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Future PV Roundtableat Solar Power International 2018
PV evolution at every level, from cells and modules tothe grid
1
Initiative partner
September 2018 – Future PV Roundtable at SPI
Gold sponsors Silver sponsor: Partner:
September 2018 – Future PV Roundtable at SPI
Introduction by Dr. Weiming Zhang, Heraeus
Presentation by Dr. Ilka Luck, Heraeus and Christian Prischmann, Ulbrich
Presentation by Dr. Hongbin Fang, LONGi Solar
Panel 1: Emerging directions in cell and moduletechnologies
Fireside chat with Tristan Erion-Lorico, DNV GL
Panel 2: Grid integration of high levels ofrenewable energy
Agenda
Introduction by Dr. Weiming Zhang, Heraeus
September 2018 – Future PV Roundtable at SPI
Presentation by Dr. Ilka Luck, Heraeus and Christian Prischmann, Ulbrich
September 2018 – Future PV Roundtable at SPI
EMERGING DIRECTIONS AND TRENDS IN CELL AND MODULE DESIGNS
Solar Power International
Dr. Ilka Luck / Heraeus
Christian Prischmann / Ulbrich Solar Technologies
September 2018
› Solar cell busbar designs
➢4 / 5 / 6 traditional solar cell bus bar layouts
➢Multiple busbar
› High efficiency solar cells (HJT, PERC) and half-cut-cell modules
› Alternative bonding technologies
➢Conductive adhesive solutions
➢Low temperature soldering applications
➢Lead-free
PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL6
EMERGING DIRECTIONS IN CELL AND MODULE DESIGNS
September 2018
DIVERSIFIED PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
AND SERVICE OFFERING
HERAEUS CELL INTERCONNECTION MATERIALS
Heraeus cell interconnection materials | Dr. Ilka Luck| HPT-BD8
SCR™
Selectively coated cell connector
HECARO™
Electrically conductive adhesive
For up to 6 BB cells For high-efficiency module concepts (shingling, HJT,
BC)
2 Watt module power gain due to reduced shading 5 W module power gain (shingling) due to better use of
laminated module area and less ohmic losses
Plug & play (no additional process, no additional
equipment)
Reliable production equipment available
Proven device reliability Proven device reliability
September 2018
›Silver coated grooved copper flat wire
› Internal reflection to increase module power output by app. 2%
→ statistically proven!
›Emerging cell/module technologies
› High efficiency solar cells HJT
› Conductive adhesive bonding solution
› Lead-free solution
›Module reliability proven!
PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL Christian Prischmann9
LIGHT CAPTURING RIBBON LCRTM
September 2018
›Concentrically perfect solder coated round wire
›Silver cost reduction → busbar-less solar cells
›Module power increase because of internal light reflection
›Emerging cell/module technologies
› High efficiency solar cells HJT / half-cut-cell
› Multiple busbar design → 10 to 20 wires per solar cell
› Lead-free solution, low temperature
›Module reliability proven!
PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL Christian Prischmann10
MULTI TABBING WIRE MTW
September 2018
Smart Wire Connection Technology
PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL11
Thank you!
Please visit us at booth # 1358
September 2018
Presentation by Dr. HongbinFang, LONGi Solar
September 2018 – Future PV Roundtable at SPI
Bifacial PERCBetter LCOE Solution
Hongbin Fang
Director of Product Marketing
September 26, 2018
Mono PERC and Bifacial PERC
ARC SiNx
Electrode
N+ emitter
Rear passivation
Al fingers
ARC SiNx
Electrode
N+ emitter
Rear passivation
Rear AIBSFPERC
Bifacial PERC
P-type Si
Product Feature
Application⚫ Utility
⚫ Commercial rooftop and carport
Performance and cost⚫ Front side efficiency equivalent to conventional PERC
⚫ Manufacturing cost comparable to conventional PERC
⚫ Bifacial light harvesting, 8%-25% power gain from rear side
Optimize System Design toImprove Bifacial Energy Yield
System Design with Bifacial Module
Backside Energy Yield: Albedo
Bifacial gain improves with increasing ground Albedo
Backside Energy Yield: Albedo and Height
⚫ Bifacial module backside energy
yield improves with increasing
Albedo (background reflectivity).
Selecting site with more reflective
background can improve overall
system energy yield
⚫ Increasing module height
improves backside energy yield,
as well as backside irradiance
uniformity
⚫ Module height (clearance from
ground) of 1m and above is
recommendedIrradiance at backside - Clearance 8 cm Irradiance at backside - Clearance 108 cm
Bifacial PERC Module
Field Monitoring Data
⚫ Bifacial PERC Capacity 2.8kw, multi capacity 2.7kw, project located in Taizhou test site (N32.5°/ E119.9°), China
⚫ Fixed tilt configuration
⚫ With same background condition, increasing backside energy yield with increasing racking height
Data from Taizhou test site (N32.5°/ E119.9°)
13.5%
20.10%
23.70%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
2
3
4
5
Multi Bifacial/TPO/1m Bifacial/TPO/1.5m Bifacial/TPO/2m
Dail
y e
nerg
y y
ield
(kW
h/k
W)
Daily energy yield (kWh/kW) Energy yield gain
⚫ Bifacial PERC Capacity 18.9kw, std. mono capacity 18.25kw, project located in Pucheng, Shaanxi (N34.97°/E109.59°), China
⚫ Fixed tilt configuration (15 degree), distance to ground 1.6m
⚫ Three month monitoring data showed 11.27% energy yield from backside
Bifacial PERC Module
Field Monitoring Data
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Energ
y y
ield(
kW
h/W
p)
Bifacial PERC Std Mono Gain (%)
+11.27%
⚫ Bifacial PERC project (336kw on single axis tracker) in Kubuchi, Inner Mongolia (N45.36°/E118.36°), China
⚫ 1Yr energy yield by Bifacial module + tracker is 26.7% higher than Multi module/fixed tilt and 15.9% higher than Multi/tracker
Bifacial PERC Module
Field Monitoring Data
Kubuqi Bifacial Field Data
+15.9%
PERC Efficiency Improvement Potential
23.60%Dec. 2017
333.7W / 20.41%Jan. 2018
22.41%82.15%
( Bifaciality )
22.71%
23.68%Dec. 2017
360.3W(Half-cut) Apr. 2018
Bifacial PERC CellPERC Cell PERC Module
2017.10 2017.11 2017.12 2018.01 2018.04
Cell Efficiency Cell Efficiency Module Power
Technology Strength Through Consistent R&D Investment
$379M2012-2017 accumulated
R&D spending
5-7%(of revenue)
260 patents awarded
460 staff member
12.924
39.1 46
86.6
176
4.90%
6.80% 6.90%
5% 4.90%
6.77%
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
8%
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
R&D investment per year
R&D ($M) % of revenue
Largest Mono Wafer and Module Manufacturer
MonoWafer
Global market share by LONGi
MonoModule
35% 16%
Thank You
for Your Attention
Panel I:Emerging directions in cell and module designs
September 2018 – Future PV Roundtable at SPI
Panel I: Emerging directions in cell and moduledesigns
Tristan Erion-LoricoHead of PV Module Business,
Laboratory Services
Hongbin FangDirector of Product Marketing
Ilka LuckGlobal Head, New Product
Development & Technology
Christian PrischmannDirector of Technology
Fireside chat with Tristan Erion-Lorico, DNV GL
September 2018 – Future PV Roundtable at SPI
DNV GL’s 2018 Product Qualification ProgramTest Sequences
DNV GL © 2018
Panel II:Grid integration ofhigh levels of renewable energy
September 2018 – Future PV Roundtable at SPI
Panel II: Grid integration of high levels of renewableenergy
Marc Perez Senior Researcher Clean
Power Research
Michael O’BoyleElectricity Policy Manager
Energy Innovation
Mahesh Morjaria
September 2018 – Future PV Roundtable at SPI
Marc PerezClean Power Research
Grid integration of high levels of renewable energySupply-Side Interventions
This study is based upon work supported by:National Science Foundation GRF Grant No. DGE 1144155
DoE Sunshot Grant No. DE-EE0007669Columbia University Center for Life Cycle Analysis
Clean Power Research
Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed
020
04
00
600
80
01
000
allMISO$datetime[1:(24 * 5)]
min
ne
_d
at.tp
i$G
lobal[1
:(2
4 *
5)]
W/m
2
1 day
Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed
0200
400600
8001000
allMISO$datetime[1:(24 * 5)]
minne_dat.
tpi$Global[
1:(24 * 5)]
Stochastic sub-daily variability
1 day, hourly/15 min interval
0:00 12:006:00 18:00 00:00Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed
02
00
400
60
080
01
00
0
allMISO$datetime[1:(24 * 5)]
min
ne
_d
at.
tpi$
Glo
ba
l[1
:(2
4 *
5)]
W/m
2
Deterministic diurnal variability
1 week, hourly intervalJan Mar May Jul Sep Nov Jan
24
68
dd$dates
dd
$tim
eseri
es
Stochastic Intra-day variability
kWh
/m2
1 year, daily interval
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov Jan
80
10
01
20
140
16
01
80
200
allMISO$datetime
pre
dic
t(lo
ess(u
nlis
t(ts
) ~
unlis
t(dd),
da
ta.f
ram
e(m
m),
sp
an =
0.5
),
seq(1
, 1
2, le
ngth
.ou
t =
leng
th(a
llMIS
O$da
tetim
e))
)kW
h/m
2
Deterministic seasonal variability
1 year, monthly interval
What is required to achieve high penetration Renewables?
Variability on multiple timescales needs to be addressed.
Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed
01
02
03
04
05
060
allMISO$datetime[1:(24 * 5)]
pro
du
ctio
n.t
arg
et.
TS
[1:(
24
* 5
)]/1
000
Shortfall: discharge☾
Surplus: charge☀Energy Storage
Supply-Shapingvia Curtailment
Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed
05
010
0150
200
2.9 x oversizing
allMISO$datetime[date_seq]
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov Jan
020
00
400
060
00
800
010
000
120
00
97.1 % reduction in storage
allMISO$datetime
sto
r_chg
_dis
ch
arg
e[8
785
:len
gth
(sto
r_ch
g_d
ischa
rge
)]/1
000
Curtailed excessTo storage
From storage
Geographic Dispersion
Single pointDistributed
…Renders supply more predictable
What is required to achieve high penetration Renewables?
Corresponding Supply/Demand Imbalances must be corrected
Synergy with Wind
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov Jan
80
10
01
20
140
16
01
80
200
allMISO$datetime
pre
dic
t(lo
ess(u
nlis
t(ts
) ~
unlis
t(dd),
da
ta.f
ram
e(m
m),
sp
an =
0.5
),
seq(1
, 1
2,
length
.ou
t =
leng
th(a
llMIS
O$da
tetim
e))
)
1 year
wind
solar
…leverages resourceanticorrelation
Existing FlexibleGen Capacity
Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed
01
02
03
04
050
60
allMISO$datetime[1:(24 * 5)]
pro
du
ctio
n.t
arg
et.
TS
[1:(
24
* 5
)]/1
00
0
Surplus: to storage or curtail
Shortfall: Dispatch existing gen
$Resiliency
Connection to Grid
Just how far can we push high penetration at reasonable supply costs?
0 20 40 60 80 100
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
p: hourly w: 62 g: 5 s: long.term_high_utility.led dr: 3
Curtailment %
Jun 30 Jul 02 Jul 04 Jul 06
05
000
10
00
015
00
0
Hourly Production Target (zoom)
date
MN Load
Production Target
Normalized Hybrid RE production
0 20 40 60 80 100
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
p: hourly w: 62 g: 0 s: long.term_high_utility.led dr: 3
Curtailment %
LC
OE
($
/kW
h)
3.6 c/kWh LCOE
MW
h
LCO
E ($
/kW
h)
Oversizing factor
1x 1.2x 1.7x 2.5x 5x 100x
Optimal Wind/PV + Storage Meeting 95% Hourly Load in MN, 5% met by gas Utility-scale-led, High Technological Development in 2050, WACC of 3%
wind
PV
MN Load
Sample results from MN Solar Pathways Study using CPR Integration model
Oversizing Effect on Aggregate LCOE
oversizing factorLC
OE
(c/kW
h)
1 x 1.2 x 1.7 x 2.5 x 5 x 100 x
01
23
45
67
Marc PerezClean Power Research
Grid integration of high levels of renewable energySupply-Side Interventions
This study is based upon work supported by:National Science Foundation GRF Grant No. DGE 1144155
DoE Sunshot Grant No. DE-EE0007669Columbia University Center for Life Cycle Analysis
Clean Power Research
38
FLEXIBILITY: SOLUTIONS TO INTEGRATE
VARIABLE RENEWABLES
MIKE O’BOYLEFUTURE PV ROUNDTABLES E PT E M B E R 2 6 , 2 0 1 8
39
FLEXIBILITY INCLUDES A SUITE OF OPTIONS
40
IMPROVED OPERATIONS
▪ Expand the Energy Imbalance Market
▪ Additional regions
▪ Additional products
▪ Flexible imports
▪ RE providing reliability services
41
DEMAND RESPONSE
Two kinds of demand response:
▪ Dispatchable
▪ Price-responsive
Potential for 6 GW in CA by 2025 (CPUC April 2016)
42
GRID INFRASTRUCTURE
Transmission enables regional optimization (e.g. EIM, market expansion) & geographic diversity
43
GEOGRAPHIC DIVERSITY
Managing predictable
variations:
• Linking negatively
correlated renewable
energy reduces need for
more expensive sources
of flexibility, e.g. natural
gas & storage
Source: J. Naughton, Wind Diversity Enhancement
of Wyoming, California Wind Energy Projects: Phase
2, Univ. of Wyoming, Wind Energy Research
Center, July 2015
Grid-Flexible Solar: Enabling Clean Energy Grid ofthe Future
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Sources: “How solar power saved $6.7 million on a Tuesday”, by John Weaver, Sept 4, 2018, PV Magazine, https://pv-magazine-usa.com/2018/09/04/how-solar-power-saved-6-7-million-on-a-tuesday/; “The duck curve comes to New England”, by Christian Roselund, May 8,2018, PV Magazine, https://pv-magazine-usa.com/2018/05/08/the-duck-curve-comes-to-new-england/
Tale of Two Days in Life of Solar … (in New England)
Goal: Integrate higher levels of solar… to increase system value … while dealing with intermittency challenges on the grid …power system flexibility is critical
~25GW
Solar 7% ofpeak demand
July 3, 2018
~13GW
Solar ~1/3 of peak demand
April 21, 2018
• Saves 14% Electricity Cost Over a Week • Electricity price -$2.65/MWh at 3 PM.
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“Grid Flexible” Solar Reduces Curtailment – An Illustration
• Dispatchable (Grid Flexible) solar contributes to regulation & balancing requirements, and
reduces solar curtailment
• Needs less thermal generation for regulation & balancing, which in turn results in lowered
midday thermal generation
Non-Dispatchable Solar Grid Flexible Solar
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170
180
190
200
210
220
230
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
RELATIVE TIME (sec)
Available MW Min allowed MW Commanded MW Measured MW
• 30MW headroom
• 4-sec AGC signal provided to Plant Controller
• Tests were conducted for
— Sunrise
— Middle of the day
— Sunset
AGC (Automated Generation Control) Tests – 300 MW Utility-Scale PV PlantP
OW
ER
(MW
)
MORNING
30MW Headroom
Available MW
MinimumAllowed MW
Measured MW
Commanded MW
SteamTurbine
PumpTurbine
Hydro CombinedCycle
LimitedEnergyStorage
GasTurbine
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Solar PV(Middle ofthe Day)
Solar PV(Sunset)
Solar PV(Sunrise
Regulation accuracy by PV Plant is about 24-30% points better than fast gas turbines
40%
63%
87-93%
Blue bars taken from the ISO’s informational submittal to FERC on the performance ofresources providing regulation services between January 1, 2015 and March 31, 2016
Source: http://www.caiso.com/Documents/TestsShowRenewablePlantsCanBalanceLow-CarbonGrid.pdf
48
Flexible & Dispatchable Solar … Key to Market Expansion & Value Retention
Better Integration And Scale Through Flexibility
Solar Energy
• Solar is part of mid-day load
offsets peak or near-peak
demand
• Energy-Only Value
Grid Flexible Solar
• Adds Grid Reliability Services
& Flexibility Value
Fully Dispatchable
Solar
• Storage (hours, not days) time-
shifts solar – fully dispatchable
• Adds Firm Generation Capacity
Value
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49
Key Messages – Grid Flexibility from Utility-Scale PV Plants
• Higher penetration of VRE (Variable Renewable
Energy) need Increased System Flexibility to manage
in variability and uncertainty on the grid and VRE
curtailment
• “VREs with the right operating characteristics are
necessary to decarbonize the grid” … CAISO
• Utility-scale PV Plants Can Provide Grid Flexibility &
Essential Reliability Services
Source: Using Renewables to Operate A Low-Carbon Grid, CAISO, NREL, First Solar Report. http://www.caiso.com/Documents/TestsShowRenewablePlantsCanBalanceLow-CarbonGrid.pdf
Future PV Roundtableat Solar Power International 2018
PV evolution at every level, from cells and modules tothe grid
1
Initiative partner
September 2018 – Future PV Roundtable at SPI
Gold sponsors Silver sponsor: Partner: