figure 12-5 theories of emotion
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Figure 12-5 Theories of Emotion. William James - Carl Lange. I see a bear -> I tremble -> I am afraid Perception -> physical response -> emotion Argued that emotional experience is largely due to the experience of bodily changes Emotions are a response to what is happening to the body Value - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
I see a bear -> I tremble -> I am afraid Perception -> physical response ->
emotion
Argued that emotional experience is largely due to the experience of bodily changes
Emotions are a response to what is happening to the body
Value◦ – first attempt to explain the process◦ - includes an interpretation aspect
William James - Carl Lange
Real world Stimulus
Autonomic NS Responds
Autonomic NS sends info to cortex
Emotional feeling occurs
James - Lange Theory
View that different physical reactions lead to different emotional states
Support for theory◦In some situations our bodies display
autonomic responses that are later interpreted as a particular emotion Loud noise we jump we’re ready for action
◦We don’t respond the same way to all loud, sudden noises Loud crash, Baby crying, ambulance siren
◦Later studies showing different physical reactions to different emotions
James-Lange
Largely by Walter Cannon◦Cannon argued that physical changes
which lead to emotions do not occur fast enough for them to play the role that James suggests
◦The general level of arousal is the same regardless of the stimulus but results in different behaviors
◦Arousal itself does not produce an emotion it depends on processes occurring in the brain
James-Lange criticisms
Cannon and Bard challenged James-Lange theory Emotions do not come about as a response
to physical responses◦ Emotional expression results from action of
subcortical centers◦Thalamus plays a central role in passing
messages to the cortex concerning the feeling of emotion
◦Hypothalamus receives messages simultaneously from the thalamus and are then transmitted through to the body, leading to arousal
◦ Emotions and physical responses occur at the same time
◦ I see a bear -> I am afraid and tremble
Walter Cannon - Philip Bard
Key component is that when the thalamic discharge occurs, the bodily changes occur almost simultaneously with the emotional experience◦ Bodily changes and emotional experience occur
separately and independently of one another Value
◦ Early scientific look at emotions◦ Advanced understanding of process◦ Anticipated later explanations of the role of the
limbic system in emotion Problem
◦ Doesn’t include interpretative part of the process◦ In some ways a return to the common-sense view
Walter Cannon - Philip Bard (cont.)
The first factor of the two factor theory is our aroused physiological state
The second factor is how we label it The two factor theory envisions emotions
as a sort of jukebox: you put your money in (which in this case is the physical arousal component) and then you select the song you want to play (this is the labeling part).
“Knowing how you should be aroused
Two-Factor Theory or Cognitive labeling theory
Schachter-Singer Two-factor theory of emotion
Stimulus PerceptionInterpretation
Stimulus
Context
Autonomic Arousal
Emotional Experience
Feedback
Pretty Woman asks men to take a survey At the end she gives them a number to call
if they want information about the survey Individuals at a street corner in Vancouver Individuals on the Capilano Suspension
Bridge Then count the number of individuals from
each group who call What is the control group? Experimental
group? IV? DV? Hypothesis? What do you predict will happen? What are some possible explanations?
Physiological: Autonomic ArousalCapilano Suspension Bridge Experiment
Some Evidence For Heightened Sexual Attraction Under Conditions Of High Anxiety◦ Donald G. Dutton and Arthur P. Aron◦ Journal of Personality and Social Psychology◦ http://
gaius.fpce.uc.pt/niips/novoplano/ps1/documentos/dutton&aron1974.pdf
Video - The Emotional Life – Racing Hearts◦ Dr. Art Aron discusses his Capilano Bridge experiment◦ http://video.pbs.org/video/1373962223/
Capilano Suspension Bridge is a perfect love laboratory◦ http://
www.straight.com/life/capilano-suspension-bridge-perfect-love-laboratory
Misattribution of arousal
What is self-awareness good for? It helps people recognize and manage fear, anger and other potentially destructive emotions. Studies show that when people distance themselves from upsetting feelings, the rational parts of their brains (light green) tamp down emotional ones such as the amygdala—and they feel better
Thinking before You reactSource: SA Mind July 2010Article “Me, Myself, and I” p.59-63
Facial Expressions (Ekman) Cross Cultural Differences in Emotional Experience
Evolutionary Basis of Emotion / Fundamental Emotions◦Silvan Tomkins, Carroll Izard, Robert Plutchik
Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion 18
Communicating Emotions
Using the following examples of emotions, identify behavioral messages that might be associated with them and explain how they serve to tell others what we are gojng to do next.
Emotion Behavior - Message
Emotion Behaviors What is the message
Anger Clenching your fists
Be careful or I will hit you
DisgustFearJealousyJoyExcitementSadness
Nature of StressRole of AppraisalStressorsSources of Stress◦Frustration◦Conflict◦Change◦Pressure
Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion 21
F. Stress
Social Support, Hardiness, Optimism Health Impairing Behavior
◦Smoking◦Poor Nutrition◦Lack of Exercise◦Alcohol and Drugs◦Unsafe Sex◦Lack of Sleep
Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion 22
Factors Moderating Stress
Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion 25
“She wears glass slippers? This kind of aggravation I don’t need”
Emotional: ◦Anger, Fear, Sadness
Physical Stress Responses: ◦Fight or Flight◦General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
Behavioral: ◦Aggression, Giving Up, Defensive Coping, Constructive Coping, Indulgence
Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion 26
Reactions to Stress