Federalists Federalists v. v.

Anti-Anti-FederalistsFederalists

On Whether On Whether We Needed a We Needed a Bill of RightsBill of Rights

Bill of Rights InstituteAugust 06, 2007

Artemus WardDepartment of Political ScienceNorthern Illinois University

The Debate Over the U.S. The Debate Over the U.S. ConstitutionConstitution

During the period of debate over the ratification of During the period of debate over the ratification of the Constitution, numerous independent local the Constitution, numerous independent local speeches and articles were published in newspapers speeches and articles were published in newspapers all across the country.all across the country.

The articles in favor of the Constitution were written The articles in favor of the Constitution were written under the pseudonym “Publius.” The authors were under the pseudonym “Publius.” The authors were Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. They were not only drafted as propaganda for They were not only drafted as propaganda for ratification but also to influence the interpretation of ratification but also to influence the interpretation of the Constitution, which as a compromise document, the Constitution, which as a compromise document, had many provisions which could be interpreted in had many provisions which could be interpreted in different ways. The essays were collected by different ways. The essays were collected by publishers right from the beginning and published publishers right from the beginning and published together in various forms. As such, they became an together in various forms. As such, they became an important tool for judges and other political actors in important tool for judges and other political actors in interpreting the Constitution.interpreting the Constitution.

Initially, many of the articles in opposition to the Initially, many of the articles in opposition to the Constitution were written under pseudonyms, such Constitution were written under pseudonyms, such as “Cato,” “Brutus,” “Centinel,” and “Federal as “Cato,” “Brutus,” “Centinel,” and “Federal Farmer”—actually George Clinton, Robert Yates, Farmer”—actually George Clinton, Robert Yates, Samuel Bryan, Melancton Smith, and Richard Henry Samuel Bryan, Melancton Smith, and Richard Henry Lee among others. Eventually, famous revolutionary Lee among others. Eventually, famous revolutionary figures such as Patrick Henry came out publicly figures such as Patrick Henry came out publicly against the Constitution. Unlike the authors of the against the Constitution. Unlike the authors of the Federalist Papers who worked together, the Anti-Federalist Papers who worked together, the Anti-Federalist papers were not a coordinated effort. Federalist papers were not a coordinated effort. Scholars later published the best and most Scholars later published the best and most influential of these articles and speeches into a influential of these articles and speeches into a collection which came to be known as the Anti-collection which came to be known as the Anti-Federalist Papers.Federalist Papers.

Who Were the Federalists?Who Were the Federalists? Alexander Hamilton (1755-1804) was Alexander Hamilton (1755-1804) was

the primary intellectual force for the primary intellectual force for nationalism throughout the founding nationalism throughout the founding period, was Washington’s most period, was Washington’s most trusted advisor, and the principle trusted advisor, and the principle architect of the nation’s economic architect of the nation’s economic policy as Secretary of the Treasury.policy as Secretary of the Treasury.

James Madison (I) (1751-1836) was James Madison (I) (1751-1836) was aligned with Hamilton and the aligned with Hamilton and the Federalists early on and was the Federalists early on and was the principle architect of the Constitution. principle architect of the Constitution. As a member of the House of As a member of the House of Representatives, he drafted the Bill Representatives, he drafted the Bill of Rights and introduced it in the first of Rights and introduced it in the first Congress.Congress.

Both Hamilton and Madison wrote Both Hamilton and Madison wrote most of the Federalist papers. John most of the Federalist papers. John Jay only wrote a few as he was ill and Jay only wrote a few as he was ill and unable to participate more fully.unable to participate more fully.

The Federalists’ ArgumentThe Federalists’ Argument In Federalist No. 84, Hamilton argued: It has been several times truly In Federalist No. 84, Hamilton argued: It has been several times truly

remarked, that bills of rights are in their origin, stipulations between kings remarked, that bills of rights are in their origin, stipulations between kings and their subjects, abridgments of prerogative in favor of privilege, and their subjects, abridgments of prerogative in favor of privilege, reservations of rights not surrendered to the prince. Such was Magna reservations of rights not surrendered to the prince. Such was Magna Carta, obtained by the Barons, sword in hand, from king John...It is evident, Carta, obtained by the Barons, sword in hand, from king John...It is evident, therefore, that according to their primitive signification, they have no therefore, that according to their primitive signification, they have no application to constitutions professedly founded upon the power of the application to constitutions professedly founded upon the power of the people, and executed by their immediate representatives and servants. people, and executed by their immediate representatives and servants. Here, in strictness, the people surrender nothing, and as they retain every Here, in strictness, the people surrender nothing, and as they retain every thing, they have no need of particular reservations. "We the people of the thing, they have no need of particular reservations. "We the people of the United States, to secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our United States, to secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this constitution for the United States of posterity, do ordain and establish this constitution for the United States of America." Here is a better recognition of popular rights than volumes of America." Here is a better recognition of popular rights than volumes of those aphorisms which make the principal figure in several of our state bills those aphorisms which make the principal figure in several of our state bills of rights, and which would sound much better in a treatise of ethics than in of rights, and which would sound much better in a treatise of ethics than in a constitution of government.... a constitution of government....

I go further, and affirm that bills of rights, in the sense and in the extent in I go further, and affirm that bills of rights, in the sense and in the extent in which they are contended for, are not only unnecessary in the proposed which they are contended for, are not only unnecessary in the proposed constitution, but would even be dangerous. They would contain various constitution, but would even be dangerous. They would contain various exceptions to powers which are not granted; and on this very account, exceptions to powers which are not granted; and on this very account, would afford a colorable pretext to claim more than were granted. For why would afford a colorable pretext to claim more than were granted. For why declare that things shall not be done which there is no power to do? Why declare that things shall not be done which there is no power to do? Why for instance, should it be said, that the liberty of the press shall not be for instance, should it be said, that the liberty of the press shall not be restrained, when no power is given by which restrictions may be imposed? restrained, when no power is given by which restrictions may be imposed? I will not contend that such a provision would confer a regulating power; I will not contend that such a provision would confer a regulating power; but it is evident that it would furnish, to men disposed to usurp, a plausible but it is evident that it would furnish, to men disposed to usurp, a plausible pretense for claiming that power.pretense for claiming that power.

Who Were the Anti-Who Were the Anti-Federalists?Federalists? George MasonGeorge Mason (1725-1792) (1725-1792)

wrote the Virginia Declaration wrote the Virginia Declaration of Rights, detailing specific of Rights, detailing specific rights of citizens, which rights of citizens, which became the model for the became the model for the Declaration of Independence Declaration of Independence and the first ten Amendments and the first ten Amendments to the U.S. Constitution.to the U.S. Constitution.

Patrick HenryPatrick Henry (1736-1799) (1736-1799) was a prominent figure in the was a prominent figure in the Revolution, known for his Revolution, known for his "Give me liberty or give me "Give me liberty or give me death" speech, Governor of death" speech, Governor of Virginian and a radical rights Virginian and a radical rights advocate.advocate.

The Anti-Federalist The Anti-Federalist ArgumentArgument At the Virginia Ratification Convention, Patrick Henry spoke: At the Virginia Ratification Convention, Patrick Henry spoke:

If you give up these powers, without a bill of rights, you will If you give up these powers, without a bill of rights, you will exhibit the most absurd thing to mankind that ever the exhibit the most absurd thing to mankind that ever the world saw — government that has abandoned all its powers world saw — government that has abandoned all its powers — the powers of direct taxation, the sword, and the purse. — the powers of direct taxation, the sword, and the purse. You have disposed of them to Congress, without a bill of You have disposed of them to Congress, without a bill of rights — without check, limitation, or control. And still you rights — without check, limitation, or control. And still you have checks and guards; still you keep barriers — pointed have checks and guards; still you keep barriers — pointed where? Pointed against your weakened, prostrated, where? Pointed against your weakened, prostrated, enervated state government! You have a bill of rights to enervated state government! You have a bill of rights to defend you against the state government, which is defend you against the state government, which is bereaved of all power, and yet you have none against bereaved of all power, and yet you have none against Congress, though in full and exclusive possession of all Congress, though in full and exclusive possession of all power! You arm yourselves against the weak and power! You arm yourselves against the weak and defenseless, and expose yourselves naked to the armed defenseless, and expose yourselves naked to the armed and powerful. Is not this a conduct of unexampled and powerful. Is not this a conduct of unexampled absurdity? What barriers have you to oppose to this most absurdity? What barriers have you to oppose to this most strong, energetic government? To that government you strong, energetic government? To that government you have nothing to oppose. All your defense is given up. This is have nothing to oppose. All your defense is given up. This is a real, actual defect. It must strike the mind of every a real, actual defect. It must strike the mind of every gentleman. gentleman.

Article 7: 10 of 13 States Article 7: 10 of 13 States Needed for RatificationNeeded for Ratification

Compromise: Compromise: Ratification and a Bill of RightsRatification and a Bill of Rights

Overall, the Federalists were more organized in their efforts and Overall, the Federalists were more organized in their efforts and ultimately succeeded – but not before compromising with the Anti-ultimately succeeded – but not before compromising with the Anti-Federalists on the issue of a Bill of Rights.Federalists on the issue of a Bill of Rights.

Five states ratified the Constitution quickly and relatively easily: Five states ratified the Constitution quickly and relatively easily: Delaware (30-0), Pennsylvania (46-23), New Jersey (38-0), Georgia (26-Delaware (30-0), Pennsylvania (46-23), New Jersey (38-0), Georgia (26-0), and Connecticut (128-40).0), and Connecticut (128-40).

Massachusetts, New York, and Virginia remained and would be crucial in Massachusetts, New York, and Virginia remained and would be crucial in terms of population stature for the new government to succeed.terms of population stature for the new government to succeed.

Debates in Massachusetts were very heated, with impassioned speeches Debates in Massachusetts were very heated, with impassioned speeches from those on both sides of the issue. Massachusetts was finally won, from those on both sides of the issue. Massachusetts was finally won, 187-168, but only after assurances to opponents that the Constitution 187-168, but only after assurances to opponents that the Constitution could have a bill of rights added to it.could have a bill of rights added to it.

Subsequently, Maryland (63-11) and South Carolina (149-73) agreed and Subsequently, Maryland (63-11) and South Carolina (149-73) agreed and New Hampshire (57-47) cast the deciding vote to reach the required New Hampshire (57-47) cast the deciding vote to reach the required nine states.nine states.

The votes in Virginia (89-79) and New York (30-27) were hard-won, and The votes in Virginia (89-79) and New York (30-27) were hard-won, and close. Confidence was now high that the new government would close. Confidence was now high that the new government would succeed.succeed.

Making good on their promise, a number of amendments were passed Making good on their promise, a number of amendments were passed by Congress, allying the fears of the holdout states.by Congress, allying the fears of the holdout states.

North Carolina (194-77) and finally Rhode Island (34-32) relented and North Carolina (194-77) and finally Rhode Island (34-32) relented and ratified well over a year after the Constitution took effect. ratified well over a year after the Constitution took effect.

TheTheTwo-Party Two-Party

SystemSystem

Following the passage of the Following the passage of the Constitution and what became known as Constitution and what became known as the Bill of Rights, the divisions between the Bill of Rights, the divisions between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists the Federalists and Anti-Federalists coalesced around the issue of coalesced around the issue of federalism—specifically the aggressive federalism—specifically the aggressive fiscal policies of Federalist Alexander fiscal policies of Federalist Alexander Hamilton. Hamilton.

Federalists favored broad construction Federalists favored broad construction of the Constitution and strong national of the Constitution and strong national powers. George Washington, Alexander powers. George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, John Adams, and John Hamilton, John Adams, and John Marshall were proponents of this Marshall were proponents of this general philosophy.general philosophy.

Anti-Federalists favored strict-Anti-Federalists favored strict-construction of the Constitution and construction of the Constitution and advocated popular (State’s) rights advocated popular (State’s) rights against what they saw as aristocratic, against what they saw as aristocratic, centralizing tendencies of their centralizing tendencies of their opponents. Thomas Jefferson’s opponents. Thomas Jefferson’s Democratic-Republican Party formed Democratic-Republican Party formed around these beliefs and included James around these beliefs and included James Madison (II), James Monroe who both Madison (II), James Monroe who both succeeded Jefferson as President during succeeded Jefferson as President during “The Virginia Dynasty” (1801-25).“The Virginia Dynasty” (1801-25).

In one form or another, these two In one form or another, these two competing philosophies have dominated competing philosophies have dominated American politics throughout its 200-American politics throughout its 200-year history from the Civil War to year history from the Civil War to regulating the economy during the New regulating the economy during the New Deal to current debates over abortion.Deal to current debates over abortion.

Further ReadingFurther Reading The Federalist and Anti-Federalist papers The Federalist and Anti-Federalist papers

have been collected in numerous forms have been collected in numerous forms including cheap paperback versions and including cheap paperback versions and now on-line for free.now on-line for free.

Some Secondary Sources:Some Secondary Sources:– Amar, Akhil Reed. 2005. Amar, Akhil Reed. 2005. America's Constitution: America's Constitution:

A BiographyA Biography. New York: Random House. . New York: Random House. – Chernow, Ron. 2004. Chernow, Ron. 2004. Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton. New . New

York: Penguin Books.York: Penguin Books.– Storing, Herbert J. 1981. Storing, Herbert J. 1981. What the Anti-What the Anti-

Federalists Were For: The Political Thought of Federalists Were For: The Political Thought of the Opponents of the Constitutionthe Opponents of the Constitution. Chicago: . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. University of Chicago Press.