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Diversity And Classification of Flowering Plants:

Eudicots

Eudicots

• Palynological apomorphy: tricolpate or tricolpate-derived pollen grain

EudicotsROSIDSMYRTALES

MyrtaceaeLythraceae

FABALESFabaceae= Leguminosae

MALPIGHIALESEuphorbiaceae

ROSALES

ASTERIDSGENTIANALES

RubiaceaeApocynaceae s.l.

LAMIALESAcanthaceaeLamiaceae=Labiatae

ASTERALESAsteraceae=CompositaeROSALES

MoraceaeMALVALES

Malvaceae s.l.SAPINDALES

MeliaceaeAnacardiaceae

Asteraceae=Compositae

Asteraceae: 21 000 spp.Orchidaceae: 17 500 spp.Leguminosae: 16 500 spp.Rubiaceae: 13 000 spp.Graminae: 8 000 spp.Mammalia: 5 000 spp.

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Diversity And Classification of Flowering Plants:

Eudicots: Rosids

ROSIDS

• Very large, monophyletic group of Eudicots

• Linked by no clear non-molecularLinked by no clear non molecular apomorphies

• Ovules bitegmic (2 integuments) & crassinucellate [contrast with Asterids]

Myrtaceae - Myrtle family (myrtus, Gr. name for myrtle). 120 genera / 3850 species

• trees and shrubs• with glandular-punctate or pellucid leaves• Usually epiperigynous flowers with

numerous stamens.numerous stamens.• Papery or flaky bark• Aromatic – terpenes, spicy resin• Leaves pellucid-dotted

Ca 4-5 Co 4-5 A ∞ G (2-5), inferior [rarelyhalf-inferior or superior], with hypanthium.

MYRTACEAE

• Psidium guajava “guava”• Eucalyptus “well” “conceal”, referring

to operculum covering stamens in budto operculum covering stamens in bud• Syzygium samarangense “makopa”• Syzygium cumini “duhat” = Eugenia

jambolana• Callistemon

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Leptospermum laevigatum

LYTHRACEAE

• Herbs, shrubs, trees• Leaves opposite, alternate or whorled• Stipules minute or absent• Stipules minute or absent

LYTHRACEAE• Flowers bisexual• Usually regular• Petals crumpled in

b d i kl d tbud, wrinkled at maturity

• Stamens in 2 whorls

• Ca4,6,8Co4,6,8A8-

16G(2-6)

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LYTHRACEAE• Ovary superior• 2-6 locules and

carpelsPl t ti il• Placentation axile

• Fruit berry or capsule

• Exalbuminous

LYTHRACEAE

• Lagerstroemia speciosa “banaba”• Cuphea hyssopifolia• Lawsonia inermis “henna”• Lawsonia inermis henna

Fabaceae (Leguminosae) - Bean/Pea family

(after faba, Latin name for broad bean). 643 genera / 18,000 species

• trees, shrubs, vines, or herbs,• stipulate, often compound leaves

Si l i ll i il i h i l• Single, unicarpellous pistil with marginalplacentation

• legume (or modified legume)Ca 5 or (5) Co 5 or (5) A 10 or (10) to ∞ G 1

superior, hypanthium sometimes present

worldwide distributionecologically important for nitrogen-fixing

rhizobial nodulespulses (e.g., beans, peas, soybeans, etc.),

fodder plants, oils, timber trees, gums,dyes and insecticidesdyes, and insecticides.

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Fabaceae: 3 subfamiliesCaesalpinioideae

Flowers zygomorphic; petals distinct; posterior petalinner to laterals; stamens distinct.

MimosoideaeFlowers actinomorphic; petals distinct or connate;

stamens often ∞ showy; flowers often denselystamens often ∞, showy; flowers often densely aggregated.

Faboideae (=Papilionoideae)Flowers zygomorphic; perianth papilionaceous;

posterior petal outer to laterals; stamens connate.

Caesalpinioideae

Flowers zygomorphicPetals distinctPosterior petal inner to lateralsSStamens distinct

posterior petal

inner to laterals

Bauhinia variegata Orchid Tree

Bauhinia variegata Orchid Tree

stamensdistinct

style

Bauhinia variegata Orchid Tree

ovary

stipe

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Cassia alata- akapulko

Purgative, for cough, fungicidestomatitis.

CAESALPINOIDEAE

• Caesalpinia pulcherrima – “caballero”• Caesalpinia inerma• Cassia fistula “golden shower”• Cassia fistula – golden shower• Cassia alata – “Acapulco”

CAESALPINOIDEAE

• Delonix regia – “flame tree”• Bauhinia purpurea – “alibangbang”• Cynometra• Cynometra• Tamarindus indica• Intsia – “ipil”

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Flowers actinomorphic, often densely aggregated

Mimosoideae

Petals distinct or connate; hypanthium sometimes present

Stamens often ∞, showy

Acacia spp.

heads

phyllode

Acacia spp.: phyllodinous

phyllode

rachillae with leaflets

spike flowers actinomorphic,stamens ∞

Acacia longifolia (native to Australia)

ovary (removed)

Calliandra haematocephala

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Mimosa sp.Pithecellobium unquis-cati Cat Claw

MIMOSOIDEAE

• Mimosa pudica – “makahiya”• Samanea saman – “acacia”• Acacia sp• Acacia sp.• Leucaena leucocephala – “ipil-ipil”• Calliandra• Pithecellobium dulce – “camachile”

Flowers zygomorphicPerianth papilionaceous

Terminology:Posterior petal = banner or standardL t l t l i

Faboideae (Papilionoideae)

Lateral petals = wingsAnterior petals = keel petals (basally distinct;

distally connate; collectively called the keel)Posterior petal (banner) outer to laterals (wings)

Stamens connate: monadelphous or diadelphous

PAPILIONOIDEAE

• Phaseolus – “abitsuelas”, “lima bean”, “patani”

• Vigna – “munggo” “sitaw”Vigna munggo , sitaw• Psophocarpus – “sigarillas”• Sesbania – “katuray”

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PAPILIONOIDEAE

• Dolichos lablab – “batao” = Lablab purpureus

• Pterocarpus indica – “narra”Pterocarpus indica narra• Arachis pintoi – “ornamental peanut”• Arachis hypogea – “peanut”

PAPILIONOIDEAE

• Pisum sativum – “sitsaro”, “peas”• Centrosema• Clitorea• Clitorea• Desmodium

PAPILIONOIDEAE

• Gliricidia – “kakawate” or “madre de cacao”

• Crotalaria (with inflated pods)Crotalaria (with inflated pods)• Mucuna pruriens – “lipa”• Pachyrrizus erosus – “singkamas”• Abrus precatorius

bannerouter to laterals

wing petals

Wisteria sinensis Wisteria

keel

keel petal

Wisteria sinensis Wisteria

stamens connate:

diadelphous (9+1)

in Wisteria

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style(ovary hidden)

Wisteria sinensis Wisteria

(ovary hidden)

banner

wing petals

Erythrina caffra

stamenscalyx

stamens connate:

diadelphous (9+1)

style

Erythrina caffra

pistil removedstipe

ovary style

pistil unicarpellous placentation

marginal

(l s )

Erythrina caffra

(l.s.)

(c.s.)

Clitoria mariana-a resupinate papilionoid

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Euphorbiaceae - Spurge family (after Euphorbus, physician to the king of Mauritania, 1st century).

313 genera / 8,100 species

unisexual flowers with a superior,

usually 3-carpellate ovary with 1 ovule per carpel,apical-axile in placentation;

Crotonoideae and Euphorbioideae have a red, yellow, or usually white (“milky”) latex

Euphorbioideae -cyathium inflorescence.

K0 A 1 G 0 K0 A0 G (3)

cyathium

An inflorescence bearing small, unisexual flowers and subtended by an involucre (frequently with petaloid glands), the entire inflorescence resembling a single flower.

EUPHORBIACEAE

• Manihot esculenta “cassava” or “kamoteng kahoy”

• Euphorbia sppEuphorbia spp.• Euphorbia pulcherrima “poinsettia”• Jatropha spp.• Ricinus communis “castor plant”• Antidesma “bignay”

EUPHORBIACEAE

• Phyllanthus acidus “karmay”• Acalypha hispida “chenille plant”• Pedilanthus tithymalloides• Pedilanthus tithymalloides• Aleurites moluccana “lumbang”,

“candlenut tree”

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• Ricinus communis, the source of castor bean oil and the deadly poison ricin

• Hevea brasiliensis, the major source of natural , jrubber;

• Manihot esculentus, cassava/manioc

• Oil (biodiesel, Jatropha), timber, medicinal, dye, and ornamental plants.

Euphorbia grandicornis

Euphorbia spp.

Manihot esculenta Manioc

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Moraceae — Mulberry family(Latin name for mulberry). ca. 40 genera / 1100 species

monoecious or dioecious trees, shrubs, lianas, or herbs

milky latex,stipulate, simple leavesstipulate, simple leaves• Stipules sheathingfruit a multiple of achenes or syconium.

K4 A 0 G (2)K4 A1 G 0

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MORACEAE

• Ficus sp. – figs • Artocarpus – “jackfruit”, “marang”,

“antipolo”antipolo• Broussonetia “himbabao”• Morus alba “mulberry”

Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit),

Ficus carica (edible fig),

Morus spp. (mulberry); pp ( y)

paper, rubber, and timber trees; and some cultivated ornamentals, -Ficus spp., figs;

the leaves of Morus alba are the food source of silkworm moth larvae.

Malvaceae, s.s. - Mallow family (name used by Pliny, meaning "soft"). 111 genera / 1,800 species

Malvaceae s. l.• herbs, shrubs, or trees,• often with stellate trichomes,• typically with an epicalyx• typically with an epicalyx,• calyx valvate, corolla often convolute• stamens connate into tube or 5-∞ bundles• Monothecal or bithecal anthers• Ca (5) Co 5 A ∞ G (5) superior

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A.P.G.: Malvaceae, s.l.formerly 4 families:

Malvaceae, s.s.BombacaceaeSt liSterculiaceaeTiliaceae

Economic importance includes medicinal plants; Gossypium spp. (cotton, the world’s most important fiber plant) Ceiba pentandra (kapok), in both of which the seed trichomes

are utilized, Corchorus spp. (jute), a bast fiber plantfood and flavoring plants- Theobroma cacao (cacao, the source of chocolate), ColaTheobroma cacao (cacao, the source of chocolate), Cola

nitida (cola), Abelmoschus (okra), and Durio zibethinus (durian);

- ornamental cultivars such as Chorisia (floss-silk tree), Hibiscus (mallows), and Tilia (linden tree).

- Adansonia digitata (baobab, tropical Africa) - economic or ecological importance.

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Hibiscus sp. Kosteletskia virginica

Durio

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Theobroma cacao

Cacao, source of chocolate

ANACARDIACEAE• Trees• Resin caustic, turns black upon exposure• Terpenes, tannins, oleoresins (phenolic

compounds that cause contact dermatitis)compounds that cause contact dermatitis), biflavones

• Leaves usually alternate, may be opposite• Simple or compound• Exstipulate

ANACARDIACEAE• Flowers bisexual or

unisexual by reduction

• Terminal panicles• Sepals 3 5• Sepals 3-5 • Petals 3-5• Annular disc +• Stamens 5-10,

emerge from base of disc

ANACARDIACEAE

• Carpels 1-3-(5)• 1-3 locules, only one fertile• 1 ovule per locule• 1 ovule per locule• 1-3 styles• Fruit drupe• Could be winged with persistent sepals

ANACARDIACEAE• Anacardium occidentale “kasuy”• Mangifera “mango”• Dracontomelon “dao”

ANACARDIACEAE• Spondias “siniguelas”• Semecarpus cuneiformis “ligas”• Toxicodendron “poison ivy”• Pistacia vera “pistachio”p

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MELIACEAE

• Trees or shrubs• Triterpenoids• Leaves mostly pinnatey p• Exstipulate

MELIACEAE• Flowers bisexual• Regular• Cyme or panicle• Disc +

St 8 10 i• Stamens 8-10, in a “peculiar” staminal tube

• Ca4-5Co4-5A5-10

G2-6

MELIACEAE• 2-6 carpels/ 2-

6 locules• 1-2 ovules per

locule• Placentation

axileaxile• Fruit capsule

or baccate• Arillate or

winged seeds• Endosperm ±

MELIACEAE• Sandoricum koetjape “santol”• Swietenia microphylla “mahogany”• Lansium domesticum “lanzones”

“• Azadirachta indica “neem tree”• Melia azedarach “Chinaberry”

= Melia dubia

Diversity And Classification of Flowering Plants:

Eudicots: Asterids

Michael G. Simpson

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Asterids

• Very large, diverse group• 10 orders, many families• Putative apomorphies:• Putative apomorphies:

– iridoid compounds– sympetalous corolla– ovules: unitegmic (one integument),

tenuinucellate (megasporangium 1-cell thick)

Apocynaceae, s.l. - Dogbane/Milkweedfamily (Greek for "away from dog," in reference to past use of some taxa as a dog poison). 411 genera / 4,650 species.

The Apocynaceae, s.l.• Milky latex• 2-carpellatep• 5-merous perianth/androecium,• the gynoecium usually with 2 carpels,• ovaries distinct in some taxa with styles connate

Ca (5) Co (5) A 5 or (5) G (2), superior,

APOCYNACEAE

• Bud contorted• Gamopetalous• Anthers sagittate• Stigma thickened

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Nerium oleander - adelfa

• Allamanda “yellow bell”• Plumeria “kalachuchi”• Nerium oleander “adelfa”• Thevetia “false yellow bell”

Rubiaceae — Coffee family (after rubia, name used by Pliny for madder)

630 genera / 10,200 species.

Leaves simple, entire, usually decussate leaves connate stipules, the stipules often with mucilage-

secreting colletersusually a cyme, Flowers bisexual the perianth dichlamydeous perianthFlowers bisexual, the perianth dichlamydeous, perianth

and androecium often 4 –5-merous (calyx absent in some),

ovary usually inferior

Ca (4-5) Co (4-5) A 4-5 G (2) usually inferior

Rubiaceae — Coffee family (after rubia, name used by Pliny for madder)

630 genera / 10,200 species.

worldwide distribution, more concentrated in tropical regions.

Cinchona, the source of quinine used to treat malaria,, q ,

Coffea arabica and other species, the source of coffee,

Pausinystalia johimbe, the source of the sexual stimulant yohimbine,

some timber trees, fruiting plants, dye plants (such as Rubia, madder), and ornamental cultivars (e.g., Pentas, among others).

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Lamiaceae (=Labiatae) - Mint family (Lamium, gullet, after the shape of the corolla tube or old Latin name

used by Pliny). 251 genera / 6,700 species.

often aromatic with ethereal oilswith usually 4-sided stems, opposite [or whorled] leavesverticillaster or thyrse inflorescence [flowers solitary and axillary

in some], and zygomorphic [rarely actinomorphic],usually bilabiate flowersdeeply 4-lobed ovary (by formation of "false septa") andgynobasic style

Ca (5) Co (5) A 4 G (2), superior, hypanthium absent.

Mentha, mint;

Ocimum, basil;

Rosmarinus rosemary;Rosmarinus, rosemary;

Salvia, sage;

Thymus, thyme Leaves opposite; stems 4-sided

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Inflorescence a thyrse or verticillaster (usu.) Flowers zygomorphic; corolla sympetalous, bilabiate

carpels 2; style gynobasicFruit a schizocarp of

nutlets

Ocimum basilicum BASIL

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ACANTHACEAE

• Herbs, shrubs• Cystoliths +• Leaves opposite• Leaves opposite • Entire• Exstipulate

ACANTHACEAE• Flowers bisexual

• Irregular• Sepals 5-cleft

C ll bil bi t• Corolla bilabiate• Bracts,

bracteoles• Ca(5)Co(5)A2,4

ACANTHACEAE

• Ovary 2-loculate• Style persistent• 2-many ovules2 many ovules• Placentation axile• Retinacula minute hook-like

outgrowths that ballistically disperse seeds

• Fruit capsule• Mostly exalbuminous

ACANTHACEAE

• Thunbergia erecta – violet flowers• T. grandiflora – large light purple/white

flowersflowers• Pachystachys lutea “roman candle”• Fittonia verschaffeltii “snail plant”• Odentonema• Justicia

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Asteraceae (Compositae)Characteristics:

Inflorescence a head (capitulum): subtended by inflorescence bracts: involucral

bracts or phyllaries, collectively termed the involucre.

Calyx modified as pappus. Stamens syngenesious.K pappus C 5 A (5) G(2), inferior, 1 basal

ovuleFruit an achene.

Asteraceae (=Compositae) -Sunflower family

(after Aster, meaning star). 1,528 genera / 22,750 species.

a head (capitulum) subtended by an involucre of phyllaries,--bilabiate, disk, or ray/ligulate, (heads of many taxa a mixture of

t l di k fl d i h l fl )central disk flowers and peripheral ray flowers),with the calyx, termed a pappus, modified as scales, awns, or

capillary bristles (or absent),the androecium syngenesious,inferior ovary with a single, basal ovule,the fruit a multiple of achenes.

Asteraceae (=Compositae) -Sunflower family

(after Aster, meaning star). 1,528 genera / 22,750 species.

Ca 0-∞ (pappus)Co (5) [(4)] or (3) in some ray flowersA (5) [(4)]G (2), inferior, hypanthium absent.

Asteraceae: floral variationThree types of flowers:

1) Bilabiate: zygomorphic (bilateral) with 2 lips

2) Ray (ligulate): zygomorphic (bilateral) with 1 lobe

3) Disk: actinomorphic (radial), usu. 5-lobed

Three types of heads:1) discoid, with only disk flowers; 2) radiate, with central (bisexual or male) disk

flowers and peripheral (female or sterile) ray flowers;flowers;

3) ligulate, with all ray flowers (typically with 5-toothed corolla apices);

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ligulate / ray disk

anthers connate

syngenesious

Ray flowers (heads ligulate = all rays)

ligulate corolla

Rafinesquia neomexicana Malacothrix californica

Disk flower: heads discoiddisk corolla

Palafoxia aridaPsathyrotes ramosissimaChaenactis gabriuscula

Heads radiate: inner disk & outer ray fls.

ray flowersdisk flowers

Xylorhiza orcuttiiEncelia farinosa

ovary

Some heads are "chaffy"

chaff :bracts

disk flower

Encelia californica

bracts subtending flowers

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Involucre morphology

one whorl two whorls many whorls

Senecio vulgaris Coreopsis maritima Encelia californica

Phyllaries spiny

Involucre morphologyPhyllaries spiny & squarrose

Circium vulgare Silybum marianum

Pappus: modified calyx

capillary bristles: barbellate

capillary bristles: plumose

beak

capillary bristles, borne atop "beak"

Pappus: modified calyx

ASTERACEAE

• Anthers 3-5, united syngenesious

ASTERACEAE• Gynoecium

bicarpellate• Uniloculate• InferiorInferior• Uniovulate• Placentation basal• Fruit achene with

coma or tuft of hair cypsela

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Chromolaena odorata

Cosmos sp.

Tridax procumbens

Zinnia sp.

ChrysanthemumCyanthillium cinereum