sam baldwin | csp, pv and a renewable future
TRANSCRIPT
CSP, PV, and a Renewable Future
Institute for Analysis of Solar EnergyGeorge Washington University
24 April 2009
Sam BaldwinChief Technology Officer and Member, Board of Directors
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
U.S. Department of Energy
2
Energy-Linked Challenges• Economic— economic development and growth; energy costs
• Security— foreign energy dependence, reliability, stability
• Environmental— local (particulates), regional (acid rain), global (GHGs)
• Scale and Time Constants
Responses• CSP Technologies
– System Design– Growing Markets– Value of CSP– R&D Needs
• The Renewable Future– Technologies– Scale– Utility Integration– Policy & Incentives– Mobilizing Capital– Human Resources
3
Nations that HAVE oil(% of Global Reserves)Saudi Arabia 26%Iraq 11Kuwait10Iran 9UAE 8Venezuela 6Russia 5Mexico 3Libya 3China 3Nigeria 2U.S. 2%
Nations that NEED Oil(% of Global Consumption)U.S. 24. %China 8.6Japan 5.9Russia 3.4India 3.1Germany 2.9Canada 2.8Brazil 2.6S. Korea 2.6Mexico 2.4France 2.3Italy 2.0Global ~85 MM Bbl/day
Source: EIA International Energy Annual
The Oil Problem
4
Impacts of Oil Dependence• Domestic Economic Impact• Trade Deficit: Oil ~57% of $677B trade deficit in 2008• Foreign Policy Impacts
– Strategic competition for access to oil– Oil money supports undesirable regimes – Oil money finds its way to terrorist organizations
• Vulnerabilities– to system failures: tanker spills; pipeline corrosion; …– to natural disasters: Katrina; …– to political upheaval: Nigeria; … – to terrorist acts: Yemen; Saudi Arabia; …
• Economic Development – Developing world growth stunted by high oil prices; increases instability
• Natural Gas?– Largest producers: Algeria, Iran, Qatar, Russia, Venezuela– Russia provides 40% of European NG imports now; 70% by 2030.– Russia cut-off of natural gas to Ukraine
5
Oil Futures
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
MM
Bb
l/D
ay
Demand
Domestic Supply
Imports
New Oil
CAFE
Ethanol
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
MM
Bb
l/D
ay
Demand
Domestic Supply
Imports
New Oil
CAFE
Ethanol
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
MM
Bb
l/D
ay
Demand
Domestic Supply
Imports
New Oil
CAFE
Ethanol
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
MM
Bb
l/D
ay
Demand
Domestic Supply
Imports
New Oil
CAFE
Ethanol
6
Oil Sources
• Constraints– Cost– Energy – Water– Atmosphere
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Other
Czech Republic
Poland
South Africa
Germany
Australia
India
China
Former Soviet Union
United States
Coal Reserves World Total: 1,088 Billion Short Tons
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
5% 85.87% 9.13% 2016 2028
Mean=2022.669
Peak Year of ROW Conventional OilProduction: Reference/USGS
0.000
0.020
0.040
0.060
0.080
0.100
0.120
0.140
Mean=2022.669
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Source: David Greene, ORNL
• Resources – Oil Shale
• U.S.—Over 1.2 trillion Bbls-equiv. in highest-grade deposits
– Tar Sands• Canadian Athabasca Tar Sands—
1.7 T Bbls-equivalent• Venezuelan Orinoco Tar Sands
(Heavy Oil)—1.8 T Bbls-equiv.– Coal
• Coal Liquefaction—4 Bbls/ton
7
Potential Impacts of GHG Emissions• Temperature Increases
• Precipitation Changes• Glacier & Sea-Ice Loss• Water Availability
• Wildfire Increases • Ecological Zone Shifts• Extinctions
• Agricultural Zone Shifts• Agricultural Productivity
• Ocean Acidification• Ocean Oxygen Levels• Sea Level Rise
• Human Health Impacts
• Feedback Effects
U.S.: 5.9 GT CO2/yr energy-relatedWorld: 28.3 GT CO2/yr
Hoegh-Guldberg, et al, Science, V.318, pp.1737, 14 Dec. 2007
8
Climate Change
– “We urge all nations … to take prompt action to reduce the causes of climate change …”.
– National Academies’ of Science, 2005: Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Russia, United Kingdom, U.S.A.
• Joint Science Academies’ Statement: – “There is now strong evidence that significant global warming is occurring.”
– “…most of the warming in recent decades can be attributed to human activities.”
– “The scientific understanding of climate change is now sufficiently clear to justify nations taking prompt action.”
– “Long-term global efforts to create a more healthy, prosperous, and sustainable world may be severely hindered by changes in climate.”
– National Academies’ of Science, 2008: “Immediate large-scale mitigation action is required”
9
New York City during the August
2003 blackout
Kristina Hamachi LaCommare, and Joseph H. Eto, LBNL
Costs of Power Interruptions
10
Scale of the Challenge• Increase fuel economy of 2 billion cars from 30 to 60 mpg.• Cut carbon emissions from buildings by one-fourth by 2050—on top of
projected improvements.• With today’s coal power output doubled, operate it at 60% instead of 40%
efficiency (compared with 32% today).• Introduce Carbon Capture and Storage at 800 GW of coal-fired power.
• Install 1 million 2-MW wind turbines.
• Install 3000 GW-peak of Solar power.
• Apply conservation tillage to all cropland (10X today).
• Install 700 GW of nuclear power.
Source: S. Pacala and R. Socolow, “Stabilization Wedges: Solving the Climate Problem for the Next 50 Years with Current Technology”, Science 13 August 2004, pp.968-972.
11
Time Constants• Political consensus building ~ 3-30+ years• Technical R&D ~10+ • Production model ~ 4+ • Financial ~ 2++ • Market penetration ~10++ • Capital stock turnover
– Cars ~ 15 – Appliances ~ 10-20– Industrial Equipment ~ 10-30/40+– Power plants ~ 40+ – Buildings ~ 80 – Urban form ~100’s
• Lifetime of Greenhouse Gases ~10’s-1000’s• Reversal of Land Use Change ~100’s• Reversal of Extinctions Never
• Time available for significant action ??
12
Solar EnergySolar Energy
• Price of electricity from grid-connected PV systems are ~20¢/kWh. (Down from ~$2.00/kWh in 1980)
• Nine parabolic trough plants with a total rated capacity of 354 MW have operated since 1985, with demonstrated system costs of ~14¢/kWh.
13
Photovoltaics
Source: EERE/STP
14
Best Research-Cell Efficiencies
026587136
Effic
ienc
y (%
)
Universityof Maine
Boeing
Boeing
Boeing
BoeingARCO
NREL
Boeing
Euro-CIS
200019951990198519801975
NREL/Spectrolab
NRELNREL
JapanEnergy
Spire
No. CarolinaState University
Multijunction ConcentratorsThree-junction (2-terminal, monolithic)Two-junction (2-terminal, monolithic)
Crystalline Si CellsSingle crystalMulticrystallineThin Si
Thin Film TechnologiesCu(In,Ga)Se2
CdTeAmorphous Si:H (stabilized)
Emerging PVDye cells Organic cells(various technologies)
Varian
RCA
Solarex
UNSW
UNSW
ARCO
UNSWUNSW
UNSWSpire Stanford
Westing-house
UNSWGeorgia TechGeorgia Tech Sharp
AstroPower
NREL
AstroPower
Spectrolab
NREL
Masushita
MonosolarKodak
Kodak
AMETEK
Photon Energy
UniversitySo. Florida
NREL
NREL
NRELCu(In,Ga)Se2
14x concentration
NREL
United Solar
United Solar
RCA
RCARCA
RCA RCARCA
Spectrolab
Solarex12
8
4
0
16
20
24
28
32
36
University ofLausanne
University ofLausanne
2005
Kodak UCSBCambridge
NREL
UniversityLinz
Siemens
ECN,The Netherlands
Princeton
UC Berkeley
Source: NREL
40.8
19.9
15
PV Shipments and U.S. Market Share
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
400019
90
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
ROW
Europe
Japan
U.S.
U.S. Market Share
16
Trough Systems
Power Towers
Dish Systems
Concentrating Solar Thermal Power
Source: NREL
Linear Fresnel
Dish SystemsSource: EERE/STP
17
Parabolic Trough Operation
18
National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future
354 MW Luz Solar Electric Generating Systems (SEGS)Nine Plants built 1984 - 1991
Source: Mark Mehos, National Renewable Energy Laboratory
19
1-MW Arizona Trough PlantTucson, AZ
Source: Mark Mehos, National Renewable Energy Laboratory
20
64 MWe Acciona Nevada Solar OneSolar Parabolic Trough Plant
Source: Mark Mehos, National Renewable Energy Laboratory
21
50 MW AndaSol One and TwoParabolic Trough Plant w/ 7-hr Storage, Andalucía
Source: Mark Mehos, National Renewable Energy Laboratory
22
Abengoa PS10 and PS 20; Seville, Spain
Source: Mark Mehos, National Renewable Energy Laboratory
23
US Projects Under Development
Source: Mark Mehos, National Renewable Energy Laboratory
424 MW 4503 MW
24
International Projects Under Development
Source: Mark Mehos, National Renewable Energy Laboratory
658 MW 3180 MW
25
National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future
Value of Dispatchable Power?Meets Utility Peak Power Demands
• Storage provides
– higher value because power production can match utility needs
– lower costs because storage is cheaper than incremental turbine costs
Solar ResourceHourly Load
0 6 12 18 24
Generation w/ Thermal
Storage
26
StateLand Area (mi²)
Solar Capacity (GW)
Solar Generation Capacity (GWh)
AZ 19,279 2,468 5,836,517CA 6,853 877 2,074,763CO 2,124 272 643,105NV 5,589 715 1,692,154NM 15,156 1,940 4,588,417TX 1,162 149 351,774UT 3,564 456 1,078,879
Total 53,727 6,877 16,265,611
Concentrating Solar PowerU.S. Southwest
Cost Reduction Potential– Estimates from Sargent & Lundy and WGA
Solar Task Force indicate CSP costs can go below 6 cents/kWh assuming R&D and deployment.
Factors Contributing to Cost Reduction– Scale-up ~37%– Volume Production ~ 21%– Technology Development 42%
Direct-Normal Solar Resource for the Southwest U.S.
Map and table courtesy of NREL
Filters:Transmission>6.75 kWh/m2dEnvironment X Land Use XSlope < 1%Area > 1 km2
5 acres/MW27% annual CF
27
CSP R&D Opportunities• CSP Solar Field R&D:
– Accounts for ~50-60% of capital cost– High-performance long-life low-cost reflectors with self-
cleaning or hydrophobic coatings; Increase optical accuracy and aiming.
– Receiver: Stable, high temperature, high performance selective surfaces.
• CSP Thermal Storage:– Accounts for ~20-25% of capital cost– Stable, high temperature heat transfer and thermal
storage materials to 600C (1200 C for advanced technology), with low vapor pressure, low freezing points, low cost ($15/kWth) , appropriate viscosity & density, etc.
• Advanced CSP Systems:– Power block accounts for ~10-15% of capital cost; 37.6%
efficiency– Brayton Cycles for higher temperature, higher efficiency
• Fuels:– High-temperature thermochemical cycles for CSP
production—353 found & scored; 12 under further study; Develop falling particle receiver and heat transfer system for up to 1000 C cycles. Develop reactor/receiver designs and materials for up to 1800 C cycles
28Source: Building Technology Program Core Databook, August 2003. http://buildingsdatabook.eren.doe.gov/frame.asp?p=tableview.asp&TableID=509&t=xls; Annual Energy Outlook 2008.
Often Forgotten Solar
Space Heating27%
Lighting21%
Water Heating14%
Space Cooling12%
Refrigeration8%
Computers2%
Ventilation3%
Appliances7%
Electronics6%
Buildings: Total Primary Energy
38.9 quads(2006)
BUILDINGS• Passive Solar Design• Daylighting• Solar Water Heaters• Active Solar Heating/Cooling
INDUSTRY• Industrial Process Heat• Solar Water Heaters• Daylighting
Industry: Total Primary Energy
Agriculture8%
Forest Products11%
Chemicals19%
Petroleum24%
Steel6%
Aluminum2%
Metalcasting1%
Other26%
Mining3%
32.7 quads(2006)
29
A Renewable Future• Power: (Energy Information Administration)
– 2007: Total: 3900 TWh; Fossil: 3000 TWh; Nuclear: 800 Twh; RE: 350 Twh Wind: 26 TWh Solar: 0.5 TWh
– 2030: Total: 5000 TWh
ISSUES:• HOW FAR?• HOW FAST? • HOW WELL? • AT WHAT COST?• BEST PATHWAYS?• Efficiency
• Renewable Energy– Biomass Power– Geothermal– Hydropower– Ocean Energy– Solar Photovoltaics / Battery Storage– Solar Thermal / Thermal Storage / Natural Gas
Solar: 2000 TWh/y 1500 GW 40 GW/y– Wind / CAES / Natural Gas
Wind: 2000 TWh/y 600 GW 15 GW/y• Transmission Infrastructure/Smart Grid• End-Use Systems
– Smart End-Use Equipment (dispatched w/ PV)– Plug-In Hybrids/Smart Charging Stations
4100 Bmiles in 2030 3 miles/kWh ([email protected])1400 TWh/y
CHALLENGES• Efficiency Improvements.• Supply R&D: PV, CSP,
Wind.• Storage R&D: CAES,
Thermal, Battery.• Materials Supply• Grid Integration• Manufacturing Ramp-up;
Supply-Chain Development• Policy• Training
30
Energy Efficiency: 1970-2007
Efficiency; StructuralChange:Total 106.8
New SupplyGas 1.8QRE 2.8Nucl 8.2Oil 10.3Coal 10.5Total 33.8
U.S. Energy Consumption
0
50
100
150
200
250
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Qu
ad
s
U.S. Energy Consumption
U.S. Energy Consumption atconstant 1970 E/GDP
31
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
1972, first oilprice shocks.
1974, California AuthorizesEnergy Efficiency Standards.
1977, first California
standards take effect.
Average 1980 model had19.6 Cu. Ft. of capacity, and
used 1278 kWh per year.
By 1993, a typical model had 20.1 Cu. Ft. ofcapacity, featured more through-the-door services
like ice and water, and used 48% less energy thanthe 1980 models.
1986, Average UEC when first
US Standard is negotiated
(1074 kWh)
1990, First US Standard takeseffect (976 kWh)
1993, Updated US
Standard (686 kWh)
LBNL Projections
-9%
-36%
-56%
2001, Second Update ofUS Standard (476 kWh)
Average 1961 model hadapproximately 12 CU. Ft. of
capacity and used 1015 kWh
per year.
U.S. Refrigerator Energy Consumption(Average energy consumption of new refrigerators sold in the U.S.)
Source: LBNLSavings: ~1400 kWh/year * $0.10/kWh *100 M households = $14 B/year
32
Oil Supply, Demand, Options in 2030
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Mill
ion
Bar
rels
/Day
IMPORTS
DOMESTIC
OIL SUPPLY OIL DEMAND
ELECTRICITYRES. & COM.
INDUSTRY
MISC. TRANSPORTAIR
TRUCKS
LIGHTDUTYVEHICLES ETHANOL
EFFICIENCY
OPTIONS
PHEV-20
FCVs
BIOPRODUCTS
EVs
PHEV-40
BIODIESEL/FT
BIO-JET A
Oil Supply, Demand, Options in 2030
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Mill
ion
Bar
rels
/Day
IMPORTS
DOMESTIC
OIL SUPPLY OIL DEMAND
ELECTRICITYRES. & COM.
INDUSTRY
MISC. TRANSPORTAIR
TRUCKS
LIGHTDUTYVEHICLES ETHANOL
EFFICIENCY
OPTIONS
PHEV-20
FCVs
BIOPRODUCTS
EVs
PHEV-40
BIODIESEL/FT
BIO-JET A
Oil Supply, Demand, Options in 2030
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Mill
ion
Bar
rels
/Day
IMPORTS
DOMESTIC
OIL SUPPLY OIL DEMAND
ELECTRICITYRES. & COM.
INDUSTRY
MISC. TRANSPORTAIR
TRUCKS
LIGHTDUTYVEHICLES ETHANOL
EFFICIENCY
OPTIONS
PHEV-20
FCVs
BIOPRODUCTS
EVs
PHEV-40
BIODIESEL/FT
BIO-JET A
33
Plug-In Hybrids• Battery Storage, Power
Electronics, System Int.• A123 -- Nano-Structured
Iron-Phosphate Cathode.• Wind 200 GW 450 GW
50% Travel <25 mi./day; 70% <40 mi./day
0%
3%
6%
9%
12%
15%
<=
5
5-10
10-1
5
15-2
0
20-2
5
25-3
0
30-3
5
35-4
0
40-4
5
45-5
0
50-5
5
55-6
0
60-6
5
65-7
0
70-7
5
75-8
0
80-8
5
85-9
0
90-9
5
95-1
00
100-
105
105-
110
110-
115
115-
120
120-
125
125-
130
130-
135
135-
140
140-
145
145-
150
>15
0
Mileage Interval
Fre
qu
en
cy
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Cu
mu
lati
ve
Fre
qu
en
cy
FrequencyCumulative Frequency
Source: 2001 National Household Travel Survey
50%
70%
25 m
i.
40 m
i.
34
Wind Energy
• Cost of wind power from 80 cents per kilowatt-hour in 1979 to a current range of ~5+ cents per kWh (Class 5-6).
• Low wind speed technology: x20 resource; x5 proximity• >8000 GW of available land-based wind resources• ~600 GW at $0.06-0.10/kWh, including 500 miles of Transmission.• Offshore Resources. • Directly Employs 85,000 people in the U.S.
U.S. Wind Market Trend
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 20040
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Capaci
ty (
MW
)
Cost
of
Energ
y (c
ents
/kW
h*)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 20040
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Capaci
ty (
MW
)
Cost
of
Energ
y (c
ents
/kW
h*)
9245 MW (End of 2005)
11,600 2006
~16,800 2007
Source: EERE/WTP
~25,500 2008
35
Typical Rotor Diameters
.75 MW 1.5 MW 2.5 MW 3.5 MW 5 MW
50m (164 ft)
66m (216 ft)
85m (279 ft)
100m (328 ft)
747
120m (394 ft)
Boeing
Wind Energy
GE Wind 1.5 MW
Source: EERE/WTP
Source: S. Succar, R. Williams, “CAES:Theory, Resources, Applications…” 4/08
Geothermal Technologies
• Current U.S. capacity is ~2,800 MW; 8,000 MW worldwide.• Current cost is 5 to 8¢/kWh; Down from 15¢/kWh in 1985• 2010 goal: 3-5¢/kWh.
37
A Renewable Electricity Future?Photovoltaics
Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)
Smart Grid
Distributed Generation
Plug-in Hybrids
c-Si Cu(In,Ga)Se2
500x
Wind
38
Materials
Material World Production
Material at 20 GW/y
% Current Production
Indium 250 MT/y 400 MT/y 160%
Selenium 2,200 MT/y 800 MT/y 36%
Gallium 150 MT/y 70 MT/y 47%
Tellurium 450 MT/y (2000 MT/y unused)
930 MT/y 38% (of total)
Cadmium 26,000 MT/y 800 MT/y 3%
• Commodity Materials– Steel, Cement, Glass, Copper– Silicon
• Speciality Materials– CIGS, CdTe, others.– Lithium; Cobalt; Ruthenium
• Responses– Supply chain development
– Efficiency; Substitution (LiFePO4)
39
Grid Integration• Assess potential effects of large-
scale Wind/Solar deployment on grid operations and reliability:
- Behavior of solar/wind systems and impacts on existing grid
- Effects on central generation maintenance and operation costs, including peaking power plants
• Engage with utilities to mitigate barriers to technology adoption
- Prevent grid impacts from becoming basis for market barriers, e.g. caps on net metering and denied interconnections to “preserve” grid
- Provide utilities with needed simulations, controls, and field demos
• Develop technologies for integration:- Smart Grid/Dispatch.
• Barriers: Variable output; Low capacity factor; Located on weak circuits; Lack of utility experience; Economics of transmission work against wind/solar.
• ISSUES– Geographic Diversity– Ramp Times– Islanding– System Interactions
40
Policy: Federal / State• Technology Transfer: Partnerships; Solicitations; SBIR; Growth Fora; Incubators; IP • Investment Tax Credit (ITC): solar, fuel cells, geothermal, microturbines
– 30% credit for solar• Depreciation: Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System—5 year class• Production Tax Credits• Renewable Portfolio Standards• Net Metering• Property & Sales Tax Exemptions
– WGA Task Force: Exempt early CSP plants from state sales and property taxes; Encourage 30 year PPAs; Foster large-block purchases
• Systems Benefit Charges• State & Local Bonds• Permitting: Streamline, as approp.• Codes & Standards• Education & Certification• Public Outreach
• ISSUES– Planning Horizons– Targeting Incentives/Buy-down– Renewable Electricity Standards– Carbon Policy?
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Annual Wind Installationsw/wo Production Tax Credit
No PTC
No PTC
No PTC
41
State Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS)
NV: 20% by 2015
HI: 20% by 2020
TX: 5,880 MW (~5.5%) by 2015
CA: 20% by 2010
CO: 20% by 2020
NM: 20% by 2020
AZ: 15% by 2025
MN: 25% by 2025(Xcel 30% by 2020)
WI: different req. by utility. Goal: 10% by 2015
NY: 24% by 2013
ME: 40%by 2017
MA: 4%by 2009
CT: 23% by 2020
RI: 16%by 2019
PA: 8% by 2020
NJ: 22.5% by 2021
MD: 20% by 2022
DC: 11% by 2022
MT: 15% by 2015
DE: 20% by 2019
IL: 25%by 2025
WA: 15%by 2020
OR: 25% by 2025
NH: 23.8%by 2025
VA: 12% by 2022
VT: 10% by 2012
RPS
RE GoalMO: 11% by 2020
NC: 12.5% by 2021
Sources: Union of Concerned Scientists and NREL
ND: 10% by 2015
UT: 20% by 2025
IA: 105 MW (~2%) by 1999
SD: 10% by 2015
OH: 12.5% by 2024
42
Mobilizing Capital
• Investment (notional numbers)
– Wind @ 15 GW/y ~$27 B/y – Solar @ 38 GW/y ~$70 B/y – Total $100 B/y
• Offsets – Fossil @ 770/40 ~$60 B/y – Fuel ~$x B/y
• Issues– How to best mobilize capital
with the most leverage at the minimum public expense?
43
Human Resources: Solar DecathlonHuman Resources: Solar Decathlon
Carnegie Mellon; Cornell; Georgia Tech; Kansas State; Lawrence Technological University; MIT; New York Institute of Technology; Pennsylvania State; Santa Clara University; Team Montreal (École de Technologie Supérieure, Université de Montréal, McGill University); Technische Universität Darmstadt; Texas A&M; Universidad Politécnica de Madrid; Universidad de Puerto Rico; University of Colorado – Boulder; University of Cincinnati; University of Illinois; University of Maryland; University of Missouri, Rolla; University of Texas, Austin.
ArchitectureEngineeringMarket ViabilityCommunicationsComfort
AppliancesHot WaterLightingEnergy BalanceGetting Around
Source: STP
• Issues– At $100K/cap, $100B/y 1 M Jobs– How can this scale be ramped up to quickly?– How can quality control best be maintained?– What outreach to state/local level will be most effective?
