federalists period - jacksonian period

7/28/2019 Federalists Period - Jacksonian Period

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Day #4Federalist Period, the War of 1812, & Jacksonian Period

The Federalist Period Washington was reelected for a 2nd term in 1792. Four years later, weary of the responsibilities of office & worn out by the strife & turmoil of

politics, he refused to run for a 3rd term & announced his intention to retire.

Washingtons Farewell Address (Fall 1796) - This famous document greatly influenced U.S. domestic & foreign policies for many years.IT:1. Cautioned people against the dangers of sectional jealously & excessive party spirit The danger of political parties2. Stressed the importance of a firm union & strong central government

3. Established the U.S. should avoid permanent foreign alliances4. Said the U.S. should avoid involvement in European affairs altogether The Election of John Adams (1796)He defeats Thomas Jefferson, maintaining Federalist controJefferson becomes the VP

Foreign/Domestic Policy Issues Under Adams* Foreign issues from Washington Recap: The Franco-American Alliance of 1778 , French Revolution & Washingtons Neutrality Proclamation,The Genet Affair

The XYZ Affair (1797): To negotiate a truce with France, Adams sends Charles Pinckney, John Marshall & Elbridge GerryThree French agents demand a bribe for the envoy to meet with the French minister (but get shot down)The French are vilified, & the Americans demand war The Undeclared Naval War with France (1798-1800)The Navy department at the cabinet level is created & the 3-ship navy expandedThe Marine Corps is established

Problems with France forced Democratic-Republican allegiance to the French to waver. It allowed Congress to pass a series of laws known as the Alien & Sedition Acts . They:

Made it more difficult for immigrants to become citizensAllowed the President to order all such aliens as he shall judge dangerous to the peace & safety of the United States, or shall havereasonable grounds to suspect are concerned in any treasonable or secret machinations against the government thereof, to depart out of the territory of the United States During a declared war allowed for the government: all natives, citizensof the hostile nation or government, being males of the ageof 14 years & upwards, who shall be within the Untied States, & not actually naturalized, shall be liable to be apprehended, restrained & removed, as alien enemies Made it unlawful to make any scandalous & malicious writings about the government, Congress or the President. You could beimprisonedDemocratic-Republican Response : The Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions (Nullification, Compact Theory)

The Midnight Appointments (& see Revolution of 1800 & Supreme Court notes) Judiciary Act of 1801 : Enabled President Adams to appoint fifteen last minute (Midnight) Federalists judgesThis was an attempt to maintain Federalist power in one of the branches Adams had a fear of what Jefferson would doAn attempt to remove Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase on partisan political grounds failed

The Federalist Legacy:Highest concentration of brains in a party than any other in U.S. HistoryBuilt enduring political & financial foundations for the new governmentDiplomats kept the U.S. out of any wars America wouldnt have been ready for, & signed treaties with England, France & SpainPreserved democratic gains, fended off anarchyPolitical opposition led to the establishment of a two-party systemFederalist demise was the result of its inability to match social change

Westward movement & The plight of the commoners

The Marshall Court Question : Who was the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court?Creating the courts: The Judiciary Act of 1789 established a six member Supreme Court, district courts, & circuit courts of appeal. Under Chief Justice Jay, the Supreme Court was largely inactive.A couple of notable precedents:

Chisholm v. Georgia (1793) said states may be sued in federal courts by citizens of other states (overridden by the 11th Amendment (1798))Ware v. Hylton (1796) reiterated Article VI, sec. 2 (of the Constitution

The Marshall CourtMarshall (a Federalist) was a midnight appointment as Chief Justice in January 1801. He dominated the Supreme Court, writing nearly half thedecisions & dissenting only 8 times, even after Federalists lost a majority. The Court demonstrated the feasibility of the system of checks & balances.

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Marshall Court Landmark Cases Marbury v. Madison (1803): The Court demonstrated its ability to review Congressional legislation (the principle of judicial review )

New Secretary of State James Madison refused to deliver the appointment to Marbury, a FederalistMarbury requested a writ of mandamus (court order to compel performance of duty)The Court decided the Judiciary Act of 1789 had unconstitutionally given federal courts power to issue writs of mandamusOther cases reviewed & approved Congressional legislation, but no other legislation was rejected by the Court for over 50 years It is emphatically the province & duty of the judicial department to say what the law is. John Marshall, in Marbury v. Madison

Issues of States RightsFletcher v. Peck (1810): When Georgia legislature attempted to void an earlier fraudulent land grant, the Court up held property rights by rulingthe states action would impair the obligations of contract.

Also: The right of the Court to place Federal Law above State law Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819): The Court established the sanctity of contracts. New Hampshire had attempted to take over Dartmouth College by revising its colonial charter.

The Court ruled the charter was protected under the contract clause McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): Arising over a state tax on the Second Bank of the U.S. , the Court ruled the tax:

Was unconstitutional & Federal law takes precedence over state lawsAlso: The case affirmed the National Bank is implied by the necessary & proper clause of the Constitution

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824): The Court clarified the commerce clause, affirming Congressional power over interstate commerce by overturning a New York State law that gave a monopoly of Hudson River ferry service to one company.

The Court & The Right to Review Decisions of State Courts :

Martin v. Hunters Lessee (1816): Virginia had sought to ignore the Treaty of Paris (1783) & Jays Treaty regarding seized Loyalist landsCohens v. Virginia (1821): Virginia courts convicted the Cohens for illegally selling lottery tickets. The Virginia Supreme Court upheld it, butthe Supreme Court shot it down.

The Jeffersonian EraElection of 1800 The Revolution of 1800 : The Federalists were hurt by intra-party feuds between Adams & Hamilton (Jefferson would becomethe only incumbent VP to run against the President)

Republicans Jefferson & Aaron Burr tied in electoral votes, so the election went to the (Federalist) lame duck House of Representatives.After 35 ballots Jefferson was chosen, in part because of Hamiltons influence (Burr became Vice President)The electoral deadlock led to adoption of the Twelfth Amendment (1804), which provided for separate balloting for President & Vice PresidentThe Elections Significance First presidential power change to the opposite party.

Jeffersons Inaugural Address: Stressed political reconciliation ( We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists and honest friendship withall nations, entangling alliances with none. )Domestic affairs: Federalist fear of a radically changed, completely new government never materialized, but some changes were made

The Sedition & Naturalization Acts were allowed to lapseFederal excise taxes (damaging to western farmers) were repealedSec. of the Treasury Albert Gallatin (the Swiss-born Watchdog of the Treasury) sought to reduce government spending & balance the budgetThe size of both the army & navy was reducedAaron Burr: The Essex Junto (1804) & Burr Conspiracy (1806)

The Louisiana PurchaseGeographical significance : The Louisiana territory defined the western border of the U.S. after the 1783 Treaty of Paris. The Mississippi River &

New Orleans were important to Western agriculture. The U.S. had impulses toward territorial expansion. History : Ceded by France to Spain after the French & Indian War (1763). It was returned to France in 1800. Napoleons Plan to conquer the U.S. :

(1) Blockade the Coastline(2) Blockade New Orleans(3) Control the Louisiana Territory

Question : So why did Napoleon sell the territory so quickly?By 1802 Napoleon was running into difficulties:

Attempts to recover Santo Domingo (Haiti) were frustrated by Black troops under Toussaint LOuverture & by yellow fever Took troops to Santo Domingo to fortify, but lost most to yellow fever Caribbean bases were lost, & war with England was renewedThere was clamor in the United States for war with France.

Opportunity for the United States: Jefferson sent Monroe to France to help negotiate the purchase of New Orleans (& possibly St. Louis, for $5million)

Napoleon offered to sell all of Louisiana for $15 million . Monroe & Livingston signed the treaty for the purchase in April 1803.Consequences : The most important land purchase in U.S. History, it doubled the size of the U.S. at a cost of 3 cents an acre, but it presented aConstitutional dilemma:

There was no Constitutional provision for land purchase. Some argued an amendment was required

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Although a strict constructionist, Jefferson promoted the purchase as a benefit to the nationThe Senate approved the treaty over Federalist objections

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The Lewis & Clark ExpeditionDesired : A water & trade route from St. Louis to the Columbia River The Expedition : (May 14, 1804 Sept. 23, 1806)

William Clark The main problem solver, decision maker Without Clark the expedition would have never startedMerriwether Lewis Drew maps, pictures; Would leave for 2-3 days at a time. He studied botany, anatomy, medicine, zoology

Winter 1803-1804 : The beginnings Were trained military men, River Men - All could read & write Mountain man John Colter joined They researched rivers/tribes/animals in a crash course to prepare

May 1804 : Left St. Louis to Mandan Village, North Dakota Tousiannt Charbonneau (NW Fur Co. Trapper) & wife Sacajawea Expedition started with 44 men, 3 boatsWinter 1804-1805 : The expedition stayed with the Mandan IndiansReturned to St. Louis in September 1806

Map misconceptions theyd made :1. A one day journey to the Pacific from the Rockies2. Main water supply from the Missouri River to the Columbia River The Natives encountered :

Mandan Village to the Columbia River: Natives were mostly peacefulIf they had contact with whites, the natives were angry, hostile/violent

Nez Perce : Kept expedition & horses safe, protected themBlackfeet : (Montana) Most feared of all tribes from 1750 to 1850White impact on Natives: clay kettle to brass; bow & arrow to gun; beat the bear to metal bear traps

Lewis & Clark accomplishments :1. 1 st to map the watershed of the Columbia River 2. Writing about abundant game motivated fur trappers to move west3. Clarks map became invaluable to other explorers4. John Colter became the first white man to reach & map Yellowstone

Foreign Affairs, Europe & Americas Neutrality Barbary Coast Pirates : Continued to exact tribute (bribes) to spare U.S. shipping off the North African coast

The Pasha of Tripoli declared war on the U.S. (1801)Jefferson dispatched a naval squadron to attempt to force a settlement led by Stephen Decatur. This led to a peace treaty (1805)Significance : Jefferson had reduced the size of the military (including the navy) because of his distrust of large standing armies

The Napoleonic Wars : Fighting between France & Britain renewed in 1803The U.S. was the largest neutral trader with both sidesU.S. ships bound to England were stopped by the French English Response: The Orders in Council (1804-05) imposed a British blockade onthe continent. (Napoleon responded with his own decrees)

Other Provocations : (That stirred American anger)The British navy, searching for deserters, impressed American sailorsThe Chesapeake-Leopard Affair (1807)

The American Reaction : American attempts to affirm neutral rights began with an 1806 Non-Importation Act aimed at BritainThe Embargo Act (1807) suspending ALL trade, hurting New Englands commerce & Western farmers

The New England States begin to grumble about SecessionThe Embargo was repealed early in 1809

But replaced just before Jefferson left office w/ the Non-Intercourse ActOpens trade, except to France & England (lasts until the War of 1812)

The Non-Intercourse Act is replaced during Madisons Administration, but Macons Bill No. 2 takes its placeLegacy of the Jefferson Era

Peaceful transfer of power in 1801 (Revolution of 1800)Maintained many Federalist programs: National Bank, tariffs, funding at par, kept many of the public servants from the FederalistAdministrationsReaffirmed States Rights: Ended the excise tax, Sedition Act, reduced debtSupreme Court issues: Midnight Appointment challenges, Marbury v. Madison , impeachment of Samuel ChaseThe Louisiana PurchaseIssues of Foreign Affairs with France & England & Americas Neutrality?

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War of 1812The James Madison Presidency: (1809-17) The most pressing issue Madison had to deal with was the tension with France & England, &domestically the settlement of the west & conflicts with Indians.

Concept : Isolat ionism vs. ExpansionismMacons Bill No. 2 (1810): Resumption of trade with either France or England; it included a provision if neutrality wasnt adhered to

Causes of the War of 1812 :1.) British use of Impressment2.) British & the Indians in the West

The War Hawks vs. New England StatesJune 19, 1812: War is declared Madisons 4 Causes to Congress:ImpressmentBlockade of US ports

Violation of US Neutrality rightsRefusal to revoke Orders in Council

American Advantages & Disadvantages in the War of 1812Advantages:

1. Proximity: Home-court advantage (except for fighting in Canada)2. People: Greater numbers of citizens in U.S. (vs. Canada)3. Training: Though outnumbered, the U.S. had a well-trained & efficient navy

Disadvantages:1. Military Strength: A small, poorly led Army2. Opposition/Support: No unity, especially in New England3. Finances: The charter of the Bank of the U.S. had expired

The War Major Points:Failure to take Canada (1812)Battle of Lake Erie (Sept. 1813) Most important naval engagement on the Great Lakes, one of bloodiest of war We have met the enemy & they are ours- Oliver Hazard Perry to General William Henry Harrison.The siege of Washington, D.C. & the burning of the White HouseThe Star-Spangled Banner & Francis Scott KeyThe Treaty of Ghent (1814)The Battle of New Orleans with Andrew JacksonThe Hartford Convention: (Dec. 1814-Jan. 1815)

Results of the War of 18121. Nationalism : The war inspired a spirit of national unity & patriotism among the people. America turned away from Europe & began to

concentrate on developing its resources & building a great nation.2. Strength : The US showed the world it was able to defend its rights, earning the respect of England & other nations. Relations with Britain

improved greatly after the war , & negotiation solved several problems. Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817): Eliminated warships on the Great Lakes Americas first disarmament treatyTreaty of 1818 : (Convention of 1818)

Fixed the boundary between Canada & the US from Minnesota to the Rocky Mountains ( the 49 th Parallel )Opened the Oregon Territory to settlers from both the U.S. & England a 10-year joint occupationReaffirmed American fishing rights on the coasts of Newfoundland

3. Industrial Growth : The war encouraged the growth of American industry. Unable to obtain manufactured goods from abroad during the war,the US developed & expanded its own production facilities.

4. Westward Expansion : The war removed armed opposition by Indians from the Appalachian Mountains to the Mississippi River. In the NW Territory : Indian confederacy collapsed with Tecumsehs death (* W.H. Harrison & the Battle of Tippacanoe; Battle of Thames)

In the Old Southwest : Power of the Creeks was broken by Jacksons campaigns against them - 1813-1814 (* Battle of Horseshoe Bend )The Florida Issue (more than just the state)

Florida extended from the Mississippi River to the Atlantic, with a narrow stretch along the Gulf of MexicoSpain regained Florida from Britain in the Treaty of Paris (1783)

Americas battle for the land of EPCOT & no property tax :1. Pinckney Treaty (1794) : Disputed Yazoo Strip (along Northern border) was conceded

2. 1810 : West Florida is taken. Americans near New Orleans revolt against Spanish rule, & President Madison proclaims it an American territory.3. War of 1812 : American troops capture the Spanish fort at Mobile & occupy it for the remainder of the war. (General Wilkinson, 1813)4. Jackson & the Seminole War : (1817) During it, Jackson invaded East Florida & captured several Spanish forts. Monroe President warns Spain

it must police its territory adequately * or cede it to the US.* Conflicts: Problems with Spanish ruled Florida

Runaway slaves fled to FloridaFlorida Indians raided settlements in GA & AL then returned safelyPirates & Smugglers used Florida as a base for operations

5. Florida Treaty ( Adams-Onis Treaty ) (1819) - Provided for:U.S. receives Florida from SpainThe U.S. surrenders claims to Texas (until we jack it later from Mexico)

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Spain also surrenders any claims to the Oregon CountryThe U.S. assumes Spains $5 million debt to U.S. citizensA boundary between the Louisiana Purchase & Spanish possessions to the SW. Roughly the Arkansas River to the Rockies (42 nd parallel)

Nationalist Legislation & Economic DevelopmentThe Second Bank of the US : was chartered in 1816 to restore the national banking network so badly missed during the War of 1812

(Jeffersonians allowed charter of the Bank of the U.S. to expire in 1811. State banks were forced to supply the nations currency during the war)John C. Calhoun & Henry Clay moved to revive the national bank

Question : What is Clays American System ?

Congress chartered the 2nd Bank for 20 years it would become an issue againThe National Bank loaned bank notes to State banks

Land Speculators borrowed bank notes. Land sales boomed, until 1818 when the National Bank forced state banks to redeem their paper in specie. A money panic ensued (The Panic of 1819)

The Tariff of 1816 temporarily implemented the principle of protection. The first American protective tariff , rates were increased tolevels meant to favor American manufacturers & produce revenues for the treasury.

Daniel Webster (NH) opposed itJohn C. Calhoun (SC) & Henry Clay (VA) favored it.Appropriations were made to continue the Cumberland (National) Road from the capital to the Ohio River The Army & Navy were increased.

Monroes Presidency (1817-25) & the Era of Good FeelingsHe was elected in 1816 & 1820, as the Federalist Party died out But is the Era of Good Feelings a misnomer? Probably.

Some key problems :

Sectionalism, especially over every leg of the American SystemThe issue of slavery begins to ariseEconomic woes, like the Panic of 1819

The Missouri Compromise of 1820 : Both Missouri & Maine applied for statehood in 1819, but the U.S. had 11 slave & 11 free states. (uh-oh.)Question : Whats the problem with an imbalance in slave/free states?Henry Clay plays a large role in mediating (1 st of 3 big compromises)What to do about slavery the proposals

Talmadge Amendment : Would prohibit slavery in the upper Louisiana Territory & free children of slaves at age 25 in Missouri.(Passes House, shot down in Senate)Taylor Amendment : In the Arkansas Territory, proposed slavery not be allowed. Period. (Shot down)Thomas Amendment : Allow Missouri as slave state, Maine as free. All territory above the 36 30 line to be free of slavery.

Question : What is the Mason-Dixon Line , & where is it?The Monroe Doctrine of 1823 (as part of his 7 th State of the Union)

Written mainly by John Quincy Adams (Secretary of State)Presidents annual message to Congress incorporated a stern warning to Europeans in the Western Hemisphere: NON-COLONIZATION &

NON-INTERVENTION .The most famous expression of American nationalism during the era, (But not an official document) it became the cornerstone of U.S.

foreign policy after 1850 .

The Election of 1824 The Corrupt Bargain (?)The Era of Good Feelings is no more

The Candidates (all Democratic-Republican) for PresidentJohn Q Adams Monroes Secretary of StateAndrew Jackson General, Senator (Tennessee)Henry Clay Speaker of the House (Kentucky)William H. Crawford Monroes Secretary of Treasury (Georgia)John C. Calhoun Monroes Secretar y of War (S. Carolina)Election of 1824 side notes:

Calhoun drops out, runs for VP on the Adams & Jackson ticketsCrawford - powerful candidate, but suffers a stroke (during campaign)

The Campaign A Series of Conflicts: Much mudslinging occursSupporters of Adams & Jackson become the Whig & Democratic Parties

JQ Adams : Supported the American System - close to Henry Clay Closer ties to the Northern states

Jackson : Had differences with Clay & his American System Attacks King Caucus (Role of the Anti-Masonic Party ?) Supported right of people to choose their President

The Election : Popular Vote Electoral VoteJackson 43.16% 99 (38.4%)Adams 31.89% 84 (32.6%)Crawford 12.95% 41 (15.9%)

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Clay 12.99% 34 (13.2%)No candidate receives an electoral majority - election goes to the House of Representatives (by the 12 th Amendment)The House was directed to choose the president from the top 3 electoral vote getters (Clay was dropped from consideration)Clay: Felt Adams was more qualified & experienced for the position. His influence in the House wins it for Adams.The Corrupt Bargain ? Clay becomes Secretary of State

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federalists period - jacksonian period

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