chapter 12: emotion. chapter outline 1. what is emotion? 2. theories of emotion 3. emotion: how we...
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Chapter 12: Emotion
Chapter Outline
1. What is emotion?2. Theories of emotion3. Emotion: How we develop4. Emotion: What happens in the brain?5. What about positive emotions?6. The range of emotional experience: How we
differ7. Disorders of emotion: When things go wrong
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What Is Emotion?
Emotion—an intrapersonal state in response to an internal or external event Three components of emotion:
1. Physiological—bodily arousalHeart rate, temperature, and breathing
changes2. Cognitive—subjective appraisal and
interpretation of one’s feelings and environment
3. Behavioural—physical expression of the emotionVerbal or non-verbal emotional expressions
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What Is Emotion?
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Three Ways to Measure Emotions
Behavioural displays of emotion
Observe and rate facial expressions and verbal expressions of emotion
Self-reports of emotion Widely used but has
low validity. Why? Psychophysiological
reactionso Face electromyographyo Heart rateo Skin conductanceo Startle reflex
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Functions of Emotions
Cognitive functions Emotions help organize and retrieve memories Guide judgments and help us make decisions
Behavioural functions Emotions alter behaviours
Action tendencies—emotions are associated with predictable patterns of behaviour
Social functions Emotions both help and inhibit relationships
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Theories of Emotion
James-Lange Theory—the physiological response we experience to an event is interpreted by us as an emotion
Cannon-Bard Theory—the experience of emotion and bodily arousal occur simultaneously
Schachter and Singer’s Two-Factor Theory—it is the way you interpret the physiological reaction that determines the emotion
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Theories of Emotion
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Testing the Two-Factor Theory
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Capilano Suspension Bridge, Arousal, and Physical Attraction
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Other Theories of Emotion
Cognitive-mediational theory—cognitive appraisal affects not only how we interpret physical arousal, but also the level of arousal Lazarus Cognitive appraisal is a cognitive mediator between
environmental stimuli and our reaction to those stimuli Facial-feedback theory—facial expressions both
express emotions and intensify physiological response to emotions Facial efference—sensory feedback from facial
muscular activity
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Testing the Facial-Feedback Theory
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Duchenne Smile
Which is the Duchenne smile?
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Survival Function of Emotions
Evolutionary theory—emotions are innate, passed through generations because they are necessary for survival Basic emotions—innate and present regardless of culture
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Emotion: How We Develop
Lewis’s cognitive theory of emotional development Certain emotional states can occur only after
associated cognitive abilities develop: Perceive and discriminate stimuli Recall and relate memories to events Be aware of self and others
Izard’s differential emotions theory Emotions aid in development and emerge as a result
of cognitive development Achieving emotional milestones encourages
exploratory behaviour, thus leading to future milestones
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Development of Emotions
Age Development of Primary Emotions
Development of Secondary Emotions
0–8 months Anger, happiness, sadness, surprise, disgust, fear
18–24 months
Envy, empathy, and embarrassment
24–36 months
Pride, shame, and guilt
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Emotion: What Happens in the Brain?
Early theories Limbic system–brain structures thought to collectively
create emotions Current research
Emotional processes are controlled by multiple areas of the brain Amygdala
Conditioning and recognizing fear Cerebral cortex
Both positive and negative emotions Prefrontal cortex
Involved in coordinating emotional responses, an emotional guide
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The Brain and Emotion
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The Brain’s Shortcut for Fear
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What About Positive Emotions?
Positive psychology—study and enrichment of: Positive feelings—happiness, optimism Positive traits—wisdom, motivation Positive abilities—social skills Virtues—altruism, tolerance
Interesting findings: Happy people tend to stay happy, even with
life’s ups and downs Unhappy people tend to find little long-term
happiness in positive events
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Happiness Levels Around the World
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Happiness
Genetic component Twin studies
Past happiness is the best predictor of future happiness
Happy people Optimistic, outgoing, curious, and tender-minded
Longitudinal study—highly optimistic people had a 55 %reduced risk of death and a 23% reduced risk of heart problems
Have high self-esteem, are spiritual, are goal directed, have a sense of perseverance and of control over their lives
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The Range of Emotional Experience
Features of emotional responding Emotional clarity—ability to accurately
identify and distinguish one’s emotions Attention to emotions—tendency to take
notice of, value, and focus on one’s emotions Emotional intensity—strength with which an
individual typically experiences emotion Stable trait Moderate emotional intensity is the ideal
level in most circumstances
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Regulation of Emotions
Regulating emotions is necessary to function effectively Begins early in life Influenced by temperament, models, and
stressors Develop adaptive or maladaptive styles of
regulation Emotion dysregulation—unhealthy
attempt at emotion regulation Suppressing emotions is only beneficial in
the short term
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Gender Differences in Emotion
Display rules—cultural expectations regarding the expression of emotions for men and women Many male-female differences in emotionality
disappear when display rules are removed
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Cultural and Ethnic Differences in Emotion
Facial expressions and the interpretation of facial expressions are generally consistent across cultures
Language describing emotions differ in some cultures
Differences are commonly associated with display rules
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Dialects and Facial Expressions of Emotion
Does your face have an accent?
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Disorders of Emotion:When Things Go Wrong
Emotional clarity Alexithymia—unable to identify or describe emotions
Attention to emotions Hypervigilant—pay too much attention to emotions,
associated with anxietyEmotional intensity
Antisocial personality disorder—experience little or no anxiety or guilt as a result of their actions
Regulation of emotions Borderline personality disorder—severe inability to
regulate intense emotions
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Anxiety Disorders
Phobias Unreasonable fear of something specific Intense, persistent, and disruptive Arachnophobia (spider) most common
Generalized anxiety disorder Excessive anxiety all the time (chronic
worrying)
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Anxiety Disorders
Panic disorder Experience repeated panic attacks—
periodic bouts of panic often occurring without provocation and involving physical symptoms that can feel like a heart attack
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) Compulsions—rigid, repetitive behaviours
performed to reduce anxiety Obsessions—persistent thoughts, ideas,
and impulses that are excessive, cause great distress, take up much time, and interfere with daily functions
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Mood Disorders
Depression—feeling overwhelmed by life’s challenges, resulting in a markedly sad state
Mania—euphoric state, frenzied energyUnipolar depression
Just depression (lows) More common than bipolar
Bipolar disorder Used to be called manic depression Periods of mania alternate with periods of
depression
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Well-Known Canadians and Depression
Jim Carrey Leonard Oscar Lopez Alanis
Cohen Morisette
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Copyright
Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Access Copyright (The Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency) is unlawful. Requests for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his or her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The author and the publisher assume no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information contained herein.