history & use of biological classification. classification & taxonomy classification:...
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History & Use of Biological
Classification
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CLASSIFICATION & TAXONOMY
Classification: • grouping based on
similarities
Taxonomy: • Branch of Biology• The science of
classifying/grouping and naming of organisms
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Aristotle’s Classification Scheme
• Greek philosopher who developed first classification system
• Divided all organisms into 2 GROUPS: 1. Non motile (plants)2. Motile (animals)
• Plants grouped by:– size (small, medium, large)
• Animals grouped by:– where they lived (air, water, land)
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Binomial Nomenclature• A system for naming
organisms by structure created by Linnaeus:– Although Linneaus didn’t realize
it, by classifying organisms by structure he was also classifying them by evolutionary relationship
• Written in Latin• Includes the organisms :• Genus: CAPITALIZED (noun)
– means beginning
• Species: lowercase (adj.) Example: Homo (man) sapien
(wise/thinking)
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Scientific & Common Names
Scientific Name: • genus and species name
– Iguana iguana– Felis domesticus
Common name: • Organism is commonly
called• Not used in the
scientific community– Green Iguana– Domestic Cat
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The “New” Evolutionary Classification
• Categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent
• Not just physical similarities
• This new method is called: Evolutionary Classification
• Scientists classify organisms based on their Evolutionary Beginnings
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Cladograms
• A diagram that shows evolutionary relationships
• Cladograms are useful tools
• Help scientists understand how one lineage branched from another in the course of evolution
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Traditional Classification vs. Cladogram
TRADITIONAL CLASSIFICATION
CLADOGRAM
Appendages Conical Shells Crustaceans Gastropoda
Crab Barnacle Limpet
Physical Similarities Evolutionary Decent: Class
Molten exoskeleton
Segmentation
Free-swimming larvae
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Kingdoms
• Second broadest of all taxa
• Grouped into 3 domains:1. Bacteria –
• Eubacteria
2. Archae-
• Archeabacteria
3. Eukarya:
• Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia
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Characteristics of the 6 Kingdoms
1. Kingdom Eubacteria: a. all microscopic
prokaryotes b. almost all are unicellular c. non-motile d. commonly called bacteria
2. Kingdom Archaebacteria: a. prokaryotes b. live in extreme
environment
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3. Kingdom Protista: a. eukaryotes
b. uni and multicellular
c. live in moist environments
d. most are simple, microscopic & mobile
*Examples: paramecium, amoeba, euglena &
algae
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4. Kingdom Fungi: a. Eukaryotes b. Uni and
Multicellular c. Consumers that do
not move d. Decompose dead
organisms &/or waste products
*Examples: mushrooms, molds, & mildew
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5. Kingdom Plantae:a. stationary, multicelluar eukaryotes
b. Photosynthetic
c. Autotrophs
*(make own food)
*Examples: plants
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6. Kingdom Animalia:a. Multicellular
b. Consumers that eat & digest other organisms (heterotrophs)
c. May be herbivores, carnivores & omnivores
*Examples: Animals
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Complete Classification of Humans1. Domain: (Eukarya)
2. Kingdom: (Animalia)
3. Phylum: (Chordata)• Dorsal nerve cord-cartilage• Vertebrae
4. Subphylum: (Vertebrata)5. Class:
(Mammalia)
6. Order: (Primates)7. Family:
(Hominid)8. Genus:
(Homo)9. Species: (sapien)
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Quiz 2• 1. The branch of biology in which we classify
organisms is calleda. Classonomy b. taxonomy c. botany• 2. Which is NOT a domain?a. Eubacteria b. Archaebacteria c. Monera• 3. Which is the proper way to write a scientific
name?a. Homo sapien b. homo sapien c. Homo sapien• 4. A diagram that shows evolutionary relationships is
called aa. Dichotomous key b. cladogram c. taxonomy• 5. To which kingdom would amoebas & paramecium
belong?a. Fungi b. Plantae c. Protista