hist_1301_chapter_3_notes
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: HIST_1301_Chapter_3_Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022103114/555555d3b4c9052b208b4f0b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter Three
CREATING ANGLO-AMERICA (1660-1750)
![Page 2: HIST_1301_Chapter_3_Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022103114/555555d3b4c9052b208b4f0b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
KING PHILIP’S WAR• King Metacom “Philip” was an Indian leader that organized a series of raids throughout the
Massachusetts Bay colony
• More settlers were moving in and needing more farm land
• They used force and violated several treaties to remove Metacom’s tribe from their land
• At the same time, colonists were setting up “Praying Towns” throughout the area
• These were towns that wanted to enforce English religion, customs, and laws upon natives without granting citizenship
• The English used these towns as another excuse to encroach on their land
• Metacom launched an offensive in 1675
• They attacked 52 villages and 13 Praying Towns throughout Massachusetts Bay
• This was the extent of his success
• Metacom was quickly killed
![Page 3: HIST_1301_Chapter_3_Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022103114/555555d3b4c9052b208b4f0b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: HIST_1301_Chapter_3_Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022103114/555555d3b4c9052b208b4f0b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
KING PHILIP’S WAR• Reactions
• The colonist’s counterattack in 1676 marked the end of Indian power in Massachusetts Bay
• As a result, Indians in the area no longer trusted English colonists
• In the future, small, insignificant Indian raids would often set off waves of paranoia in English settlements
King Metacom
![Page 5: HIST_1301_Chapter_3_Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022103114/555555d3b4c9052b208b4f0b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
ENGLAND’S COMMERCIAL EMPIRE• Commerce became the foundation of the new English empire
• Elizabeth I was largely responsible for this
• England wanted to become the biggest player in the Atlantic trade game
• The first step was to solidify control of the eastern coast of North America
• Charles II ruled over the colonists with an iron fist
• After finding out that the colonists were not following the Navigation Acts, he tightened control
• Appointed new colonial governors who would be loyal to the King
• Created “dominions” over the colonies that would govern the colonies at large
• Severely limited the law-making ability of the colonies
• This became an early form of the “federal system” that we know today
![Page 6: HIST_1301_Chapter_3_Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022103114/555555d3b4c9052b208b4f0b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: HIST_1301_Chapter_3_Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022103114/555555d3b4c9052b208b4f0b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
NEW NETHERLAND (NY AND NJ)• The Dutch settled New Netherland in 1609 shortly after the voyages of Henry Hudson
• The colony was property of the Dutch West Indies Co.
• The New York area received very little attention and had a series of incompetent leaders
• Immigrants were primarily from Finland, Sweden, Germany, and Africa (most had little loyalties to the Dutch)
• The English took notice and began attacking New Amsterdam
• They took control in 1664
• The colonies (NY, NJ, Delaware, and Maine) became personal property of James II, the Duke of York
• English began to occupy the area freely after learning how weak Dutch influence was in the colonies
• The Dutch eventually surrendered the colonies, so they could retain their holdings in Africa, Asia, and South America
![Page 8: HIST_1301_Chapter_3_Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022103114/555555d3b4c9052b208b4f0b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
NEW YORK• Government
• The Duke of York introduced the “Duke’s Laws” which granted religious freedom and recognition of preexisting land titles (to those already in the colony)
• However, the governor was appointed by the king
• Power of the colonial government was chosen by the king
• However, he did allow for local government control by the colonists
• Colonists in New York demanded the same liberties as Englishmen under English Common Law
• They finally were recognized in the Charter of Liberties and Privileges in 1683
• New York also established an elected assembly
• By 1700, the Duke of York divided up 2 million acres of land to roughly 5 elite New York families
![Page 9: HIST_1301_Chapter_3_Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022103114/555555d3b4c9052b208b4f0b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
NEW JERSEY• The land between the Hudson and Delaware Rivers became New Jersey
• The Duke of York sold this land to his friends, Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret
• Carteret attempted to collect taxes from colonists, but gave up
• He eventually sold half of his property to the Quakers
• They put in a democratic government in West Jersey
![Page 10: HIST_1301_Chapter_3_Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022103114/555555d3b4c9052b208b4f0b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
CAROLINA
![Page 11: HIST_1301_Chapter_3_Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022103114/555555d3b4c9052b208b4f0b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
CAROLINA• Carolina was the first colony established after Charles II ascended the throne
• Located between Virginia and Spanish Florida
• The Treaty of Madrid made it possible for England to colonize this land
• England used this as an opportunity to keep pressure on Spanish Florida and also prevent Spanish expansion
• John Locke and Sir Anthony Cooper devised a radical plan of government
• The majority of the governmental power would rest with the hereditary elite, but the rights of common landowners would be protected
• Cooper appealed to farmers in Barbados to colonize Carolina
• Numerous settlements sprung up around Charleston
• Government largely failed on the Locke/Cooper model
• Slaves were readily imported
![Page 12: HIST_1301_Chapter_3_Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022103114/555555d3b4c9052b208b4f0b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
CAROLINA• A complicated feudal system resulted
• Religious toleration and elected assemblies were included though
• Overall, Carolina became a significant importer of slaves
• The climate and soil allowed for numerous kinds of plant cultivation
![Page 13: HIST_1301_Chapter_3_Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022103114/555555d3b4c9052b208b4f0b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
QUAKERS• Known also as the Religious Society of Friends
• A Christian religious denomination that began in the early 17 th century
• Principles
• Each man and woman could communicate directly with God
• Rejected the concept of predestination
• Believers emitted an ‘inner light’
• English authorities considered them anarchists and dangerous to society
• They were persecuted heavily in the mid-17 th century
• Regarding Liberty
• Quakers believed that whites, blacks, and Indians were all entitled to liberty
• They believed that religious freedom was a fundamental principle
• They also had a strict moral code
• William Penn attempted to use this as the foundation for his first government in Pennsylvania
![Page 14: HIST_1301_Chapter_3_Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022103114/555555d3b4c9052b208b4f0b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: HIST_1301_Chapter_3_Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022103114/555555d3b4c9052b208b4f0b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
PENNSYLVANIA
![Page 16: HIST_1301_Chapter_3_Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022103114/555555d3b4c9052b208b4f0b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
PENNSYLVANIA• The last colony established in the 1600s
• Pennsylvania was established to alleviate a 16,000 pound debt owed by the Stuarts (Charles II’s family) to William Penn’s late father
• Penn got the land as a result
• Penn envisioned a colony of harmony between colonists and Indians
• Haven for spiritual freedom
• Penn was a member of the Quakers and Society of Friends (SoF)
• One of his primary motives was to establish a haven for those trying to escape religious persecution in Europe
• Penn owned all of Pennsylvania’s land and sold it at very low prices
• Very different because he did not grant land outright
![Page 17: HIST_1301_Chapter_3_Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022103114/555555d3b4c9052b208b4f0b/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
WILLIAM PENN
![Page 18: HIST_1301_Chapter_3_Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022103114/555555d3b4c9052b208b4f0b/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
PENNSYLVANIA • Land Owners
• 600 people initially bought land from Penn (roughly ¾ of a million acres)
• Most of the buyers were Quakers
• Penn recruited immigrants from England, Ireland, Germany, and Wales
• The population boomed
• Government
• A majority of the male population could vote
• Males only had to own 50 acres of land to be eligible
• Criminal laws were lax
• Capital punishment for murder and treason only
• Penn’s initial government was overly complicated
![Page 19: HIST_1301_Chapter_3_Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022103114/555555d3b4c9052b208b4f0b/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
PENNSYLVANIA• Philadelphia
• Became a booming port city built on a grid system
• Boasted wide roads and red brick homes
• The city prospered because it was in the middle of the booming Atlantic trade route
• Markets did well because of the grid system
• Overall
• Penn did not make a lot of money, but Pennsylvania was successful
• He owned a wealthy colony, but eventually went broke and was thrown in debtor’s prison
• He later marked the entire colony as a complete failure
![Page 20: HIST_1301_Chapter_3_Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022103114/555555d3b4c9052b208b4f0b/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
PHILADELPHIA’S GRID SYSTEM
![Page 21: HIST_1301_Chapter_3_Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022103114/555555d3b4c9052b208b4f0b/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
SLAVERY IN AMERICA• One of the primary reasons for the expansion of slavery in North America was the need for
labor on tobacco plantations
• Slavery in North America would be very different from slavery throughout history\
• Only a small portion of the 8-11 million African slaves sold came to America
• By 1720, 1 in 5 in the Chesapeake Bay colonies was black
• However, slavery expanded slower in North America due to expense and high mortality
• The Middle Passage was the worst part of the journey through the Atlantic Slave Trade route
• Space on ships was roughly the size of coffins
• No bathrooms
• Almost no food
![Page 22: HIST_1301_Chapter_3_Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022103114/555555d3b4c9052b208b4f0b/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
SLAVERY IN AMERICA• Race and Racism
• These concepts did not exist at this point in history
• The true battle was between Christians and barbarians, not white vs. black, etc.
• Africans fit the mold for the typical English interpretation of barbarians
• Africans were seen as alien in color, religion, and social practices
• Why slaves over indentured servants or Indians?
• Indentured servants were expensive
• They eventually had to be paid off, given land, etc.
• They were less willing to do hard labor on sugar and tobacco plantations
• Disease and warfare killed off a great portion of the Indians
![Page 23: HIST_1301_Chapter_3_Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022103114/555555d3b4c9052b208b4f0b/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
SLAVERY IN AMERICA• Black Codes
• Passed in Virginia for all tobacco growers
• Ruled that any person who killed a slave while punishing them would not be tried in court
• No black could strike a white
• Slaves are slaves from birth to death
• Slaves could not hold property, testify in court, etc.
• Religious conversion did not warrant the freedom of a slave
• Virginia and Maryland began referencing these codes in 1660
• In cases where one part is free and the other is a slave, the offspring’s status would follow that of the mother
• These restricts gave slaves a legitimate reason to consider rebellion
![Page 24: HIST_1301_Chapter_3_Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022103114/555555d3b4c9052b208b4f0b/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
SLAVERY IN AMERICA• Slave Resistance by Civil Disobedience
• Broke tools
• Slowed their work
• Arson, theft, and murder (rare cases)
• Who owned slaves in the South?
• 5% of the upper class owned slaves, held large tracts of land, and did not do labor with their slaves
• Middle Class – worked with their slaves and owned smaller portions of land
• Lower Class – did not own slaves and were lucky to own a horse
![Page 25: HIST_1301_Chapter_3_Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022103114/555555d3b4c9052b208b4f0b/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
BACON’S REBELLION
![Page 26: HIST_1301_Chapter_3_Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022103114/555555d3b4c9052b208b4f0b/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
BACON’S REBELLION• Nathaniel Bacon was a young planter that was bent on gaining power and becoming one of
the ‘elite planters’ in Virginia
• He gained a following by promising freedom and land those who joined him
• He said that the colonial government was robbing and cheating everyone
• He also called for the removal of all Indians and lower taxes
• Specifically, Bacon was angry at Virginia Governor William Berkeley
• Berkeley ran a corrupt government for 30 years in an alliance with Virginia’s wealthiest tobacco planters (Bacon was not invited to the club)
• He gave them the best land grants, leaving new planters little choice on the land they received
• He also did not want to forcibly take Indian lands
![Page 27: HIST_1301_Chapter_3_Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022103114/555555d3b4c9052b208b4f0b/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
GOV. WILLIAM BERKELEY
![Page 28: HIST_1301_Chapter_3_Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022103114/555555d3b4c9052b208b4f0b/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
BACON’S REBELLION• The conflict began with a minor confrontation between Indians and settlers on the western
frontier
• Bacon was furious and began to raid Indian and settlers’ villages
• Declared a traitor by Berkeley
• Indians were his primary target, but settlers became collateral damage
• Bacon proceeded to march on Jamestown and burn it to the ground
• Became the de facto ruler of Virginia for a short time after he ran the governor off
• Control was finally restored after British warship came
• Overall, he effectively pushed the Indians out of the Chesapeake Bay
![Page 29: HIST_1301_Chapter_3_Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022103114/555555d3b4c9052b208b4f0b/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
BACON’S CASTLE
![Page 30: HIST_1301_Chapter_3_Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022103114/555555d3b4c9052b208b4f0b/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
BACON’S REBELLION• Threats of Civil War
• Bacon’s Rebellion served as a rude awakening for many of the colonial elite
• The elite previously did not think the non-elite would attempt to revolt
• This was essentially a struggle between economic classes
• The elite slowly realized they had to improve their image and show some concern for the poor
• Essentially, this was a perfect example of the danger of many land-less freemen in a society controlled by a few elite
• Resembles Early Marxism
![Page 31: HIST_1301_Chapter_3_Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022103114/555555d3b4c9052b208b4f0b/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION• Also called the Revolution of 1688
• It essentially established Parliamentary supremacy (over monarch supremacy) and secured a Protestant succession to the throne after Charles II
• Charles II’s successor, James II was not very popular and thought about converted England back to Catholicism (bad idea)
• However, Parliament did not worry too much as the throne would have passed to his daughter, Mary, a Protestant, and the wife of William of Orange
• The conflict began when James II had a son (which would potentially turn England Catholic again)
• Parliament forced James II into exile and invited his daughter Mary and her husband William to ascend the throne
• Is this really a revolution or a Dutch take-over?
![Page 32: HIST_1301_Chapter_3_Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022103114/555555d3b4c9052b208b4f0b/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
JAMES II
![Page 33: HIST_1301_Chapter_3_Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022103114/555555d3b4c9052b208b4f0b/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
WILLIAM AND MARY
![Page 34: HIST_1301_Chapter_3_Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022103114/555555d3b4c9052b208b4f0b/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION• Why is it called the glorious revolution?
• It was a bloodless revolution
• Glorious because it was the first revolution England had without constant warfare
• Remember the English Civil War?
• How did the revolution affect the colonies?
• Massachusetts Bay finally annexes Plymouth Bay
• A new charter that tolerated religious freedom was developed
• Some colonists became angry when the crown instituted a Lord of Trade to oversee the colonies
• James II created a ‘super-colony’ called the Dominion of New England before his departure
• Basically all the colonies were viewed as one contiguous unit
• This made them easier to administrate
![Page 35: HIST_1301_Chapter_3_Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022103114/555555d3b4c9052b208b4f0b/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
WITCHCRAFT IN NEW ENGLAND
![Page 36: HIST_1301_Chapter_3_Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022103114/555555d3b4c9052b208b4f0b/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
WITCHCRAFT IN NEW ENGLAND• During the 17th century, over 350 New Englanders were accused of witchcraft
• Over 200 in Salem, Massachusetts alone
• Virtually no one was accused in the South; this was truly a Northern phenomenon
• Who was accused?
• Typically, older, outcast women were the primary targets
• They usually were post-menopausal, did not have sons, had economic autonomy, and were single
• Economic autonomy alone gave men a reason to envy this women to some degree
• In Salem, an Indian slave woman named Tituba was blame for the outbreak of witchcraft
• Led to hysteria
• 14 women and 5 men were executed as a result
• What ends the hysteria
• The governor’s wife eventually gets accused of witchcraft
• Thus, the governor believe the hysteria had gone too far and ended the numerous trials
![Page 37: HIST_1301_Chapter_3_Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022103114/555555d3b4c9052b208b4f0b/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
TITUBA
![Page 38: HIST_1301_Chapter_3_Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022103114/555555d3b4c9052b208b4f0b/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
POPULATION DIVERSITY IN NORTH AMERICA• Large scale migration began to drain England as everyone started to come to North America
• England began efforts to stop emigration
• Over 145,000 Scots and Scots-Irish migrated to the colonies
• Germans
• Over 110,000 migrated
• They represented the largest group of immigrants
• They tended to travel in families and greatly enhanced the ethnic and religious diversity of the colonies
![Page 39: HIST_1301_Chapter_3_Notes](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022103114/555555d3b4c9052b208b4f0b/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
POPULATION DIVERSITY IN NORTH AMERICA• Liberties that attracted settlers
• Land availability
• Lack of a military draft
• Little restraints on economic opportunity
• Regional diversity
• The colonial backcountry was the fastest growing region
• Farmers in the Middle Colonies enjoyed an especially high standard of living
• Pennsylvania became known as the best “poor man’s country”
• European competition
• By the mid-18th century, France had roughly 10,000 settlers left
• Spain had less than 14,000 (mostly in Texas and Florida)