how singapore and london have used congestion pricing to

1

How Singapore and London Have Used Congestion Pricing to Reduce Congestion and Improve

the Environment

by Michael ReplogleTransportation Director

Environmental Defense Fund

June 27, 2008Edition of 21 June 2008

©Michael Replogle

2

Singapore in the 70’s…

Source: LTA

Singapore today…

Source: LTA

3

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Traffic Volume to CBD (AM Peak) Vehicle Population Car Population

ALS implementation (June 1975)

ERP implementation (Sept 1998)

(Before ALS)Data are scaled to 100 for base year 1975 (before ALS)

Singapore Traffic

1975: Singapore Adopts World’s First Area License

4

1989: Expanded & Reformed Area License

System

Bus services improvedCarpool exemption withdrawnFee cut but applied to both evening and morning peak hours

Full day operation 7:30am-7:00pm with off-peak discount

1994

5

1998: Singapore Adopts World’s Most Comprehensive Electronic Road Pricing System

In-Vehicle Unit & Cash Card

Enforcement Cameras

33 Gantries in 1998

Simple Use by Motorists

Simple to use cash card

6

ERP: Automating Attendant-Free Paid Parking

ALS: 1975 area license system

ERP: 2005 electronic road pricing

7

2005-2008: Coverage of ERP Expanded

48 Charging Points October 2005

8

• Ensure use of road space is optimised • Review at 3-monthly intervals

65 kph45 kph

Increase Decrease

Expressways

30 kph20 kph

Increase DecreaseCBD/

Other Roads

Review of ERP Rates

5 am

Traffic Speed and Volume I-66 East, Northern VA, Wednesday March 7, 2007

StopStop--andand--Go Motorways: Bad Delay, Bad Pollution Go Motorways: Bad Delay, Bad Pollution

9

5 am

6 am


Motorway At Peak Efficiency: Motorway At Peak Efficiency: Throughput at 6 am at 8000 vehicles/hour

5 am

6 am

7 am


¼¼ of Motorway Productivity Lost by 7amof Motorway Productivity Lost by 7am

10

5 am

6 am

7 am

8 am


Half of Motorway Productivity Lost by 8amHalf of Motorway Productivity Lost by 8am

5 am

6 am

7 am

8 am

9 am


StopStop--andand--Go Motorways: Bad Delay, Bad PollutionGo Motorways: Bad Delay, Bad PollutionFull productivity not restored until after 9 am Full productivity not restored until after 9 am

11

Siting Charging Points and Adjusting Tolls to Keep the Rush in Rush Hour

Congestion Pricing of New Road Capacity

Spurs more traffic and GHG emissions while leaving many stuck in congestion

12

Traffic in Peak Hours on Eastbound SR91 Friday Afternoons 2004

0200400600800

10001200140016001800

CongestedGeneral Purpose

Lanes

Toll ManagedLanes

Vehi

cles

Per

Hou

r Per

Lan

e

2 toll managed lanes carry as much peak hour traffic – at 3 times the speed - as moved in 4

free, but congested lanesAverage Traffic Speed Peak Hours Eastbound

SR 91 Friday Afternoons 2004

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

CongestedGeneral

Purpose Lanes

Toll ManagedLanes

Mile

s Pe

r Hou

r

Report to Congress on the Value Pricing Pilot Program Through March 2004, US Federal Highway Administration (2004), available at:http://knowledge.fhwa.dot.gov/cops/hcx.nsf/All+Documents/AD276ECC2E3A077885257005006B5614/$FILE/March%202004%20Report%20of%20Congress.pdf

If all lanes are managed, free-flow travel is assured at lower toll level and revenues can go to better transit options, with money left over

for subsidies/tax-credits targeted to lower income travelers

Singapore ERP Charging Points

June 2008

Over 70 by end of 2008

13

ERP: Supporting Transit & Transit Oriented Development

ERP: Improving Transit Reliability and Information

14

ERP: Concurrent with New Underground

Motorway Construction

Increase toll ratesCut fixed car taxesHigher toll incrementSlow motor vehicle growth rateMove to full network GPS-based tolling

Future Directions

15

London’s Congestion Charging Zone (2003):

30% less congestion21% less traffic Better bus serviceNet revenue USD$250 m/year for transit

http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/fifth-annual-impacts-monitoring-report-2007-07-07.pdf

London Cordon Charge Timescale for Implementation: 2 years

Retail Go-Live

200220012000 2003

Deloitte appointedas TFL adviser

Programme Management

Procurement

Advisory Services

Solution design, developmentand implementation

01 / 0312 / 00

12 / 01

08 / 02

10 / 02 02 / 03

17th Feb 2003 – Scheme Go-Live

Enquiries Go-Live

Pre Go-Live for Website, PRContact awarded to Capita

Retail Go-Live

200220012000 2003

Deloitte appointedas TFL adviser

Programme Management

Procurement

Advisory Services

Solution design, developmentand implementation

01 / 0312 / 00

12 / 01

08 / 02

10 / 02 02 / 03

17th Feb 2003 – Scheme Go-Live

Enquiries Go-Live

Pre Go-Live for Website, PRContact awarded to Capita

Source: Derek Turner Consulting

16

London Charging Zone Monitored by Digital Cameras

Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) technology

A294 BEC

A294BEC

A294 BEC


Bus Speeds Mon - Fri AM peak

0

4

8

12

16

Charging Zone Inner Ring Road

km/h

r

Last year

This year

Peak Time Bus Speed & Reliability Up 20% in First Year


BeforeAfter

17

LondonLondon’’s CO2 Reduction Goals:s CO2 Reduction Goals:-- 20% by 201620% by 2016-- 60% by 202560% by 2025

London CityLondon City--Wide Low Wide Low

Emission ZoneEmission Zone

Heavy trucks failing Euro-II emission standard pay $400/day50,000 trucks/week monitored8% initially subject to fee

USD $98 m set up cost$20 m/yr. operating cost$96 m/yr. est. revenue

City-wide effective Feb. 2008

18

Proposed CO2 Charging ZoneProposed CO2 Charging ZoneProposed October 2008 Launch Likely Delayed

What’s It Take For Congestion Pricing to Work and Enhance Equity and Environment?

Political commitment and strong project managementCongestion charging as part of overall strategy to expand travel choice and boost performanceEffective public information and marketingTargeted use of revenues to enhance travel & housing opportunities, or tax credits for lower income people

19

AcknowledgementsThe author appreciates the help of the Land Transport

Authority, LTA Academy, MSI Global, Derek Turner Consulting, and Transport for London for willingness to permit the use of

graphic or copyrighted materials contained in this presentation.Thanks to Eddie Lim, Chow Kuang Loh, Gopinath Menon, Paul

Barter, and Derek Turner.

All opinions expressed are solely those of the author.

For further information contact:

Michael Replogle, Transportation DirectorEnvironmental Defense Fund

1875 Connecticut Ave NW, Washington, DC 20009 USA 202-387-3500

[email protected]