head and lapis lazuli – 3 views
Kaub, Lauri. The Sumerian Civilization – Part 2. http://www.strayreality.com/Lanis_Strayreality/sumerian_civilization%202.htm
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Links:
Kaub, Lauri. Sumerian Civilization – Part 2 http://www.strayreality.com/Lanis_Strayreality/sumerian_civilization%202.htm; http://freepages.history.rootsweb.com/~catshaman/bamaledr/1endr.htm
Sumerian Attire and Hairstyles
“The basic garment was called ‘Tug’, without a doubt, the forerunner to the Roman ‘Toga’.”
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http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/middle_east/sumer_citizens.html;
http://ablemedia.com/ctcweb/consortium/vammesopotamia4.html; http://www.shrewsbury-ma.gov/schools/Central/Curriculum/ELEMENTARY
/SOCIALSTUDIES/Mesopotamia/ancient_mesopotamia.htm#clothing
Sumerian AttireMaterials: wool or flax (a blue-flowerd plant with stems used to make the clothing); matched the seasons; finer texture and color to reflect wealthJewelry: earrings and necklaces for men and women - even more jewelry for celebrations. The wealthier Sumerians often wore beautiful gold and silver bracelets and earrings. Necklaces were also worn and were set with bright, precious stones. Some of these stones were the lapis lazuli and the carnelian.
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http://ablemedia.com/ctcweb/consortium/vammesopotamia4.htmlhttp;
://www.shrewsbury-ma.gov/schools/Central/Curriculum/ELEMENTARY/SOCIALSTUDIES/Mesopotamia/ancient_mesopotamia.htm#clothing
Sumerian Attire and HairstylesSumerian Attire and Hairstyles• Men’s Appearance: kilt-like garments tying at the
waist; Men were either clean shaven or had long hair and beards. Women wore their hair long, but they usually braided it and wrapped it around their heads. When entertaining guests
• Women’s Appearance: usually gowns that covered them from their shoulders to their ankles. The right arm and shoulder were left uncovered; headdresses Although both rich and poor Sumerians wore the same style of clothing
•
Clothes by Ashley. Student rendition lf Sumerian attire
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Queen Shub Ad - Burial Attire
(First Dynasty of Ur) The Queen wore the beautiful headdress of spirals of gold, terminating in lapis-centered gold flowers (or stars). The Queen also wore large golden earrings of lunate shape that hung to her shoulders; lapis amulets of a bull and a calf, and strands of lapis, agate, carnelian and gold beads. The Queen's grave was much more elaborate than that of the King, perhaps indicating her equal or even greater importance.
http://www.crystalinks.com/sumergods.html
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Sumerian Transportation
Designed and promotd by Webpromotioncr.com. Copyright © 2001- 2004 by Strayreality.com Costa Rica, All rights reserved. Revised: 21 Jun 2004 09:16:05 -0400 . http://www.strayreality.com/Lanis_Strayreality/sumerian_civilization%202.htm; http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/meso/meso.htm
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Composition of Sumerian Composition of Sumerian HomesHomes
– earliest – reeds– Later - sun-dried mud- bricks
• Modest - one story high with an open court in the center, around which there were several rooms.
• Wealthy - homes two stories high with approximately twelve rooms, including servants' quarters and whitewashed walls inside and outside to project the appearance of affluence and cleanliness
• private chapels and mausoleums – possibly on estates of wealthier people
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Sumerian Gods and Sumerian Gods and GoddessesGoddesses
http://www.crystalinks.com/sumergods.html
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Reptilian in Nature?
http://www.crystalinks.com/sumergods.html
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Sumerian PantheonSumerian Pantheon
http://www.crystalinks.com/sumergods.html
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Enki (Ea) in his watery home, the Apsu
http://www.crystalinks.com/sumergods.html
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Enki walking out of the water to the land,attended by Usmu (Isimud), a god with two faces
http://www.crystalinks.com/sumergods.html
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Enki with the Gods and the Initiate
The Water of Life flowing into the laboratory glasswareindicates alchemical circulations.
http://www.crystalinks.com/sumergods.html
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Annunaki
Creation of first man by Anunnaki. Laboratory vessels and Tree of Life.
What does this picture tell you about the Sumerian culture’s view of creation?
http://www.crystalinks.com/sumergods.html
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Enlil –second and most powerful god of the Sumerian
Pantheon
http://www.crystalinks.com/sumergods.html
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The Ziggurat of Enlil at Nippur
http://www.crystalinks.com/sumergods.html
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Inanna (E-anna)- aka INNIN - INNINI - patron and special god/goddess of
Erech (Uruk)
http://www.crystalinks.com/sumergods.html
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Inanna (E-anna)queen of beasts; lion her sacred animal
http://www.crystalinks.com/sumergods.html
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Inanna (E-anna)sculptures showing her softer nature
http://www.crystalinks.com/sumergods.html
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Ishtar
http://www.crystalinks.com/sumergods.html
Symbol: an eight or sixteen-pointed star Sacred number: 15 Astrological region: Dibalt (Venus) and the Bowstar (Sirius) Sacred animal: lion, (dragon)
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Ishtar Gate
http://www.crystalinks.com/sumergods.html
Gate created for her to return to earth from the underworld
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http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/meso/meso.htm
Model of Ashur: the double temple of Anu and Adad – reinforces the idea of Sumerians being polytheistic
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http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/meso/meso.htm
Temple tower of Agar Guf,Kassite city of Dur Kurigalz
Traces of the staircase have been found.
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Model of The Painted Temple at
Sumer
Revised: June 2, 1998Copyright © 1997 Oriental Institute, University of Chicago, http://orientalinstitute.uchicago.edu/OI/PROJ/NIP/PUB93/NSC/NSCFIG3.html;
http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/meso/meso.htm
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British Museum’s interactive guide to Mesopotamia. http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/
Ur of the Chaldees
(birthplace of Abraham)
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Model of Ur (c. 2100 B.C.),
Mesopotamian capital city, built
around a ziggurat (temple)
Model of a ziggurat
(c) Copyright 1995 Taisei Corporationhttp://www.taisei.co.jp/cg_e/ancient_world/ur/aur.html
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http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/meso/meso.htm
Ur at peace: one side of the
Standard of Ur
Ur at war: the other side of the
Standard of Ur
The Standard of Ur(found in the Royal Cemetery at Ur)
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THE STANDARD OF UR: Scenes of War and Tribute, The Standard of Ur, c. 3000 BCE (Standard is in the British Museum) http://www.ripon.edu/faculty/kaine/Art171/171images.html
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Dimensional View of the Standard of Ur (c. 2685 BC)
http://faculty.maxwell.syr.edu/gaddis/HST210/Sept4/Standard%20of%20Ur.jpg
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http://www.ed.psu.edu/k-12/edpgs/su96/meso/mesopotamia.html
GILGAMESHGILGAMESH• one of the most heroic priest-kings
• The oldest written story in the world – an account of his legendary deeds
• characterized as both human and divine. Accompanied by Enkidu around the world, performing heroic acts.)
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Sumerian Burial Sumerian Burial PracticesPractices
King’s death – sacrifice of his queen and his attendants so that he would go to eternity with servants and favorite personal possessions; their possessions also included; king at bottom, servants next, queen on top
Helstad, Lillian. Sacrifices in the Sumerian Culture/ http://gallery.sjsu.edu/sacrifice/sumerians.html
Stairways leading down to tomb chambers at the Royal
Cemetery at UR
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http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/meso/meso.htm; Helstad, Lillian. Sacrifices in the Sumerian Culture/ http://gallery.sjsu.edu/sacrifice/sumerians.html
Golden head of a bull on the front of a lyre
found at Ur
(c. 2685 BC)
Queen’s harp (lyre)
Artifacts - Royal Cemetery (Ur)
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Ceremonial dagger (mes01042)
Helstad, Lillian. Sacrifices in the Sumerian Culture/ http://gallery.sjsu.edu/sacrifice/sumerians.html
Spouted vessel of Gold
Artifacts - Royal Cemetery (Ur)
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Artifacts - Royal Cemetery (Ur)
Limestone statue of a woman – found in a soldier’s grave
Helstad, Lillian. Sacrifices in the Sumerian Culture/ http://gallery.sjsu.edu/sacrifice/sumerians.html
Fluted Cup
The ram (goat) and the shrub (tree)
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Artifacts - Royal Cemetery (Ur)
• Processions of Musicians Bismiasma Vase
• Jewelry
Helstad, Lillian. Sacrifices in the Sumerian Culture/ http://gallery.sjsu.edu/sacrifice/sumerians.html
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http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/meso/meso.htm
Model of the ziggurat, with the ascents partly restored
Ziggurat at Ur(c. 2250 BC)
restored by successive
rulers
Drawing of the ziggurat with people going to worship the moon-god Nanna
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BabylonBabylon
Colored reproduction of stone depiction of Hammurabi receiving the code of laws, http://www.ed.psu.edu/k-12/edpgs/su96/meso/mesopotamia.html; www.mrdowling.com/603mesopotamia.html;
http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/meso/meso.htm
Ruins of Babylon today
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Achievements of Hammurabi of Babylon
• Amorite city-state ruler who united large number of city-states (c. 1800 BCE)
• improved the irrigation system, tax system, and government housing system
• united the people under one religion
• provided uniformity among the city-states by enacting a code of law (282 laws- "An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.")
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Hammurabi - Receiving the Laws from
a Seated God
www.mrdowling.com/603mesopotamia.html; http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/meso/meso.htm
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http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/meso/meso.htm
Detail of the inscription on the stele of Hamurabi's code
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Pazuzu: Babylonian Demon• little-known demon from Babylonian myth• represented as a very thin, emaciated man
with the feet and wings of an eagle, and the forepaws and head of a lion.
• nearly always shown with the right paw raised and the left held at his side.
• first appeared in early Babylonian myth in the guise of the "storm-bird" Zu, who stole the Tablets of Destiny from the dragoness Tiamat.
• Appeared in later Babylonian civilization as Pazuzu, child of the chief wind-demon, Hanpa.
• Several metal amulets depicting Pazuzu have been found. In all of these amulets, he is represented as appearing similar to the above description. Of these small (a few inches in height) amulets, an occasional magical one is found.
Pazuzu: a nonmagical image; the personification of the south-east storm wind, which brings diseases.
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The Hanging Gardens• Foundation of the palace
“It is said that the Gardens were built by Nebuchadnezzar to please his wife or concubine who had been "brought up in Media and had a passion for mountain surroundings". - http://ce.eng.usf.edu/pharos/wonders/Gallery/gardens_site.jpg
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http://ce.eng.usf.edu/pharos/wonders/Gallery/gardens_site.jpg
“The approach to the Garden sloped like a hillside and the several parts of the structure rose from one another tier on tier... On all this, the earth had been piled... and was thickly planted with trees of every kind that, by their great size and other charm, gave pleasure to the beholder... The water machines [raised] the water in great abundance from the river, although no one outside could see it.”
-Diodorus Siculus
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http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/meso/meso.htm
Wall of Hanging gardens of Babylon still extant
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http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/meso/meso.htm
Ishtar Gate of Babylon built by
Nebuchadnezzar II (604 - 562 BC)
location ?
Plan of the palace at Babylon centering at the Ishtar gate
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Ishtar Gate in Context(current aerial
view)
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iraq/images/babylon-horizo2.jpg
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http://www.mrdowling.com/603mesopotamia.html
The Assyrian The Assyrian EmpireEmpire
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Priest-King or God (?).
(c. 1600 BC)North Syria, Hittite.
The Cleveland Museum of Art. No. 1971.45.
Copyright, The Cleveland Museum of Art.
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Gudea of Lagash
2141-2122 B.C. Mesopotamian, Neo-Sumerian period
Paragonite 41 cm (16 1/8 in.)
Founders Society Purchase, Robert H. Tannahill Foundation
Fund; 82.64
Detroit Institute of Arts. http://www.dia.org/collections/ancient/mesopotamia/31.25.html
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http://www.mrdowling.com/603mesopotamia.html
Assyrian AchievementsAssyrian Achievements
• dammed the rivers leading into Babylon to deprive the Babylonians of water
• conquered all of Mesopotamia and expanded it as far as Egypt
• developed powerful armies with iron weapons• used chariots, and battering rams
What is the significance of these accomplishments?
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http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/meso/meso.htm
An alabaster relief of an Arab - Assyrian
battle found near
Ninevah (c. 660 BC)
How can you tell the battle is with the Arabs?
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Dragon of MardukDragon of Marduk• scaly body, • serpent's head, • viper's horns, • front feet of a feline, • hind feet of a bird, • a scorpion's tail;
was sacred to the god Marduk, principal deity of Babylon
ca. 604-562 B.C. Mesopotamian, Neo-
Babylonian Period Ishtar Gate, Babylon
Molded, glazed bricks; 1.2 x 1.7 m (45 1/2 x 65 3/4 in.);
Detroit Institute of Arts. http://www.dia.org/collections/ancient/mesopotamia/31.25.html
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Glazed Brick Representing a Glazed Brick Representing a BirdmanBirdman
7th century B.C.; Neo-Assyrian Period;
Glazed terracotta; 33.6 x 34.3 cm (13 1/3 X 13 1/2
in.); Founders Society Purchase,
Cleo and Lester Gruber Fund, and the Hill Memorial Fund;
1989.68
Detroit Institute of Arts. http://www.dia.org/collections/ancient/mesopotamia/31.25.html
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The winged Bull of Khorsabad
http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/meso/meso.htm
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http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/meso/meso.htm
Panel from the gates of Balwat • Jehu, the king of Israel, bowing to
Shalmaneser 111 (859- 824 BC) who forced Tyre, Sidon and Israel to pay tribute to him.
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Plan of the circular city of Baghdad
(c. 766 AD) by Caliph Al-Mansoor
the innermost circle diameter: 2000 yards The four gates to– Khorasan (NE),– Basra (SE), – Kufa (SW) – Syria (NW)
http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/meso/meso.htm
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http://www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/ue/uea.html
found in al' Ain region of the United Arab
Emirates - which attests to contacts between
Mesopotamia and Oman peninsula - an important
source of copper.
Ca. 3000 B.C.
(London: British Museum)
Jemdet Nasr Pottery(late 4th mill., South Mesopotamia)
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Wheel-turned, Jemdet Nasr painted pottery
• http://www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/ue/uea.html
• Persian connections: • Polychrome geometric
designs in black and plum - characteristic of
the period.• Shapes - often derived
from metalware • (Asmholean Museum
Oxford)
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http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/meso/meso.htm
Lion killing a slave
What social commentaries might be made from this relief?
Nimrud Relief Architectural Panels
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Temple of BaalTemple of BaalTadmor (Palmyra), Syria
http://www.mystae.com/restricted/streams/scripts/solomon.html
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Tadmor (Palmyra) – palm; a city built by Solomon • “ [It was ] . . . a city on the southern border of Palestine and
toward the wilderness, [standing] . . . in the great Syrian wilderness, 176 miles from Damascus and 130 from the Mediterranean and was the center of a vast commercial traffic with Western Asia. It was also an important military station.”
http://www.mystae.com/restricted/streams/scripts/solomon.html
Altar of Baal
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http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/meso/meso.htm
Relief on palace of
King Ashurnasirpal II
(883 - 859 BC)
with the winged god at Nimrud
Relief of lion hunting found at Nimrud
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http://www.livius.org/da-dd/darius/darius_i_0.html
Beginning of the Persian
Empire: Darius I
(reign: 522 to 486)
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Models of Persian ArtifactsA copy of the relief of
Cyrus the Great
A drawing of PersianSoldiers, 560-330
Pictures and text in the following pages are from "The Persian Army, 560-330 BC" by Nick Sekunda with drawings by Simon Chew, Osprey Publishing Ltd. London SW3. http://www.oznet.net/cyrus/cyframe.htm
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Wall Paintings at Dura Europos, Syria
http://www.philthompson.net/pages/icons/duraeuropos.html
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Close up of Wall Painting at Dura Europos
http://www.philthompson.net/pages/icons/duraeuropos.html
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“Dura Europos in Syria was founded by Alexander's lieutenant, Seleucus Nicator. The town was closely linked with Palmyra, serving as an important forward line of defense against Persians. It was captured and destroyed by the Sassanids in 256 AD shortly before the fall of the Syrian Metropolis itself.”
http://www.philthompson.net/pages/icons/duraeuropos.html
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What are the artistic contributions or
recognizable stylistic traits of the
Mesopotamians?
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Artistic and Stylistic Traits
• Heavy usage of relief sculpture• Moving from abstract to realistic figures• Use of bricks, alabaster, and limestone• Highly decorated, durable pottery• Steles• Cuneiform writing stamped by cylindrical printing seals• Recreation of gods and religious beliefs in artwork• Sculpture and drawings of royalty• Use of metals and stones • Vivid colors
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http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MESO/TIMELINE.HTM
Mesopotamian TimelineTimeline ©WSU, 1993 http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MESO/TIMELINE.HTM
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SourcesBritish Museum’s interactive guide to
Mesopotamia. http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/ http://www.ed.psu.edu/k-12/edpgs/su96/meso/mesopotamia.html
Classicas Technology Center. Mesopotamia - Artifacts by Ashley and Kamario http://ablemedia.com/ctcweb/consortium/vammesopotamia4.html
Cleveland Museum of Art.Crystal, Ellie. Metaphysical and Science Website. Sumerian Gods and Goddesses. http://www.crystalinks.com/sumergods.html Detroit Institute of Arts. http://www.dia.org/collections/ancient/mesopotamia/31.25.html Secunda, Nick with drawings by Simon
Chew, The Persian Army, 560-330 BC, Osprey Publishing Ltd. London SW3. http://www.oznet.net/cyrus/cyframe.htmHelstad, Lillian. Sacrifices in the Sumerian Culture/ http://gallery.sjsu.edu/sacrifice/sumerians.html“Pazuzu” Image created on 19 February 2000; last modified on 19 February 2000. © 1995-2004 Encyclopedia Mythica. All
rights reserved. http://www.pantheon.org/areas/gallery/mythology/asia/mesopotamian/pazuzu.htmlThe Sumerian People. http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/ middle_east/sumer_citizens.html
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/asbook03.html- Taylor, Andrew. [email protected] 6,
1998http://www.northpark.edu/history/WebChron/MiddleEast/RevMesopot.htmlZitchen, Z., Sumerian Civilization – Part 2. Laur Kaub ed. http://www.strayreality.com/Lanis_Strayreality/sumerian_civilization
%202.htm Copyright © 2001- 2004 by Strayreality.com Costa Rica, All rights reserved. Revised: 21 Jun 2004 09:16:05 -0400
Annonynous articles, authorshttp://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/meso/meso.htm http://faculty.maxwell.syr.edu/gaddis/HST210/Sept4/Standard%20of%20Ur.jpg
http://freepages.history.rootsweb.com/~catshaman/bamaledr/1endr.htm; LINKhttp://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iraq/images/babylon-horizo2.jpg http://www.fortunecity.com/roswell/arkham/80/pazuzu.html http://www.mrdowling.com/603mesopotamia.htmlhttp://www.ripon.edu/faculty/kaine/Art171/171images.htmlhttp://www.sumerian.org/map.htm http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MESO/TIMELINE.HTM
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Secondary SourcesBibliography for Helstad, Lillian. Sacrifices in the Sumerian Culture/ http://gallery.sjsu.
edu/sacrifice/sumerians.htmlCeram, C.W. Gods, Graves, & Scholars. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1967.
Clark, Grahame. Prehistoric Societies. New York: Alfred A. Knopf Inc., 1965.
Davies, Nigel. Human Sacrifice: In History & Today. New York: William Morrow and Company Inc., 1981.
Kramer, Samuel Noah. The Sumerians: their history, culture, and character. Chicago: Chicago Press, 1963.
Tierney, Patrick. The Highest Altar: The Story of Human Sacrifice. England: Viking Penguin, 1989.
Woolley, Leonard. Excavations at Ur. New York: Crowell Company, 1965.
Woolley, Leonard. History of Mankind. United States: UNESCO, 1963
Woolley, Leonard. The Sumerians. London: Oxford University Press,1965.
Bibliography Sources for http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/meso/meso.htmA SHORT HISTORY of ARCHITECTURE IN IRAQ (3,000 B.C. 1258 AD)Samuel M. Ronaya, Lecturer, Al-Hikma University, Baghdad
5000 YEARS OF THE ART OF MESOPOTAMIA,BY EVA STROMMENGER, PHOTOGRAPHS BY MAX HIRMER, ABRAMS, NEW YORK: 1964
ANCIENT IRAQ, by GEORGES ROUX, LONDON: ALLEN & UNWIN: 1964
TWIN RIVERS By SETON LLOYD OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS: BOMBAY 1947
HISTORY BEGINS AT S U M E R, by Samuel Noah KramerDoubleday Anchor Books: Garden City, New York: 1959
EARLY MESOPOTAMIA AND IRAN by M. E. L. MallowanMcGRAW-HILL NEW YORK 1969
Bibliography Sources for The Sumerian People. http://www.mnsu.edu/ emuseum/prehistory/ middle_east/sumer_citizens.html Tom B. Jones, "Sumer," Grolier Electronic Encyclopedia, 1993;Samuel Noah Kramer, Cradle of Civilization, New York: Time Incorporated, 1969; World History, Volume One, St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Company, 1991; http://www.ee.ucl.ac.uk/~lheagney/mesopotamia/SUMER.html
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Excerpted from Lebanon: A Country Study. Thomas Collelo, ed. Washington, DC: Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress, 1987]. ...
http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Lebanon1.html
• Roman temple in the mountain village of Bayt Miri Courtesy Lebanese Information and Research Center
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Tyre Cathedral ? 400 CE
http://www.ancientworldtours.com/leb.htm
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Deir Mar Elishaa (Monastry of Saint Eliseus)
• http://www.libanmall.com/main/hist5.htm
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Baalbeck
• http://www.ancientworldtours.com/leb.htm
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Sidonhttp://www.ancientworldtours.com/leb.htm
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Anjarhttp://www.ancientworldtours.com/leb.htm
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History of Lebanon. http://www.lgic.org/en/history.php
History of Lebanon(from 50,000 BC - 2004 AD in a glance)
Pre-HistoricPaleolithic- Neolithic (50 000 BC - 4000 BC)
Recorded HistoryPhoenicians - Greek - Romans (4000 BC - 600 AD)
Arab- Crusades- Mamluks (600 AD - 1516 AD) Ottomans- French- Independence (1516 AD - 1943 AD)
Switzerland of the East (1943 AD - 1969 AD) War in Lebanon (1970 AD - 1982AD)
Occupied Lebanon (1982 AD - 1990AD) Lebanon Now (1990 AD - 2003 AD)
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• Pre-Historic• (50,000 BC – 10,000 BC) Paleolithic Period • The evidence of tools found in caves along the coast of Lebanon
shows that it was inhabited all through the classic stages of human development: Paleolithic, Neolithic, the bronze, and the iron working periods.Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon people were making flint tools in this region around 50,000 years ago.
• (10 000 BC- 4000 BC) Neolithic Period• Village life followed the domestication of plants and animals with the
Neolithic Revolution starting around 10,000 BC. The traces of the coastal settlements in Lebanon date back to around 9000 BC in Byblos, favoring it’s founding among the earliest ‘communities’ during this period.
• 4000 BC - 600 AD
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• The recorded history shows a group of coastal cities and heavily forested mountains inhabited by a Semitic people, the Canaanites, around 4000 BC. These early inhabitants referred to themselves according to their city of origin, and called their nation Canaan. They lived in the narrow East-Mediterranean cost and the parallel strip mountains of Lebanon. Around 2800 BC Canaanites traded cedar timber, olive oil and wine from Byblos for metals and ivory from Egypt. The Coastal cities fell to Amorites around 2000 BC, and to Egyptians from round 1800 until 1200 BC when they recovered independence.
• The Canaanites who inhabited that area were called Phoenicians by the Greeks (from the Greek word phoinos, meaning ‘red’) in a reference to the unique purple dye the Phoenicians produced from murex seashells. The Phoenicians mastered the art of navigation and dominated the Mediterranean Sea trade for over 500 years. They excelled in producing textiles, carving ivory and working with metal and glass. The Phoenicians built several local cities East of the Mediterranean among which are: Byblos, Tyre, Sidon, Berytus (Beirut), Tripoli, Arvad Island-City, Baalbek and Caesarea.
• They established trade routes to Europe and Western Asia. Phoenician ships circumnavigated Africa a thousand years before those of the Portuguese. They founded colonies wherever they ventured on the North and South of the Mediterranean in Cyprus, Rhodes, Crete, Malta, Sicily, Sardinia, Marseilles, Cadiz, and Carthage around the first Millennium B.C.
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• Inventing the Alphabet• Around 1600 B.C. the Phoenicians invented the alphabet, and
passed them onto the world. The Greeks adopted the 22-letter alphabet from the Phoenicians which has led to the Latin letters of present day.
• Constructing Kings David and Solomon Palaces and Temple• The Phoenician king Hiram of Tyre (989-936 BC) built a palace for
David and two palaces and a temple for Solomon. The Bible provides a vast amount of information about them. The Phoenicians built David’s Palace and Solomon’s Temple. They also built King Solomon two palaces, of which one was called 'Forest of Lebanon'. Craftsmen of Phoenicia used Lebanon’s cedar and metal to accomplish the work around the mid of the tenth century BC. (for Details)
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Images in Bekaa Region
American University of Beirut.http://almashriq.hiof.no/ddc/projects/mot/photobase/images/MT3/JPEG0248.html
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Anjar: Ruines Ommayades
American University of
Beirut.http://almashriq.hiof.no/ddc/projects/mot/photobase/images/MT3/JPEG0248.html
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Excavation of Anjar
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Ummyadd Palace - Anjar• Anjar, 58 km from Beirut, is completely
different from any other archaeological experience you will have in Lebanon. At other historical sites in the country, different epochs and civilisations are superimposed one on top of each other. Anjar is exclusively one period, the Umayyad.
• Lebanon's other sites were founded a millennia ago, but Anjar is a relative new-comer, going back to the early 8th Century AD. Unlike Tyre and Byblos, which claim continuous habitation since the day they were founded, Anjar flourished for only a few decades. Other than a beautiful Umayyad mosque in Baalbeck, we have few remnants left from this important period of Arab history.
Text: Illustrated Publications, S.A.LPhotography: P. Magnin, A. YetenekianDesign: Mouna Bassilli, Printed in Lebanon by SYCOEdited by the National Council of Tourism in Lebanon, P.O. Box 5344 - Beirut, Telephone: 340 940/343 175
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American University of Beruit, http://almashriq.hiof.no/ddc/projects/mot/photobase/mohafazat/BekaaBekaaOuest.html#MT18JPEG0486
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Manara Hmaireh – Roman Ruins
American University of Beruit, http://almashriq.hiof.no/ddc/projects/mot/photobase/mohafazat/BekaaBekaaOuest.html#MT18JPEG0486
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Tell Archeologique
American University of Beruit, http://almashriq.hiof.no/ddc/projects/mot/photobase/mohafazat/BekaaBekaaOuest.html#MT18JPEG0486
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Temple sacré
American University of Beruit, http://almashriq.hiof.no/ddc/projects/mot/photobase/mohafazat/BekaaBekaaOuest.html#MT18JPEG0486
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Dekweh -Roman Temple Ruins
American University of Beruit, http://almashriq.hiof.no/ddc/projects/mot/photobase/mohafazat/BekaaBekaaOuest.html#MT18JPEG0486
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Anjar - Costumes
American University of Beruit, http://almashriq.hiof.no/ddc/projects/mot/photobase/mohafazat/BekaaBekaaOuest.html#MT18JPEG0486
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Majdel Anjar Ruins
American University of Beruit, http://almashriq.hiof.no/ddc/projects/mot/photobase/mohafazat/BekaaBekaaOuest.html#MT18JPEG0486
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Castle of Rashaya - inside
American University of Beruit, http://almashriq.hiof.no/ddc/projects/mot/photobase/mohafazat/BekaaBekaaOuest.html#MT18JPEG0486
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Castle Rashaya - prison
American University of Beruit, http://almashriq.hiof.no/ddc/projects/mot/photobase/mohafazat/BekaaBekaaOuest.html#MT18JPEG0486
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Ruins in Rashaya
American University of Beruit, http://almashriq.hiof.no/ddc/projects/mot/photobase/mohafazat/BekaaBekaaOuest.html#MT18JPEG0486
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Temple Walls
American University of Beruit, http://almashriq.hiof.no/ddc/projects/mot/photobase/mohafazat/BekaaBekaaOuest.html#MT18JPEG0486
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Greek Dedicatory Inscription
American University of Beruit, http://almashriq.hiof.no/ddc/projects/mot/photobase/mohafazat/BekaaBekaaOuest.html#MT18JPEG0486
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"Mausoleum of sheikh ""Mousafir"""
American University of Beruit, http://almashriq.hiof.no/ddc/projects/mot/photobase/mohafazat/BekaaBekaaOuest.html#MT18JPEG0486
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The Ruins at Baalbek
The Ruins at Baalbek.http://www.tmeg.com/artifacts/baalbek/baalbek.htm
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• Near the modern city of Baalbek in Lebanon,in ancient times called Heliopolis or city of theSun, ran a trade route linking Damascus and Tyre.Here, Roman engineers in the first century AD raiseda massive temple complex. The site was dominated byTemple of Jupiter, a stone colossus surrounded by fiftyfour columns of immense size and height.
•
Also contained in the complex is the Temple of Bacchus, with it's fluted columns.While not as impressive as the Temple to Jupiter and the huge columns it isstill an ancient engineering feat.
Beneath the temples lay a greater wonder, a huge foundationcomprising an area of more than five million square feet andcontaining more stone than the Great Pyramid at Giza. No mortarwas used in its construction and yet in 2000 years it has notperceptibly settled. The secret of this stability lies in thedownhill retaining wall, which contains three of the world'sbiggest blocks of cut stone. Stood upright, each would be astall as a five story building, and weigh more than 600 tons.
•
•
The Ruins at Baalbek.http://www.tmeg.com/artifacts/baalbek/baalbek.htm
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The Ruins at Baakbek
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Roman structures at pre-Roman site of Baalbek
Gray, Martin. Places of Peace and Power. Baalbek, Lebanon. http://www.sacredsites.com/middle_east/lebanon/baalbek.htm
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Roman structures atop massive pre-Roman stones of Baalbek
Gray, Martin. Places of Peace and Power. Baalbek, Lebanon. http://www.sacredsites.com/middle_east/lebanon/baalbek.htm
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At the base of the far wall, the great stones of Baalbek
Gray, Martin. Places of Peace and Power. Baalbek, Lebanon. http://www.sacredsites.com/middle_east/lebanon/baalbek.htm
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Massive foundation stones of Baalbek
Gray, Martin. Places of Peace and Power. Baalbek, Lebanon. http://www.sacredsites.com/middle_east/lebanon/baalbek.htm
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The greatest of the Baalbek stones, perhaps 1200 tons
Gray, Martin. Places of Peace and Power. Baalbek, Lebanon. http://www.sacredsites.com/middle_east/lebanon/baalbek.htm
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Beufort Castle• Of the dozen-odd Crusander castles in Lebanon
none can compare in size, scenic grandeur, or close connection with Lebanese histroy down to modern times, with isolated Beufort, perched on its cliff a thousand feet above the rushing Litani.It is a pity that Beufort's historic significanse to Lebanon was so great, for the castle's continued importance down to the 17th Century brought about its systematic destruction at the hands of an expert wrecking and demolition crew in the year 1615.What we see today is not so much a picturesque medieval ruin as a cast rock pile obscuring broken towers and battlements - a perfectly defensless mass of buildings, mostly underground, scientifically destroyed by gunpower and wrecking bars over a period of 40 days by Turkish Pasha of Damascus.This was end of an impregnable fortress, a castle too strong to be taken by force of arms, a stronghold betrayed by its Turkomen mercenary defenders for Turkish gold, a nail in the coffin of Lebanon's Prince Fakhreddin II el-Maani, in whose hands it had formed the key to the defences of his supra-national Maanid principality of Lebanon, Western Syria, Galilee and western Palestine.
• This text is from Bruce Condès "See Lebanon - Over 100 Selected Trips, With History and Pictures". Harab Bijjani Press, Beirut, Lebanon 1960
Castles of the LevantMap of the Levant The Coast of Syria; map by Guglielmo Soleri. Majorque, 1380. (Bibl. Nat., sect. géogr., Ge B. 1131)From: Les Châteaux des Croisés en Terre Sainte: Le Crac des Chevaliers, étude historique et archéologique précédée d'une introduction générale sur la Syrie Franque, vol. "Album", by Paul Deschamps, Bibliothèque Archéologique et Historique, Tome XIX, Paris, Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1934. Plate I.
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Castles of the LevantMap of the Levant
The Coast of Syria; map by Guglielmo Soleri. Majorque, 1380. (Bibl. Nat., sect. géogr., Ge B. 1131)From: Les Châteaux des Croisés en Terre Sainte: Le Crac des Chevaliers, étude historique et archéologique précédée d'une introduction
générale sur la Syrie Franque, vol. "Album", by Paul Deschamps, Bibliothèque Archéologique et Historique, Tome XIX, Paris, Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1934. Plate I.
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Mousa’s Castlehttp://www.ancientworldtours.com/leb.htm
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Crac des Chevaliers
The two Enclosures, view from a south-western angle from the first enclosure, Towers 4, 3, 2 and Towers O. and P., Phot. Paul DeschampsLes Châteaux des Croisés en Terre Sainte: Le Crac des
Chevaliers, étude historique et archéologique précédée d'une introduction générale sur la Syrie Franque, vol. "Album", by Paul Deschamps, Bibliothèque Archéologique et Historique, Tome XIX,
Paris, Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1934. Plate XXXVI
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Crac des Chevaliers
The two Enclosures, view from a south-western angle from the first enclosure, Towers 4, 3, 2 and Towers O. and P., Phot. Paul DeschampsLes Châteaux des Croisés en Terre Sainte: Le Crac des
Chevaliers, étude historique et archéologique précédée d'une introduction générale sur la Syrie Franque, vol. "Album", by Paul Deschamps, Bibliothèque Archéologique et Historique, Tome XIX,
Paris, Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1934.
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Crac des Chevaliers
The two Enclosures, view from a south-western angle from the first enclosure, Towers 4, 3, 2 and Towers O. and P., Phot. Paul DeschampsLes Châteaux des Croisés en Terre Sainte: Le Crac des
Chevaliers, étude historique et archéologique précédée d'une introduction générale sur la Syrie Franque, vol. "Album", by Paul Deschamps, Bibliothèque Archéologique et Historique, Tome XIX,
Paris, Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1934. Plate XXXVI
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Tripoli-Qlay@at
Fort of Coliat, Phot. 39e Régiment d'AviationLes Châteaux des Croisés en Terre Sainte: Le Crac des Chevaliers, étude historique et
archéologique précédée d'une introduction générale sur la Syrie Franque, vol. "Album", by Paul Deschamps, Bibliothèque Archéologique et Historique, Tome XIX, Paris, Librairie Orientaliste Paul
Geuthner, 1934. Plate XVII-A
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Tyre
Castles of the LevantMap of the Levant The Coast of Syria; map by Guglielmo Soleri. Majorque, 1380. (Bibl. Nat., sect. géogr., Ge B. 1131)From: Les Châteaux des Croisés en Terre Sainte: Le Crac des Chevaliers, étude historique et archéologique précédée d'une introduction générale sur la Syrie Franque, vol. "Album", by Paul Deschamps, Bibliothèque Archéologique et Historique, Tome XIX, Paris, Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1934. Plate I.