Hematology For a Complete Blood Count (CBC), specimens of venous blood are taken, it

includes hemoglobin and hematocrit measurements, erythrocyte (RBC) count, leukocyte

(WBC) count, red blood cell (RBC) indices, and a differential white cell count. The CBC is

a basic screening test and one of the most frequently ordered blood tests.

Possible Causes of Normal Findings

Hematology

Result

Normal

Values

Increased

Decreased

WBC

5.4 x 109/L

5–10 x 109/L

◊ Infection

◊ Inflammation ◊ Trauma

◊ Autoimmune

disease ◊ Drug toxicity

◊ Bone marrow failure

Neutrophil

0.53

0.45-0.65

◊ stress

◊ acute

infection

◊ aplastic anemia

◊ dietary deficiency

Lymphocytes

0.43

0.25-0.40

◊Chronic infection

◊ Viral Infection ◊Mononucleosis

◊ Leukemia ◊ Sepsis

◊Immunodeficiency\ diseases

Eosinophils

0.02

0.02-0.04

◊ Parasitic

infections ◊ Allergic

reactions ◊ Leukemia

◊ Increased

Adrenosteroid production

Monocytes

0.02

0.02-0.06

◊ Chronic Inflammatory

disorder

◊ Tuberculosis ◊ Chronic

Ulcerative colitis

◊ Drug Therapy: Prednisone

Possible Causes of Normal Findings

Hematology

Result

Normal Values

Increased

Decreased

RBC

4.9 x 1012/L

4.5 -5.9x 1012/L

◊ Dehydration

◊ Pulmonary fibrosis

◊ Hemorrhage

◊ Anemia ◊ Dietary deficiency

Hemoglobin

105 g/L

140-170 g/L

◊ Polycythemia

◊ Dehydration ◊ COPD

◊ Hemorrhage

◊ Anemia ◊ Cancer

◊ Kidney disease ◊ Sickle Cell Anemia

Hematocrit

0.315

0.40-0.50

◊ Polycythemia

◊ Dehydration ◊ COPD

◊ Hemorrhage

◊ Anemia ◊ Hyperthyroidism

◊ Dietary deficiency

Platelet

554 x 109/L

150-450 x 109/L

◊ Malignant disorder

◊ Polycythemia ◊ Rheumatoid

Arthritis ◊ Iron

Deficiency Anemia

◊ Hemorrhage ◊ Leukemia

◊ Pernicious anemia ◊ Hemolytic anemia

◊ Chemotherapy

MCV

78fl

80-100fl

◊ Liver disease

◊ Alcoholism

◊ Iron deficiency

Anemia

MCH

26.1 pg

27-31 pg

◊ Macrocytic

anemia

◊ Microcytic anemia

◊ Hypochromic anemia

MCHC

334

320-360

◊ Intravascular

hemolysis

◊ Iron deficiency

anemia

Blood type

“O”

Rh (D)

Positive

Urinalysis Urine tests include tests for specific gravity, pH and the presence of abnormal

constituents such as glucose, ketones, protein, and occult blood.

Specific gravity is an indicator of urine concentration, or the amounts of

solutes present in the urine. The specific gravity of urine normally ranges from 1.010 to

1.025. Low specific gravity readings is a result of excess fluid intake or diseases

affecting the ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine. A high specific gravity may

indicate fluid deficit or dehydration, or excess solutes such as glucose in the urine.

Urinary pH is measured to determine the relative acidity or alkalinity of urine

and assess the client’s acid-base status. Urine is normally acidic with an average pH of

6. Assessment of urine pH is useful in determining whether the kidneys are responding

appropriately to acid-base imbalances.

Urine is tested for glucose to screen clients for diabetes mellitus. Normally, the

amount of glucose in the urine is neglible.

Ketone bodies, a product of the breakdown of fatty acids, normally are not

present in the urine. However, they may be present for clients with poorly controlled

diabetes.

Protein is normally negative in urine testing. If protein becomes positive in

some clients, this may indicate that their glomerular membrane in the kidney has been

damaged.

Normal urine is free from blood. When blood is present, it may be clearly

visisble or not visible (occult).

Microscopic

Result

Normal Values

Color

Yellow

Straw/amber

Transparency

Clear

Clear

Glucose

Negative

Negative

Bilirubin

Negative

Negative

Ketone

Negative

Negative

Blood

Negative

Negative

Specific Gravity

1.005

1.005-1.030

pH

5.0

4.6-8.0

Protein

Negative

Negative

Nitrite

Negative

Negative

Leukocytes

Negative

Negative

WBC

0-2/lpf

0-5/hpf

Epithelial Cells

few

rare