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Animal Classification

Zoology

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Taxonomy

• Taxonomy– Field of science that classifies organisms and

defines their relationships– All about grouping organisms (plants and animals)– Originally by traits or characteristics– Today, DNA is a part of the classification

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Taxonomy

• Divisions – broad to specific– Kingdom– Phylum– Class– Order– Family– Genus– Species

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Taxonomy

• Kingdom– 2 original kingdoms• Plants and animals

– Original 2 kingdoms started getting split in the mid-20th century – only 50-60 years ago

– Today: 5-6 kingdoms

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Kingdoms

• Modern Kingdoms– Monera – bacteria

• Prokaryotes (no nucleus); always single-celled; may have plant, fungus, or animal characteristics

– Archaea • Prokaryotes; single-celled; adapted to unusual and/or

extreme conditions; have several different cellular chemistries from Monera

– Protista• Eukaryotes (nucleus in cell); mostly single-celled or

collections of very similar cells; may have plant, fungus, or animal characteristics

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Kingdoms

– Plantae - plants• Eukaryotes; multicellular; capable of photosynthesis,

production of complex molecules from simple molecules using light

– Animalia – animals• Eukaryotes; multicellular; must obtain complex food

molecules from external source, broken down and absorbed internally; usually capable of movement

– Fungi – fungus• Eukaryotes; almost all multicellular; must obtain complex

food molecules from external source, absorbed through external surface; almost never capable of movement

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Taxonomy

• Variations• Some taxonomies include “super” kingdoms

or Domains– Three domains• Bacteria – Monera• Archaea – Archaea• Eukarya – Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia

• Remove Monera and Archaea and combine them into Bacteria

• Separate Protista into Protista and Chromista

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Phylum (for Animal Kingdom)

• Porifera– Sponges– 5000 total– No tissues– Absorb food through filtration – Most have water intake and outlet openings – Can remold their bodies because most cells can

move within the body and some change type

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Phylum (for Animal Kingdom)

• Cnidaria and Ctenophora – jellyfish– 2 cell layers with jelly-like layer between them,

inter-cell connections– Carnivores – Cnidaria – cnidocytes, fire harpoons,– Ctenophora – colloblasts, cell used to capture prey– Major Classes of Cindaria

• Hydrozoa – hydras• Scyphozoa – Jelly fish• Antozoa – Sea annenanenamies

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Phylum (for Animal Kingdom)

• Platyhelminthes – tapeworms– Flatworms– No body cavity, no specialized circulatory and respiratory

organs• Nematoda – round worms - unsegmented worms– Digestive system is a tube with openings at both ends– Space between digestive organs and outer skin– Major Classes

• Hookworms – enter body through skin and up in digestive track• Pinworms – live in lower intestine and lay eggs in your rectum• Trichinella – flu like worm

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Phylum (for Animal Kingdom)

• Mollusca – snails, clams, squids– 150,000 species– Mantle (cavity for breathing), shell, organization of

the nervous system, broad muscular foot, radula (rasping “tongue”), multiple functions of organs, open system circulation, complete digestive system

– Major Classes• Bivalvia – oysters, clams, muscles• Gastropoda – Snails and slugs

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Phylum (for Animal Kingdom)

• Annelida – segmented worms – earthworms, leeches– Over 15,000 species– Long bodies with segments, repetition of internal

organs, closed circulatory systems, outer covering made of collagen

– Bilateral semetry– Major Classes

• Polychaeta – Bristleworms• Hirudinea – leaches• Oligochaeta - Earthworms

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Phylum (for Animal Kingdom)

• Echinodermata – starfish– 6,000 species – mostly marine– Adults possess five-side symmetry, skeleton

composed of plates, ring water vascular system, regeneration

– Major Classes• Brittle Stars, Sand Dollars, Sea Lilies, Sea Cucumbers,

Sea Urchins, Sea Stars

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Phylum (for Animal Kingdom)

• Arthropoda – insects, arachnids, crustaceans– Exoskeleton, segmented body, and jointed

appendages

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Phylum (for Animal Kingdom)

• Chordata - Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals– Notochord (spine), hollow dorsal nerve cord

(spinal cord), pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail– Subphylums• Vertebrata - vertebrates • Cephalochordata “The Lancelets” – fish-shaped animals

with no brains• Urochordata “The Tunicates” – bags of jelly

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PHYLA: ARTHROPODS

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Subphylum and Classes of Arthropods

• Chelicerata – spiders, mites, scorpions– Appendages just above/in front of the mouth– Classes• Arachnida – spiders, scorpions, mites• Pycnogonida – sea spiders• Merostomata – extinct sea scorpions and horseshoe

crabs

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Orders of Arachnida

• Araneae – true spiders• Opiliones – daddy-long-legs• Scorpiones – scorpions• Acarina – mites and ticks

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Subphylum and Classes of Arthropods

• Myriapods – millipedes, centipedes– Many body segments each with one or two pairs

of legs– Classes• Chilopoda – centipedes• Diplopoda - millipedes• Pauropoda – small, similar to millipedes• Symphyla – look like centipedes but are smaller and

translucent

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Subphylum and Classes of Arthropods

• Hexapods – insects– Bodies have three parts (anterior head, thorax,

and posterior abdomen), 6 legs– Classes• Insecta – insects• Entognatha - wingless

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Orders of Insecta

• Orders

– Orthoptera – grasshoppers

– Diptera – flies and mosquitoes

– Lepidoptera – butterflies and moths

– Hymenoptera – bees, wasps, and ants

– Coleoptera - beetles

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Subphylum and Classes of Arthropods

• Crustaceans – lobsters, crabs, barnacles, crayfish, shrimp– Biramous appendages (claws), primarily aquatic– Classes• Branchiopoda – brine shrimp• Maxillopoda – barnacles• Malacostraca – crabs, lobsters, shrimp, krill

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PHYLA MOLLUSCA

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MolluscaGastropoda(snails & slugs)

Bivalvia(clams, oysters, scallops

Cephalopoda(squid, octopus)

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Classes of Mollusca

• Gastropoda – snails and slugs– Very diverse group, no defining characteristics

• Cephalopoda – squid, octopus– Bilateral body symmetry, prominent head, set of

arms or tentacles

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Classes of Mollusca

• Bivalvia – clams, oysters, scallops– Shell consisting of two asymmetrically rounded

halves called valves joined with a hinge, filter feeding

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PHYLA CHORDATA - VERTEBRATES

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ChordataSubphyla:

Urochordata Subphyla: Vertebrata

Subphyla: Cephalochordata

Class: Agnatha(jawless fish)

Class: Chondrichtheyes

(cartilaginous fish)Class: Osteichtheyes

(bony fish)

Class: Amphibia

Class: Reptilia

Class: Aves

Class: Mammalia

Subclass: Elasmobranchii(sharks, rays)

Subclass: Holocephali(chimaeras)

Subclass: Actinopterygii

(ray-finned fish)

Subclass: Sorcopterygii

(lobe-finned fish)

Subclass: Palaegognatha

(flightless)

Subclass: Neognathe

Subclass: Prototheria(egg laying)

Subclass: Metatheria(marsupials)

Subclass: Eutheria

(placental)

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Classes of Vertebrata

• Agnatha – jawless fish– No jaws, no paired fins, notochord in adults, seven

or more paired gill pouches– Lampreys and hagfish

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Classes of Vertebrata

• Chondrichthyes – cartilaginous fishes– Jawed fish, paired fins, paired nares, scales, two-

chambered hearts, cartilage skeleton– Subclasses• Elasmobranchii – sharks and rays• Holocephali - chimaeras

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Classes of Vertebrata

• Osteichthyes – bony fish– Bony skeleton, most have gills, most are cold

bloodes– fish– Subclasses• Actinopterygii – ray-finned fish

– Herring

• Sarcopterygii – lobe-finned fish– Coelacanths, lungfish

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Classes of Vertebrata

• Amphibia – amphibians– Cold blooded, metamorphose from a juvenile

water-breathing form, either to an adult air-breathing form or to a pedomorph that retains some juvenile characteristics

– Orders• Anura – frogs and toads• Caudata – salamanders and newts• Gymnophiona – caecilians, limbless amphibians that

resemble snakes

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Classes of Vertebrata

• Reptilia – reptiles– Breath air, lay shelled eggs, scales, cold-blooded, – Orders• Crocodilia – crocodiles, gavials, caimans, and alligators• Sphenodontia – tuataras from New Zealand• Squamata – lizards, snakes, worm lizards• Testudines – turtles and tortoises

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Classes of Vertebrata

• Aves – birds– Winged, bipedal, warm-blooded, egg-laying– Subclass• Neornithes – modern birds• Superorders

– Palaeognathe – flightless birds– Neognathae – rest of the birds

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Orders of Aves

• Palaeognathae – flightless birds– Orders• Struthioniformes – ostriches, emus, kiwis• Tinamiformes - tinamous

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Orders of Aves

• Neognathae – rest of the birds– Orders – 27 • Anseriformes – waterfowl• Charadriiformes – gulls, button-quails, plovers• Sphenisciformes – penguins• Falconiformes – falcons, eagles, hawks• Phaethontiformes – tropicbirds• Strigiformes – owls• Galliformes – fowl, pheasant

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Classes of Vertebrata

• Mammalia – mammals– Air-breathing, mammary glands, hair or fur, three

middle ear bones, neocortex region in the brain– Subclasses• Prototheria – egg laying,

– Monotremes – platypuses and echindnas

• Metatheria – marsupials• Eutheria - placentals

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Orders of Mammalia

• Metatheria or Marsupialia– Pouch– Orders• Didelphimorphia – opossums• Dasyuromorphia – Tasmanian devil• Peramelemorphia – bandicoots• Diprotodontia – koala, wombats, kangaroos,

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Orders of Mammalia

• Eutheria– Placental, give birth to more fully developed

young– Superorder• Xenarthra• Afrotheria• Euarchontoglires• Laurasiatheria

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Orders of Mammalia

• Xenarthra– Vertebra joints have extra articulations, have

lowest metabolic rates in the class, only exist in the Americas

– Orders• Cingulata – armadillo• Pilosa – sloths, anteater

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Orders of Mammalia

• Afrotheria– Belong to groups from Africa or of African origin– Orders• Afrosoricia – golden moles, otter shrews• Macroscelidea – elephant shrews• Tubulidentata – aardvark• Proboscidea – elephants• Sirenia - manatees

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Orders of Mammalia

• Euarchontoglires– Orders• Rodentia – 2 incisors

– rats, squirrels, porcupines, beavers

• Lagomorpha – 4 incisors– Pika, rabbits, hares

• Dermoptera– gliding mammals– Flying lemur

• Scandentia – treeshrews

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Orders of Mammalia

• Euarchontoglires– Order• Primate

– Large brains, opposable thumbs, slower rates of development, vision dominant sensory system

– Lemurs, marmosets, monkeys, gibbons, humans

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Orders of Mammalia

• Laurasiatheria– Based on similar gene sequences– Orders• Erinaceomorpha (Insectavores) – hedgehogs • Soricomorpha – moles, shrews• Cetacea – whales, dolphins, porpoises• Carnivora – cats, dogs, bears, seals, raccoons• Chiroptera – bats

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Orders of Mammalia

• Laurasiatheria– Orders• Artiodactyla – even toed

– pigs, hippopotamuses, camels, giraffes, deer, cattle, sheep

• Perissodactyla – odd-toed– horses, tapirs, rhinoceroses

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Family

• Family– Division of Orders– Common families• Carnivora

– Canidae – dogs– Ursidae – bears– Felidae – cats

• Primates– Hominidae – great apes (humans)

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Genus and Species

• Families are divided into Genus• Naming of individual species– Contain two parts • Genus

– Listed first– First letter capitalized

• Species– Listed second– Not capitalized

– Example – humans• Homo sapiens

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Genus and Species• Genus– Generic name– Groups animals of the same type

• Usually based on physical features, sometimes on DNA

– Guidelines for deciding what species belong in a genus• Monophyly – all descendants of an ancestral taxon are

grouped together• Reasonable compactness – a genus should not be

expanded needlessly• Distinctness – in regards of evolutionarily relevant criteria

– Ecology, morphology, or biogeography

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Genus and Species

• Species– Specific animal– Definition has changed over the years• Distinctly-describable type• Distinct types that could not interbreed• Distinct types that could breed and produce offspring

that themselves could go on as adults to breed• “a group that, in natural surroundings, breeds

exclusively within the group”– Exception wolves, dogs, coyotes

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Genus and Species

• Subspecies– Some species are divided further– Either no subspecies or two or more– Differences more distinct than the differences

between races or breeds but less than differences between species

– Usually result of geographical distribution– Criteria• Different morphology or different DNA

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Genus and Species

• Subspecies– Criteria• Different morphology or different DNA• If two groups don’t interbreed because of something

intrinsic to their genetic make-up different species• If two groups would interbreed if an external barrier

were removed subspecies

• Animals positions (species, subspecies, genus) are constantly being re-evaluated as more information is collected

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Genus and Species

• Example• Order: Carnivora - carnivores• Family: Canidae – dogs, wolves, foxes, jackals,

coyotes• Genus: – Canis – “true dogs” – dogs, wolves, jackals– Vulpes – “true foxes” - foxes

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Genus and Species

• Genus: Canis– Canis latrans – coyote– Canis lupus – gray wolf• Canis lupus lupus – Eurasian wolf• Canis lupus baileyi – Mexican wolf• Canis lupus dingo – Dingo• Canis lupus familiaris – domestic dog• Canis lupus lycaon – Eastern wolf (Timberwolves)

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Human Classification

• Kingdom• Phylum• Class• Order• Family• Genus• Species