General Properties of General Properties of Matter and Phase Matter and Phase

ChangesChangesChapter 2/3Chapter 2/3

All matter has these All matter has these general propertiesgeneral properties

MassMass WeightWeight Volume Volume

DensityDensity

MatterMatter Takes up spaceTakes up space Has massHas mass Includes solids, Includes solids,

liquids, and gasliquids, and gas

(Fourth state of matter (Fourth state of matter is plasma)is plasma)

PropertiesProperties

Can be physical or Can be physical or chemicalchemical

Physical can be Physical can be color, shape, texture, color, shape, texture, etc…etc…

VolumeVolume The amount of The amount of

space an object space an object takes uptakes up

Measured in Measured in liters, milliliters, liters, milliliters, and cubic and cubic centimeterscentimeters

Measuring VolumeMeasuring Volume Use L X W X H for Use L X W X H for

regularly shaped regularly shaped objectsobjects

Water displacement Water displacement for irregularly shaped for irregularly shaped objectsobjects

Matter and MassMatter and Massmass weightmass weight

Measure of the Measure of the amount of matteramount of matter

Always constantAlways constant Triple beam balanceTriple beam balance Expressed in kg, g, Expressed in kg, g,

mgmg

Based on gravityBased on gravity Where object is in Where object is in

relation to Earthrelation to Earth Spring scaleSpring scale newtonsnewtons

InertiaInertia

Resistance to Resistance to change in change in motionmotion

More mass = More mass = more inertia.more inertia.

Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties Properties that you can see… color, taste, Properties that you can see… color, taste,

smell, mass, weight, volumesmell, mass, weight, volume thermal conductivity rate of heat thermal conductivity rate of heat

transfertransfer

physical form: solid, liquid, physical form: solid, liquid, gasgas gas gas

Mass per unit of volumeMass per unit of volume

Solubility one substance toSolubility one substance to

dissolve in anotherdissolve in another

Ductility metals pulled into thin wiresDuctility metals pulled into thin wires

Malleability metal into thin Malleability metal into thin sheetssheets

DensityDensity Mass per unit Mass per unit

volumevolume Allows you to Allows you to

compare different compare different types of mattertypes of matter

Measured in g/ml or Measured in g/ml or g/cmg/cm²²

Calculating DensityCalculating Density

Sample ProblemSample Problem If 10 grams of gold If 10 grams of gold

has a volume of 2 has a volume of 2 cubic cm, what is its cubic cm, what is its density? density?

10/2 = 5 g/cm10/2 = 5 g/cm³³

DensityDensity If an object’s If an object’s

density is less density is less than 1g/ml it than 1g/ml it floats. If it is floats. If it is greater than it greater than it sinks.sinks.

FUN FACT:FUN FACT:

Did you know that the density of Saturn is Did you know that the density of Saturn is less than 1 g/mL so it would float in our less than 1 g/mL so it would float in our ocean if we could bring it here on earth ocean if we could bring it here on earth and fit it into the ocean?and fit it into the ocean?

Physical ChangesPhysical Changes

Physical changes affect physical properties Physical changes affect physical properties and do not make a new substance. Most and do not make a new substance. Most common is the change in the phase of a common is the change in the phase of a substance.substance.

Matter can exist in four Matter can exist in four phases:phases:solid, liquid, gas, or solid, liquid, gas, or plasmaplasma

SolidsSolids Have a definite Have a definite

shapeshape Have a definite Have a definite

volumevolume Little molecular Little molecular

motionmotion Molecules are Molecules are

packed close packed close togethertogether

Solids cont.Solids cont. Solids that are arranged Solids that are arranged

in a repeating pattern are in a repeating pattern are called crystals examples called crystals examples rubies, table salt, fluorinerubies, table salt, fluorine

Solids that loose their Solids that loose their shape under certain shape under certain conditions are called conditions are called amorphous solids amorphous solids examples wax, glass, tarexamples wax, glass, tar

LiquidsLiquids Have a definite Have a definite

volumevolume Do not have a Do not have a

definite shapedefinite shape Molecules move Molecules move

aroundaround Molecules are not Molecules are not

packed as close packed as close together as in solidstogether as in solids

Liquids Liquids

Surface tension Surface tension the force that acts the force that acts on the particles at on the particles at the surfacethe surface

Viscosity is the Viscosity is the resistance of a resistance of a liquid to flowliquid to flow

GasesGases

Does not haveDoes not have

a definite shapea definite shape Does not haveDoes not have

a definite sizea definite size Particles are Particles are

spread far apartspread far apart

PlasmaPlasma The most common The most common

form of matterform of matter Rarely found on Rarely found on

EarthEarth High energyHigh energy Dangerous to manDangerous to man Found in UniverseFound in Universe

The Kinetic Theory of The Kinetic Theory of MatterMatter

Explanation of how matter Explanation of how matter behavesbehaves All matter is composed of small particles All matter is composed of small particles

(atoms, molecules, and ions).(atoms, molecules, and ions). These particles are in constant random These particles are in constant random

motion.motion. These particles are colliding with each These particles are colliding with each

other and the walls of their containersother and the walls of their containers

Please just a little Please just a little more!!!!!more!!!!!

I CAN WRITE I CAN WRITE FOREVER.FOREVER.

Phase ChangesPhase Changes

Phase ChangesPhase ChangesThe amount of energy The amount of energy contained in matter is contained in matter is responsible for the differences responsible for the differences in phases of matterin phases of matter

Melting: Heat of FusionMelting: Heat of Fusion

The actual The actual temperature at temperature at which a solid which a solid changes to a changes to a liquid is the liquid is the melting point melting point known as known as the the Heat of Fusion.Heat of Fusion.

FreezingFreezing Opposite of meltingOpposite of melting The point at which a The point at which a

substance changes substance changes from a liquid to a solidfrom a liquid to a solid

Freezing point = Freezing point = melting pointmelting point

Adding substances to Adding substances to water can lower the water can lower the freezing pointfreezing point

Liquid to Gas: Heat of Liquid to Gas: Heat of VaporizationVaporization

Evaporation occurs Evaporation occurs at the surface of at the surface of waterwater

Boiling occurs at the Boiling occurs at the bottom when the bottom when the temperature reaches temperature reaches the boiling point the boiling point know as the know as the Heat of Heat of VaporizationVaporization

CondensationCondensation

Opposite of boilingOpposite of boiling The point at which a The point at which a

gas becomes a gas becomes a liquidliquid

Examples: outside of Examples: outside of a cold glass or dew a cold glass or dew on the grasson the grass

Other Phase ChangesOther Phase Changes

SublimationSublimation

Solid to a gasSolid to a gas

Example is freezer Example is freezer burned food, dry iceburned food, dry ice

DepositionDeposition

Gas to a solidGas to a solid

Example is frozen dew Example is frozen dew on the grasson the grass

Is That Enough Is That Enough Yet!!!!!!Yet!!!!!!