Introduction Internal Combustion Engines

Internal Combustion Engines

A heat engine that converts chemical energy in a fuel into mechanical energy.

Chemical energy first converted into thermal energy (Combustion)

Thermal energy converted into mechanical energy through temperature and pressure rise

Thermal expansion converted to a rotating crankshaft by mechanical linkages

Crankshaft connected to a transmission or power train to transmit mechanical energy to the final use

Final use: Propulsion of a vehicle (e.g. in automobiles, ships, airplanes) or electricity generation (e.g. stationary power plants)

Cf) Heat engine: A device that operates in a thermodynamic cycle and does a net positive work through heat transfer from

a high-temperature body to a low-temperature body

Topics Covered in This Class

External combustion engines Steam engines

Some gas turbine engines

Internal combustion engines Reciprocating engines

Rotary engines

Rocket engines

Jet engines

Firearms

Fuel cells

Hybrid vehicles

Main focus

Ferrari F-1 engine

Steam Power Plant

Sonntag et al., Thermodynamics

Steam Engines

Engine 5 in use from 1903 to 1924 http://www.portlandfiremuseum.com/steam_engine.htm

Gas Turbine Engines

General Electric LM2500 Gas Turbine

Gas Turbine Schematic

Gas Turbine Cartoon

MIT Gas Turbine Laboratory

MEMS Gas Turbine Engines

MIT Gas Turbine Laboratory

MEMS Gas Turbine Engines

Micro impellers

Ceramic Metallic

MIT Gas Turbine Laboratory

Rotary Engines

A Wankel engine in Deutsches Museum Munich, Germany

Optical Wankel Rotary Engine

Stratified Charge Rotary Combustion Engine

NASA (1985)

Mini Rotary Engines

Mechanically machined

Power Generation between ~10-100 Watts

Design issues: Quenching, sealing, lubrication, etc.

Fernandez-Pello, Bekeley

Micro Rotary Engines

Advantages of rotary engines: Planar design of the rotor and

housing, design simplicity due to its valveless operation.

Rotor size: 1 mm, Max. RPM: 40,000 Power Output: 26 mW

Fernandez-Pello, Bekeley

Micro Rotary Enginee

Apex: Key to (macro and micro) rotor design

Toyota Prius – Hybrid Car

First commercialized hybrid vehicle

Honda Insight – Hybrid Car

Honda FCX - Fuel Cell Car

Reciprocating Engines

Reciprocating Engines

Gallery of Engines

Harold Schock, Michigan State University

Gallery of Engines

Harold Schock, Michigan State University

Gallery of Engines

Harold Schock, Michigan State University

Two-Stroke Directly Inject Diesel Engine

NASA (1984)

Merlin 1 Engine – Rolls Royce

Harold Schock, Michigan State University

Ship Engine

Camshaft for Ship Engine

Engine Classifications

Type of ignition

Spark ignition (SI)

Compression ignition (CI)

Engine cycle

Four-stroke cycle

Two-stroke cycle

Cf) Three- or six-stroke cycles

attempted in the past

Valve location (See figure)

I head: Valve in head or overhead valve

L, T heads: Valve in block or flat head

F head

Engine Classifications

Basic design Reciprocating

Rotary

Position, number of cylinders(See figure)

a. Single cylinder

b. In-line (Straight)

c. V engine d. Opposed cylinder engine

e. W engine f. Opposed piston g. Radial engine

Emile Salmson water-cooled radial engine 1915

Engine Classifications

Air intake process

Naturally aspirated

Supercharged

Turbocharged

Crankcase compressed

Supercharged Turbocharged

Engine Classifications

Method of fuel input for SI engines

Carbureted

Multipoint port fuel injection

Throttle body fuel injection

Gasoline direct injection

For CI engines

Direct injection

Indirect injection

HCCI

(Homogeneous charge

compression ignition)

Carbureted

Engine Classifications

Fuel used

Gasoline; Diesel oil, fuel oil; Gas, natural gas, methane;

Liquefied petroleum gas; Alcohol; Dual fuel; Gasohol;

Hydrogen; Biofuel

Application

Automobile, truck, bus; Locomotive; Stationary;

Marine; Aircraft; Small portable, chain saw, model airplane

Cooling

Air cooled; Liquid cooled, water cooled

Modern engines: Turbocharged, reciprocating, spark

ignition, four-stroke, overhead valve, water-cooled,

gasoline, multipoint fuel-injected

Terminology and Abbreviations

Internal combustion (IC)

Spark ignition (SI)

Compression ignition (CI)

Top-dead-center (TDC), a.k.a. Top-center (TC), Head-end-dead-center (HEDC)

Bottom-dead-center (BDC), a.k.a. Bottom-center (BC), Crank-end-dead-center (CEDC)

Direct injection (DI)

Indirect injection (IDI)

Bore

Stroke

Terminology and Abbreviations

Clearance volume

Displacement or displacement volume

Gasoline direction injection (GDI)

Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI)

Smart engine

Engine management system (EMS)

Wide-open throttle (WOT)

Ignition delay (ID)

Air-fuel ratio (AF)

Fuel-air ratio (FA)

Terminology and Abbreviations

Brake maximum torque (BMT)

Overhead valve (OHV)

Overhead cam (OHC)

Fuel injected (FI)

Engine Components

An engine must at least include the following systems to

operate:

Air supply and exhaust system

Fuel supply system

Combustion system

Ignition system (For SI engines)

Cooling system

Lubrication system

Starting system

Electrical power supply system (battery and generator)

Engine Components

A. Block

B. Camshaft

C. Combustion Chamber M. Piston rings

L. Piston O. Spark plug

D. Connecting rod(bearing)

F. Crankshaft

E. Crankcase

H. Exhaust manifold

J. Intake manifold N. Push rod

I. Head P. Valve

O. Spark plug

G. Cylinder

K. Oil pan

Engine Components

Crankshaft

Camshaft

Piston assembly

Engine Cutaway

Harold Schock, Michigan State University

Valve Components

Poppet valve

F. Camshaft

B. Head

C. Steam

D. Guide

A. Valve seat

E. Spring

G. Manifold

Poppet valve

Valve Components

Fuel Supply System

Carburetor, choke, fuel injector, fuel pump

Engine Cooling System

Cooling fins, radiator, fan, water pump

Lubrication System

Oil pump, oil sump

Engine Starting and Charging System

Engine Management System

Other Engine Components

Air supply system: Supercharger, turbocharger, throttle

Air exhaust system: Catalytic converter

Ignition system: Glow plug

Flywheel

Jake brake

Speed control-cruise control

Four-Stroke SI Engine Cycle

a. Intake stroke or induction b. Compression stroke c. Combustion

d. Expansion stroke or power stroke e. Exhaust blowdown f. Exhaust stroke

Four-Stroke CI Engine Cycle

SI

CI

Two-Stroke SI Engine Cycle

CI: No fuel mixture and fuel injector in place of spark plug

Engine Emissions, Air Pollution

Emissions from ICEs

Hydrocarbon (HC)

Carbon monoxide (CO)

Oxides of nitrogen (NOx)

Solid particle (part or soot)

Aldehyde, sulfur, lead, phosphorus

Two methods of reducing emissions

Improvement of an engine itself

Aftertreatment: Thermal and catalytic converters