classification the grouping of organisms based on characteristics taxonomy – the scientific naming...
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ClassificationClassification
The grouping of organisms based on characteristics
Taxonomy – The scientific naming and classifying of organisms
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ClassificationClassificationWhy do we use classification
systems?
To make organisms easier to study and understand
Elk
Norway Here in the U.S.
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Classification Classification Old way to classify is the
polynomial system (until the mid-1700’s)◦They grouped plants and animals
into genera (genus) and then put descriptive words on the front
Apis pubescens, thorace subgriseo, abdomine fusco, pedibus posticis glabis, untrinque margine ciliatus
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Linnaeus system of Linnaeus system of classificationclassificationCarl Linnaeus –
◦Swedish Biologist◦ lived from 1707-
1778◦Father of
taxonomy◦Developed the
hierarchical system of classification and binomial nomenclature
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Linnaeus classificationLinnaeus classificationIt is Universal!!! (Latin)Each level of
classification is based on characteristics shared by each member of the group◦Each level becomes more
specific◦Ex. The domain is less
specific than the kingdom
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Hierarchical structureHierarchical structureFirst nameLast name AddressStreetCityStateZip codeCountry
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Three Domains – archaea, Three Domains – archaea, bacteria, eukariabacteria, eukaria
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Classification of the Classification of the European HoneybeeEuropean Honeybee• Domain – Eukarya• Kingdom – Animalia• Phylum – Arthropoda• Class – Insecta• Order – Hymenoptera• Family – Apidae• Genus – Apis• Species - mellifera
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To remember….To remember….Did King Phillip Come Over From Great Spain
Do Kindly Pay Cash Or Furnish Good Security
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Binomial nomenclatureBinomial nomenclature• Binomial (from bi, meaning two)
Nomenclature (meaning names)• The two part name of an
organism is the scientific name–Ex. Mountain lion (Puma concolor)–The first letter of the genus is always
capitalized and the first letter of the species is always lowercase
– It is always italicized if typed underlined if hand written
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Hierarchical structureHierarchical structureFirst nameLast name AddressStreetCityStateZip codeCountry
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Classification of the Classification of the European HoneybeeEuropean Honeybee• Domain – Eukarya• Kingdom – Animalia• Phylum – Arthropoda• Class – Insecta• Order – Hymenoptera• Family – Apidae• Genus – Apis• Species - mellifera
Scientific name: Apis mellifera
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Classification based on Classification based on evolutionary historyevolutionary historyPhylogeny –
evolutionary history
Classification should be based on phylogeny
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How to read an evolutionary How to read an evolutionary treetree
• Time moves upward
• Nodes represents common ancestor
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How to read an evolutionary How to read an evolutionary treetree
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How to read an evolutionary How to read an evolutionary treetree◦ In-group is the
group that is being analyzed
◦ Out-group is closely related to the in-group but not in the clade
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What would you use to make What would you use to make an evolutionary tree? (to an evolutionary tree? (to infer evolutionary infer evolutionary relationships)relationships)Genetic dataMorphologyFossil evidenceEcological niche
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What we use to construct an What we use to construct an evolutionary treeevolutionary tree
Ancestral characteristics◦ Evolved from a
common ancestor of both groups (old trait)
Derived characteristics◦ An ancestor of one
group but not the other (new trait)
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Be carful for convergent Be carful for convergent evolutionevolutionHomology -
characters are similar because of shared ancestory
Analogy – characters are similar because of convergent evolution◦ Ex. Wings in a bat,
insect, and bird – wings were not in a common ancestor. This is called an analogous structure.
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Convergent evolutionConvergent evolution
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How has phylogenetics How has phylogenetics affected old groups affected old groups
Clade – taxonomic group comprising of one common ancestor
Sometimes we find that we have grouped things together that are not in the same clade.
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Example of a Polyphyletic Example of a Polyphyletic groupgroup