Evolution and the Foundations of Biology
Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations ofBiology Introduction: Evolution- change over time.How an organism adapts to itsenvironment Posing questions about the world and seeking answers throughinquiry are central to biology. Concept 1.1 Studying the diverse forms of life reveals common themes
New properties emerge at successive levels of biologicalorganization. From Microscopic organisms to biospheres we have classificationsand hierarchy to organize living organisms. Put the following terms in order from least to greatest: Organismsbiospherecommunitiesorganelles Moleculestissuescellspopulations Ecosystemsorgansorgan systems Concept 1.1 cont Reductionism- the process of reducing complex systems intosimpler components that are more manageable to study. Organism-DNA Emergent Porperties- properties that arrise from one level to thenext. DNA codon protein trait Arrangement and interactions of the simpler structures cause increasingcomplexity Concept 1.1 Systems biology- exploration of a biological system by analyzingthe interactions among its parts. Example- how does a drug that lowers blood pressure affect the functioningorgans throughout the body.Think about side effects. Sturcture and Function: By analyzing structure of a biological system it gives you an idea about thefunction of the structure. Cell- an organisms basic unit of structure and function.Smallestunit of organization that can preform all required activities. THEME: Lifes processes involve the expression and transmission of genetic information.
Within cells structures called chromosomes contain geneticinformation n in the form of DNA.Chromosomes are visible duringdivision. Each time the cell divides it first replicates DNA so each of 2offspring inherit a complete set identical to the parents DNA Each chromosome contains 1 very long struand of the DNA withhundreds or thousands of GENES (the unit of inheritance) We each began as one cell and now contain trillions ofdifferentiated cells.(WHAT IS CELL DIFFERENTIATION?) Chromosome Structure HOW DOES DNA STORE INFORMATION?
Double Helix with 4 base pairs ___ ___ ___ and ___ Encodes similarly to our alphabet. DNA DNA is the blueprint for proteins, which are the driving force incarrying out its activities. Made up of nucleotides. Genes control protein production indirectly using a relatedmoleculecalled RNA as an intermediary DNARNA Protein = gene expression Not all RNA molecules in the cell are translated into proteins. Some RNAs carry out other important tasks such as regulation ofprotein coding genes. Genes A particular sequence of nucleotides says the same thing in oneorganism as it does in another.Differences between organismsreflect differences between their nucleotide sequences ratherthan between their genetic codes. GENOMICS: Large scale analysis of DNA sequences Entire library of genetic instructions that an organism inherits is called itsgenome. Typical human has 2 similar sets of chromosomes with roughly 3 billionnucleotide pairs Genetic Revolution Since the early 90s genetic research has exploded
Human Genome Known as well as many other organisms Bacteria, fungi, animals BIOINFORMATICS: Use of computational tools to store organize andanalyze huge volumes of data BLAST database Theme: Life Requires the Transfer and Transformation of Energy and Matter
All life requires energy Ultimately where does all energy come from? Trophic Levels and Chlorophyll THEME: Organisms Interact with other Organisms and the Physical Environment
Each organism interacts continuously with the physical factors inits environment. How does a tree interact with its environment? MAKE A CHOICE CHAMBER CONCEPT 1.2 Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life
Diversity is the hallmark of life We have currently identified 1.8 million species but biologistsestimate million out there. Classifying diversity 3 DOMAINS of Life BACTERIA ARCHAEA EUKARYA Although diverse it displays a remarkable amount of unity .. With universalDNA languages and other similarities Charles Darwin and Evolution
Origin of the Species 1. species have arisen from a succession of ancestors that differed fromthem. 2. Natural selection is a mechanism for descent with modification Darwin had 6 points leading to his theory Adaptationcompetition Variationnatural selection Overproductionspeciation Concept 1.3 BIOLOGICAL INQUIRY entails forming and testing hypotheses based on observations of nature. Science to know INQUIRY- Search for information and explanations of naturalphenomena Elements of inquiry include: Challengecareful planningadventure Luckcreativitypersistence ReasoningpatienceRESEARCH Science is not as structured as people think.This year you will be bold andadventurous and explore the world around you! Process of inquiry: Making observations Forming logical hypotheses
Recording data both quantitative and qualitative Forming logical hypotheses Testing Reforming hypotheses Collective and analyzing observations can lead to importantconclusions based on a type of logic called INDUCTIVE REASONING We derive generalizations from a large # of specific observations Forming and Testing Hypotheses
A HYPOTHESIS is a tentative answer to a well framed question, itis an explanations on trial. Rational accounting for a set of observations based on availabledata and guided by inductive reasoning leading to TESTABLEpredications by further observations and experiments. Flashlight fails Question? Hypothesis? Inquiry Deductive Reasoning:
Inductive takes large sets of information and comes up with a reason Deductive takes a small scale example and applies it to a large scale Ifthen.. Pg13 Experimental Controls
Controlled experiments are designed to demonstrate the effect ofone variable by testing control groups and experimental groupsthat differ in only that variable. Scientific theory broad scope, generaltes new hypotheses and issupported by a large body of evidence. Technology method or device that applies scientific knowledgefor a purpose that effects society Parts of an Experiment Control- standard used for comparison, no variables used Constant- Things that do not change in the experiment. Independent variable- What is being tested or changed inthe experiment Dependent variable- the outcome being measure.(Whatwas I looking for? Growth ?) JUSTIFICATIONJUSTIFICATION JUSTIFICATION