systemic design principles & methods isss 2014

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Design Research Methods for Systemic Design Peter Jones, PhD OCAD University, Toronto Institute for 21 st Century Agoras ISSS 2014 July 31, 2014

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Research paper presentation at ISSS 2014: Design Research Methods for Systemic Design: Perspectives from Design Education and Practice The recent development of systemic design as a research-based practice draws on long-held precedents in the system sciences toward representation of complex social and enterprise systems. A precedent article, published as Systemic Design Principles for Complex Social Systems (Jones, 2014) established an axiomatic and epistemological basis for complementary principles shared between design reasoning and systems theory. The current paper aims to establish a basis for identifying shared methods (techne) and action practice (phronesis). Systemic design is distinguished from user-oriented or industrial design practices in terms of its direct relationship to systems theory and explicit adoption of social system design tenets. Systemic design is concerned with higher-order socially-organized systems that encompass multiple subsystems in a complex policy, organizational or product-service context. By integrating systems thinking and its methods, systemic design brings human-centered design to complex, multi-stakeholder service systems as those found in industrial networks, transportation, medicine and healthcare. It adapts from known design competencies - form and process reasoning, social and generative research methods, and sketching and visualization practices - to describe, map, propose and reconfigure complex services and systems.

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Page 1: Systemic Design Principles & Methods ISSS 2014

PeterJones,PhDOCADUniversity,Toronto

Institutefor21st CenturyAgorasISSS2014July31,2014

Design Research Methods for Systemic Design

PeterJones,PhDOCADUniversity,Toronto

Institutefor21st CenturyAgorasISSS2014July31,2014

Page 2: Systemic Design Principles & Methods ISSS 2014

Before methods, contexts.

• Systems science has preferred theories for system description (explanation), prediction (control), & intervention (change).

• Contributions of modern design disciplines ‐ industrial, information, service design – are marginal at best.

• “Design” as problem solving, or a process of system design

• Social systems design as a template for design thinking in complex socially‐constructed domains.

• Which are (now) everything.

Page 3: Systemic Design Principles & Methods ISSS 2014

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Designer Hugh Dubberly (& Nelson) argues that design processes areembodiments of systems thinking.

Banathy (& Gharajedaghi) advocate a designing 

orientation to social systemsas designing.

Page 4: Systemic Design Principles & Methods ISSS 2014

Compatible philosophies, different generations.

Generation: First Second Third Fourth

Philosophy Rational1960’s

Pragmatic1970’s

Phenomenological1980’s

Generative2000’s

Methods Movement from craft to standardized methods

Instrumentality, Methods customized to context

Design research and stakeholder methodsDesign cognition

Generative, empathic  & transdisciplinary

Authors& trends

Simon, Fuller Design Science,Planning

Rittel, JonesWicked problems, Evolution

Schon, Don Norman User‐centered & Participatory DesignReflective action

Dubberly, Sanders Generative DesignService DesignSystemic design

Systems influences

Sciences,OR Cybernetics

Natural systems System dynamicsSystems engineering

System dynamicsSocial systemsSoft systems

ComplexitySocio‐ecologicalDialogic

Participatory

Page 5: Systemic Design Principles & Methods ISSS 2014

Design doesn’t really integrate systems thinking.

Tendency to adopt system thinking as method.Systems thinking influenced management practices similarly.

• System dynamics too positivist, analytical for design.• Externalizes systems as behaviors, but not artifactual• Senge, Meadows ignored design thinking  • Incompatible with social systems• Ackoff school was not methodological, or “design‐endorsed”

• Designers in practice often use what works & do not care about the pedigree 

Page 6: Systemic Design Principles & Methods ISSS 2014

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Design thinking also deals with complexity.

Design must become more systemic –as we confront wicked problems.

Complex domains have > stakeholders

Design 1.0 Craft design, Advertising

Design 2.0 Industrial, Products, Web

Design 3.0 Organizational & institutional

Design 4.0 Distributed social systemsMixed stakeholders

What are equivalent units in systems theory?

Page 7: Systemic Design Principles & Methods ISSS 2014

10 Shared Design Principles

Design Principle Design Methodologies

1. Idealization   Iteration2. Appreciating Complexity     Sensemaking3. Purpose finding  Saliency ‐Meaning‐making4. Boundary framing     Provocation and strange‐making5. Requisite variety  Multiple perspectives6. Feedback coordination  Modeling7. System ordering   Structuring8. Generative emergence Future projection9. Continuous adaptation   Multiple reasoning modes 10. Self‐organizing   Co‐creation

Guidance for complex systems design from systems, cybernetic & complexity principles.  

Foundation for practitioners to enhance engagement and evolve better practices. 

Elicited from systems theoretic concepts, but propose no new theory. 

Elements to form net new frameworks enabling integration of other concepts for specific design contexts.   

“The primary aim the two systems of thought share today is enabling organized high‐leverage action in increasingly complex and systemic problems as design situations.” 

Page 8: Systemic Design Principles & Methods ISSS 2014

Design methods by outcome intentModes

Page 9: Systemic Design Principles & Methods ISSS 2014

Design methods associated with principles

Principle Design Methodologies

1. Idealization Framing, Iteration2. Appreciating Complexity     Sensemaking3. Purpose finding  Saliency ‐Meaning‐making4. Boundary framing     Provocation and strange‐making5. Requisite variety  Multiple perspectives6. Feedback coordination  Modeling7. System ordering   Structuring8. Generative emergence Future projection9. Continuous adaptation   Multiple reasoning modes 10. Self‐organizing   Co‐creation

We might also observe design of:  Time (4), Space (3), Information (3)

Page 10: Systemic Design Principles & Methods ISSS 2014

(Some) systemic methods by principles

Principle Systems Methodologies

1. Idealization   Dialogic design, Idealized design2. Appreciating Complexity     Problematique3. Purpose finding  Function hierarchy 4. Boundary framing     Critical system heuristics5. Requisite variety  System modeling6. Feedback coordination  System dynamics7. System ordering   Process models8. Generative emergence Cellular automata 9. Continuous adaptation   Intervention (leverage points) 10. Self‐organizing   Dialogic design, Developmental Eval

Page 11: Systemic Design Principles & Methods ISSS 2014

Possible system methods in design process

Page 12: Systemic Design Principles & Methods ISSS 2014

31

Design / Systems pairs

D4.0 Policy  / Dialogic Design

D3.0 Org Process / Social Systems, Panarchy

D2.0 Practice & Information /Service Systems

D1.0‐2.0 Product, Comm /Activity Systems

Page 13: Systemic Design Principles & Methods ISSS 2014

GIGAMAPPING

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Page 14: Systemic Design Principles & Methods ISSS 2014

Copyright © 2012, Peter Jones

Activity Systems Analysis / as Service Journey

S O - O

C

C

R

R

I

Page 15: Systemic Design Principles & Methods ISSS 2014

Service System Design / As Work Domain Analysis

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Page 16: Systemic Design Principles & Methods ISSS 2014

Adaptive cycles in organizational design

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Page 17: Systemic Design Principles & Methods ISSS 2014

Dialogic Design in Policy Making

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What do we (stakeholders selected for requisite variety) agree are the deep drivers resisting change in the Canadian healthcare system?

Page 18: Systemic Design Principles & Methods ISSS 2014

Shared wayview / systemics & design thinking

• Framing ‐ Refraining from premature problem solving• Iterative inquiry • Dialogic processes elicit depth of participation • By participants with stake in outcome• Selected for requisite variety to the problem

• Human centered – across contexts• Complexity embraced as reality in fuzzy situations• Multiple design actions over time• Temporality is critical to decision / intervention

• Understanding systemics does not assume design or action.• Design actions need not be systemic in every case!

Page 19: Systemic Design Principles & Methods ISSS 2014

Rheinfrank, J. and Evenson, S. From Winograd, Terry. 1996. Bringing design to software. New York: Addison‐Wesley. 

Design Languages for Systems Methods 

Rheinfrank, J. and Evenson, S. From Winograd, Terry. 1996. Bringing design to software. 

Page 20: Systemic Design Principles & Methods ISSS 2014

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“Though a handful design thinkers have made some substantial contributions to systems thinking in general, hardly anybody has developed a systems practice from within design, specially informed by design thinking and design practice. This is remarkable when we compare us with other fields where proprietary adaptations of systems perspectives are normal.”

Birger Sevaldson,  Oslo School Of Architecture & DesignGiga‐Mapping: Visualisation For Complexity & Systems Thinking In Design

Nordic Design Research Conference 2011

why has Systems Thinking ignored Design?