General Properties of General Properties of Matter and Phase Matter and Phase
ChangesChangesChapter 2/3Chapter 2/3
All matter has these All matter has these general propertiesgeneral properties
MassMass WeightWeight Volume Volume
DensityDensity
MatterMatter Takes up spaceTakes up space Has massHas mass Includes solids, Includes solids,
liquids, and gasliquids, and gas
(Fourth state of matter (Fourth state of matter is plasma)is plasma)
PropertiesProperties
Can be physical or Can be physical or chemicalchemical
Physical can be Physical can be color, shape, texture, color, shape, texture, etc…etc…
VolumeVolume The amount of The amount of
space an object space an object takes uptakes up
Measured in Measured in liters, milliliters, liters, milliliters, and cubic and cubic centimeterscentimeters
Measuring VolumeMeasuring Volume Use L X W X H for Use L X W X H for
regularly shaped regularly shaped objectsobjects
Water displacement Water displacement for irregularly shaped for irregularly shaped objectsobjects
Matter and MassMatter and Massmass weightmass weight
Measure of the Measure of the amount of matteramount of matter
Always constantAlways constant Triple beam balanceTriple beam balance Expressed in kg, g, Expressed in kg, g,
mgmg
Based on gravityBased on gravity Where object is in Where object is in
relation to Earthrelation to Earth Spring scaleSpring scale newtonsnewtons
InertiaInertia
Resistance to Resistance to change in change in motionmotion
More mass = More mass = more inertia.more inertia.
Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties Properties that you can see… color, taste, Properties that you can see… color, taste,
smell, mass, weight, volumesmell, mass, weight, volume thermal conductivity rate of heat thermal conductivity rate of heat
transfertransfer
physical form: solid, liquid, physical form: solid, liquid, gasgas gas gas
Mass per unit of volumeMass per unit of volume
Solubility one substance toSolubility one substance to
dissolve in anotherdissolve in another
Ductility metals pulled into thin wiresDuctility metals pulled into thin wires
Malleability metal into thin Malleability metal into thin sheetssheets
DensityDensity Mass per unit Mass per unit
volumevolume Allows you to Allows you to
compare different compare different types of mattertypes of matter
Measured in g/ml or Measured in g/ml or g/cmg/cm²²
Sample ProblemSample Problem If 10 grams of gold If 10 grams of gold
has a volume of 2 has a volume of 2 cubic cm, what is its cubic cm, what is its density? density?
10/2 = 5 g/cm10/2 = 5 g/cm³³
DensityDensity If an object’s If an object’s
density is less density is less than 1g/ml it than 1g/ml it floats. If it is floats. If it is greater than it greater than it sinks.sinks.
FUN FACT:FUN FACT:
Did you know that the density of Saturn is Did you know that the density of Saturn is less than 1 g/mL so it would float in our less than 1 g/mL so it would float in our ocean if we could bring it here on earth ocean if we could bring it here on earth and fit it into the ocean?and fit it into the ocean?
Physical ChangesPhysical Changes
Physical changes affect physical properties Physical changes affect physical properties and do not make a new substance. Most and do not make a new substance. Most common is the change in the phase of a common is the change in the phase of a substance.substance.
Matter can exist in four Matter can exist in four phases:phases:solid, liquid, gas, or solid, liquid, gas, or plasmaplasma
SolidsSolids Have a definite Have a definite
shapeshape Have a definite Have a definite
volumevolume Little molecular Little molecular
motionmotion Molecules are Molecules are
packed close packed close togethertogether
Solids cont.Solids cont. Solids that are arranged Solids that are arranged
in a repeating pattern are in a repeating pattern are called crystals examples called crystals examples rubies, table salt, fluorinerubies, table salt, fluorine
Solids that loose their Solids that loose their shape under certain shape under certain conditions are called conditions are called amorphous solids amorphous solids examples wax, glass, tarexamples wax, glass, tar
LiquidsLiquids Have a definite Have a definite
volumevolume Do not have a Do not have a
definite shapedefinite shape Molecules move Molecules move
aroundaround Molecules are not Molecules are not
packed as close packed as close together as in solidstogether as in solids
Liquids Liquids
Surface tension Surface tension the force that acts the force that acts on the particles at on the particles at the surfacethe surface
Viscosity is the Viscosity is the resistance of a resistance of a liquid to flowliquid to flow
GasesGases
Does not haveDoes not have
a definite shapea definite shape Does not haveDoes not have
a definite sizea definite size Particles are Particles are
spread far apartspread far apart
PlasmaPlasma The most common The most common
form of matterform of matter Rarely found on Rarely found on
EarthEarth High energyHigh energy Dangerous to manDangerous to man Found in UniverseFound in Universe
The Kinetic Theory of The Kinetic Theory of MatterMatter
Explanation of how matter Explanation of how matter behavesbehaves All matter is composed of small particles All matter is composed of small particles
(atoms, molecules, and ions).(atoms, molecules, and ions). These particles are in constant random These particles are in constant random
motion.motion. These particles are colliding with each These particles are colliding with each
other and the walls of their containersother and the walls of their containers
Please just a little Please just a little more!!!!!more!!!!!
I CAN WRITE I CAN WRITE FOREVER.FOREVER.
Phase ChangesPhase ChangesThe amount of energy The amount of energy contained in matter is contained in matter is responsible for the differences responsible for the differences in phases of matterin phases of matter
Melting: Heat of FusionMelting: Heat of Fusion
The actual The actual temperature at temperature at which a solid which a solid changes to a changes to a liquid is the liquid is the melting point melting point known as known as the the Heat of Fusion.Heat of Fusion.
FreezingFreezing Opposite of meltingOpposite of melting The point at which a The point at which a
substance changes substance changes from a liquid to a solidfrom a liquid to a solid
Freezing point = Freezing point = melting pointmelting point
Adding substances to Adding substances to water can lower the water can lower the freezing pointfreezing point
Liquid to Gas: Heat of Liquid to Gas: Heat of VaporizationVaporization
Evaporation occurs Evaporation occurs at the surface of at the surface of waterwater
Boiling occurs at the Boiling occurs at the bottom when the bottom when the temperature reaches temperature reaches the boiling point the boiling point know as the know as the Heat of Heat of VaporizationVaporization
CondensationCondensation
Opposite of boilingOpposite of boiling The point at which a The point at which a
gas becomes a gas becomes a liquidliquid
Examples: outside of Examples: outside of a cold glass or dew a cold glass or dew on the grasson the grass
Other Phase ChangesOther Phase Changes
SublimationSublimation
Solid to a gasSolid to a gas
Example is freezer Example is freezer burned food, dry iceburned food, dry ice
DepositionDeposition
Gas to a solidGas to a solid
Example is frozen dew Example is frozen dew on the grasson the grass