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Etymology of the Genesis Legend jwr47

IntroductionCreation legends describe the separation process of heaven and earth, day and night, man andwoman. In this creation process language supports the creation process by introducing antipodes.Does language repeat the creation process and symbolize the separations with linguistic tools!he creation process has been based on the dot"letter #ud $in %ree&' the iota(, from which all other alphabetic letters and the composed words had been synthesized.)ven the teachers, such as *oseph +einrich begin their reading lessons with the smallest letter, thevowel i- and teach reading and writing at the lower case cursive letters' i, n, m, u, e, ei, eu. !eaching children to learn reading from the smallest letter i- refers to a symbolic root. !he lettersof a medieval %erman cursive scripture had been based on a common master letter $the dotted letter i-(, in which mar&ers had been designed to identify which letter had to be recognized. !hesemar&ers may easily be identified as the dot over the i-/ , a 0reve"cup over the u- and the1ndertieunderneath the 2ei " respectively 2eu "combinations.3

*osef +einrich s 5chreib"6ese" ibel $ 874(/ In )nglish *ot also refers to the 2dot . In the *ewish mystical tradition, #od represents a mere dot, a divine point of

energy.$#od(3 %enesis 5tarting as the 9owel :ord

Fig. 1: Etymology of the Genesis Legend (Painting by J.W. Richter, dated !1"#

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In symbolism only the long vowels may be considered important, probably for their impressiverepresentation of eternity. 1sually the long vowels or tones are characterized by ;, <, =, > and ?. @ow I as&ed myself in how far theumlauts A, B, and the ligatures such asæ, œ also should beconsidered long and or symbolic. Efter all they had been added to the @ordic versions of the Fomanalphabet for good reasons G probably to compensate the losses by unrepresented runes.

In middle high %erman the vowels have been categorized as follows'short vowels'a, ë, e, i, o, u, ä, ö, ü long vowel'â, ê, î, ô, , æ, œ, iu $long$(Diphthongs' ei, ie, ou, öu, uo, üe

!he letters ä, ö, ü therefore are to be considered short andæ, œ, iu long vowels. )specially theligature vowelæ plays an important role in 5candinavian languages, which in more southern areashas been overta&en by the letter i-. In H $!he Creation 6egend encoded in a 5ingular 9owel andother reports such as for ternity I had studied the symbolism ofæ , which in )nglish and5candinavian dialects represented eternity, law, tradition, marriage, and the ego"pronoun I- for some dialects. I already had suggested to consider the eJuivalence of the )nglish ego"pronoun I-and theæ , which is a universal philosophical root in @ordic areas G completely eJuivalent to thesouthern i-. In fact for the philosophers and etymologists i- and æ- are to be seen as eJuivalenttwins, ranging in their validity from the middle )ast $i-( to @orway $æ-(.In !he )tymological ieldlines I already had defined the strange transit area between 5candinavia$ æ-"territory( and the Elps $i-"territory(, in which the æ- and i-"based ego"pronouns formed borderlines which had been shaped li&e electrostatic fields G very strange indeed, but in retrospect itcould be understood.!he initial letter for 0ibles is G eKcept for the 6uther"0ible, which obviously ignores the traditionalI- " a column"shaped decoration area, which usually stretches over the complete page length,

representing the first 0iblical utterance In the beginning...- or in 6atin In Lrincipio...-.!he initial therefore simultaneously represents the physical and the vocal $E@D documented,written( creation process, in which two antipodal words symbolized the initial division' the males&y and the femaleearth. 1nfortunately in modern )nglish we cannot chec& the gender of thesewords, because )nglish had lost the male, female and neuter characterization of the words. In order to illustrate my analysis I used red to mar& the male, blue to mar& the female and magenta to mar& the neuter words.5till in the6ilienfeld"0ible we may identify the antipodes by the intermingling red M blue coloredletters In Lrincipio, which had been common to most medieval illuminated scriptures.In the :enzels"bible , which had been providing a %erman translation well before 6uther, a special%erman formula %n anegenge- had been chosen $instead of 6uther s Em Enfang...-( to allow the0ible to start with the same initial I- as 6atin In Lrincipio- of the traditional 9ulgata 0ible.!he importance of the initials now completed the additional structure of %enesis, which had been based on a series of divisions. !he i- had been the first basic element, which might have to be splitup in a dot and a vertical line.I compared this division with splitting up æ- in the two vowels a- and e-' Es& M )mbla.Naybe the neKt divisions might illustrate what had been imagined for the first seven days, whichended up in creating a first human being, to be split up in aman and awoman...)Kcept for the division in aman and awoman the )nglish language did not provide us with gender information and I had to study these mechanisms in my native Dutch and chec&ed it in %erman.

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In the 0oo& %enesis the neKt series of antipodes seemed to be day M night $dach " nacht(, the sea Mearth $zee "aerde ( and man M woman $man Gwijf (, and the sun M moon $zon G maan(.Edditionally I noted the%ospel of *ohn also started with In the beginning-, but then proceededwith the :ord-, which might have been related to the same root #od- $representing' %od (4'

In the beginning was the :ord, and the :ord was with %od, and the :ord was %od.

/ !he same was in the beginning with %od.

3 Ell things were made by himO and without him was not any thing made that was made.

4 In him was lifeO and the life was the light of men.

Pbviously the %ospel of *ohn suggested to consider the Creation 6egend as a Creation in :ordings.:e also may find the dot"letter #od as an initial letter for the !etragrammaton #+9+ $ ( and asthe dotted- core for divine powerQ

Inspired by the Creation in :ordings, which even may have been written down within a wee& Icreated the painting titled Etymology of the Genesis Legend , which as a bac&ground used thereading and writing lessons for elementary schools in Eustria 874R. I chose this sample for itssimilarity between the initial i- and the following letters to be learned. In fact the late medieval&urrent"alphabet7 produces a very complicated structure, which hardly can be read, but is Juiteuseful to symbolize a creation from a root letter i-.In readability Surrent is Juite similar to 0lac&letter"!eKtualis in which some the minim"letters suchas i, u, m, andn virtually are indistinguishable-. !hey seem to be created from a common root $asingle vertical stro&e, just li&e an un"dotted i- ('

minims, especially in the later period of the script, do not connect with each other. !hisma&es it very difficult to distinguish i, u, m, and n. E 4th"century eKample of thedifficulty minims produced is,mimi n&min&m ni&i&m minimi m&ni&m nimi&m &inim&nimin&m immin&i &i&i minim&m &ol&nt $Tthe smallest mimes of the gods of snow donot wish at all in their life that the great duty of the defences of the wine bediminishedT(. In blac& letter this would loo& li&e a series of single stro&es. Dotted i andthe letter j developed because of this. Ninims may also have finials of their own.

amous %erman philosopher wrote Surrent, for instanceImmanuel Sant as illustrated in :hat is)nlightenment Sant, %oethe, 5chiller, Nozart, 0eethoven, @ietzsche, reud, )insteinO they allwrote in Surrent. Pther samples include theinal paragraph of a %erman contract from 7QU signed

by %eorge II of )ngland. It contains a miKture of Surrent and 6atin font scripts.Surrent had been designed to allow fast writing $ current- V running-(, which had been allowed by using a sharp hoo&-"structure as a basic graphic element. !his basic hoo& also had been appliedfor the letter i-, which is a rather freJuent vowel, and in a somewhat more complicated form for the most freJuent %erman letter e-. Enyway in retrospect I consider the Surrent cursivehandwriting as a Juic& method of writing, which also may have been designed for a hierarchicalletter structure, based on a common sharp hoo&-"structure, which resulted in the letter i- bymerely completing it with a dot. !he dot however G which is &nown from +ebrew is eJuivalent tothe #od $!he 6etter #od " +ebrew for Christians(.

4 Chapter 0ible $Sing *ames( *ohnQ !he 6etter #od " +ebrew for ChristiansR *osef +einrich s 5chreib"6ese" ibel 7 also &nown as '&rrentschrift or lte )e&tsche *chrift $Told %erman scriptT(

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Pf course the design may have been chosen accidentally. Combining this medieval design with+ebrew philosophy there may be some traces of ancient religious concept.

Minims 8

In palaeography, a minim is a short, vertical stro&e used in handwriting. !he word is derived from

the6atin minim&m, meaning TleastT or TsmallestT.E minim is the basic stro&e for the letters i, m, n, and u inuncial script and later scripts derivingfrom it. Larts of other letters are based on minims as well' when a minim is eKtended above the line,it becomes an ascender , as in the letters d and b, and when it is eKtended below the line, it becomesa descender , as in the letters p and J. It is a stem when it forms only part of a letter, such as r.

The Kurrent-handwriting Surrent is an old form of %erman language handwriting based on late medieval cursivewriting, also &nown as '&rrentschrift or lte )e&tsche *chrift $Told %erman scriptT(.Pver the history of its use into the first part of the /Uth century, many individual lettersacJuired variant forms.

5 tterlin is a modern script based on '&rrentschrift that is characterized by simplifiedletters and vertical stro&es. It was developed in W and taught in %erman schools as primary script from W3Q until W4 . !hen G in the middle of ::/ " it was replacedwith Tnormal %erman fontT, which is sometimes referred to $correctly but confusingly(as T6atin fontTW.

*ust li&e in +ebrewU the Surrent handwriting seemed to have based on the smallest letter, theI i"root, which especially may be identified in the vowels ), I, 1 and some consonants such as N and

@. Pbviously the Surrent"handwriting had been based on the minims.I arranged some of the minim"based letters of the Surrent"alphabet in hierarchical order. In theupper left corner the root symbol i- ma develop to c- or j- and eKpand further to the morecomplicated z-, d- and s-.!he double minims, consisting of two stro&es, resulted in e- and n- and u- $with a breve cupabove the letter s body(. !his process may be eKtended. 0ased on the vertical stro&e $the minim( wemay just create a set of more or less complicated letters. !his had been named creation in lettersand words-.!he starting symbol i- had been provided with a dot, which made it more compleK, but G withrespect to the dot"origin of *ewish philosophy G also mar&ed the root for the alphabet.!he root was the starting point and had to be placed at the beginning of the creation document-,resulting in the initial line In Lrincipio...- " In the 0eginning...-. !hat s why the initial of thedocument had to be an I- or to be more precise a dotted version of the minim' i-.End this probably also may have resulted in the choice for the )nglish ego"pronoun, which of course was to be provided with some philosophical foundation. Es the most important of all words$in the 5wadesh word"lists( in all languages the ego"pronoun I- occupies the first position. It is thei- which rules the world $the is' for each of us individually of course...(.

8 minimW SurrentU #od

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The hierarchical structure of the Kurrent alphabet !he following design is my own invention and will not be found in another manuscript. Pf coursethe medieval designers may not have any hierarchy in their mind, because all designs had been based on earlier predecessors. 1ltimately the basic root designs probably had been based on a firsthierarchical alphabets G eventually also including a runic scripture.

!he starting symbol i- had been provided with a dot, which made it more compleK, but G withrespect to the dot"origin of *ewish philosophy G also mar&ed the root for the alphabet.

Fig. : +asic design of the hierarchical '&rrent l habet

(ne-ly created str&ct&re -itho&t redecessors#

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The virtual root letter Yod !he reading lessons in the primary schoolboo&*osef +einrich s 5chreib"6ese" ibel $ 874( startedwith the *od. !he vowelI i $probably derived from +ebrew#od X 2dot ( may be considered a beginning point, because it symbolically had been provided with a dot, maybe not to improvevisibility, but for the philosophical root dot- " which had been defined as a initial point for thecreation process. !he following images have been copied from a very old version of*osef +einrich s 5chreib"6ese" ibel $ 874('

Femoving the dot from the i- the minim more or less results in a c-, which not had been includedin the schoolboo&.Doubling the minim results in the vowel e-, an n- and the vowel u- $mar&ed with a breve(. :iththe help of an 2undertie we may create the combinations such as ei- and eu-'

!ripling the minim"based 2i results in an 2m .In fact all these vowels had been based on minims and originally from the root letter i-.

!"at#es le$tionis% in Ge#man&Die Natres lectionis $6atin' "mothers of reading" ( refers to the use of certain consonants toindicate a vowel. !he letters that do this in +ebrew areale h , he, -a- $or/a/ ( and yod $or

y&d (. !he yod and waw in particular are more often vowels than they are consonants.In Surrent scripture the dot above the minim in 2i , breve on top of the u- and theundertie for mar&ing the 2ei and 2eu also refer to the use of certain minims to indicate vowels. :e should beattentive that these mar&ers always seem to be used to mar& vowels G the most important symboliccharacters in the alphabet.

In the *ewish mystical tradition, #od represents a mere dot, a divine point of energy. $#od(

Fig. 0: n Fig. 2: m Fig. ": &

Fig. 3: e Fig. 4: ei Fig. 5: e&

Fig. 6 7i8

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The schoolbook to learn reading and writing Kurrent In *osef +einrich s 5chreib"6ese" ibel $dated 874( how the children had been introduced to thealphabet by learning to initially write the letter i- $for Igel-, the %erman word for porcupine-(.!he second letter was n- $for nut-(, the third letter m- $for mouse-(, the fourth one u- $for

1hr-, the %erman word for cloc&-(, the fifth e- $for )sel-, the %erman word for don&ey(. !hesiKth letter combination is ei-, in fact the %erman word for )gg- and the seventh letter combination is eu-, $for )ule-, the %erman word for owl-(.In a sorted seJuence according to letter freJuencies/ in modern %erman language starts with ), @,I'

E'()*+ - /L0G"123456789:;<=

in which 2e $ 7,4Y( and 2n $W,8Y( and 2i $7,RY( belong to the most freJuent symbols, whichneed to be written most efficiently. !he vowel u- $although without priority( also belongs to the

running- root or rimiti/e letters, which reJuire less time in writing. Naybe the u- had beenincluded for ancient symbolic reasons.

/ !he standard freJuency of letters are found in 0uchstabenhAufig&eit

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The InitialsIn %enesis the initials of archaic 0iblical translations may also refer to symbolism of the vowels enthe words gender in the following cases'

#ear %enesis G 0ible$M 6anguage(

Initial line Initialletter

/QU Sremser 0ible$6atin( In Lrincipio creavit Ds Z. I/QU 6ilienfeld"0ible $6at.( In LrincipioCreavit Deus celum... 3 I3WU !he :enzelsbible $D( In anegenge4 schepfte gothimel und erdeQ I3WQ 0ible of :ycliffe $)( In the bigynnyng %od made of nouyt heuene and erthe. I477 Delft s bible $@6( In den beghin sciep godhemel endeaerde. IQ34 6utherbible $D( Em Enfang schuf%ott +immel und)rde . ER 8 5tatenvertaling $@6( In den beginne schiep %od denhemel en deaarde. I

...

!he initial line of the medieval 0ibles G eKcept for 6uther s 0ible G always seems to start with anI-"initial, which mostly stretches over the page s height to initialize the verbal creation processwith In the beginning-. In 6atin $in the 9ulgata( this line started with In Lrincipio...- and thistradition seemed to have been continued even in the %erman version named :enzelsbible -, whichinitiated the creation with the old"%erman wordings' In anegenge schepfte gothimel und erde-.!hese initial lines also included two antipodes the male s&y- and the female earth-, which had been opposed by their gender $male versus female(.

1nfortunately the 0ible of :ycliffe and the Dutch5tatenvertaling do not provide us with gender indications, because in these translations all gender information has been lost. I decided the ancientDutch and %erman 0ibles were more fruitful to deliver the antipodal structure of %enesis.In the6ilienfeld"0ible however the antipodes have been mar&ed by alternately red M blue coloredletters In Lrincipio.. !hese red M blue alternations had been found in most medieval illuminatedmanuscripts. I already had identified most of the coloring codes in the illuminations and in theimages and paintings of the saints and the divine representations, documented inIlluminatedNanuscripts, !he +ermetic CodeK, !he +ermetic CodeK II and!he +ermetic CodeK III.!he :enzelsbible which had provided us with a %erman translation, may have chosen a special I" phrase Inanegenge- to initiate the creation in %enesis with an i-.

3 Die prAchtigsten 0ibeln G !aschenverlag4 anegenge " :Brterbuchnetz " Nittelhochdeutsches ...Q Die :enzelsbibel " 6eibniz"%ymnasium Eltdorf $!eKt'*acobi 6e 6ong 0ibliothecae sacrae' Lars altera and images

in 9i&ing In Ireland $old posts( " !umblr (

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The Initial in the Lilienfeld-Bible -Bible ! "#$%&In the6ilienfeld"0ible however the antipodes have been mar&ed by alternately red M blue coloredletters In Lrincipio.. !hese red M blue alternations had been found in most medieval illuminatedmanuscripts. I already had identified most of the coloring codes in the illuminations and in theimages and paintings of the saints and the divine representations, documented inIlluminatedNanuscripts, !he +ermetic CodeK, !he +ermetic CodeK II and!he +ermetic CodeK III.

!he :enzelsbible which had provided us with a %erman translation, may have chosen a special I" phrase Inanegenge- to initiate the creation in %enesis with an i-.

bb. 1!: 9%n Princi io8 i n der Lilienfeld +ibel

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The Initial in the 'en(el-Bible ! ")*%&!he gigantic initial $the letter I-( initiates the creation described as'

(n anegengeR schepfte got himel und erde-7

5trange as it may seem this 0ible starts with an i- and meets the cabbalistic reJuirements to startcreation from an i-.In +ebrew each letter of thealef beis ( alphabet( starts with a dot"letter yud, in Foman alphabetrepresented by the letter i- or a in old"%erman scripture the minim. 8

!he language of this 0ohemian artwor& is a medieval %erman, which also inspired Nartin 6uther for his wor&.

5even circles represent the seven creation days, which had been illustrated with apostles and

prophets, surrounded by love ties and &ingfishers. !he &ingfishers also symbolize love ties.Et the first day %od creates heaven $also' the s&y( and earth, but also light and dar&ness. !hesecond day he divides water M land and creates the angels. !his creation is to be followed by plantsand trees, terrestrial animals, birds and fishes. Et the siKth day Edam is created from a piece of mudand then )ve is to be separated from Edam s chest.

R anegenge " :Brterbuchnetz " Nittelhochdeutsches ...7 Die :enzelsbibel " 6eibniz"%ymnasium Eltdorf $!eKt'*acobi 6e 6ong 0ibliothecae sacrae' Lars altera and images

from 9i&ing In Ireland $old posts( " !umblr (8 )very letter of thealef beis begins with the y&d , a point. !his illustrates the inherent spirituality of every letter of the

+ebrew alphabet, and that the !orah and %"d[s teachings are all for the sa&e of theid , or *ew. G$from' #ud \ End the !enth 5hall 0e +oly " Sabbalah, Chassidism(

Fig. 11: Genesis (detail# in the Wen;elbible (ca. 163!#

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In %erman the night is a female word $ die @acht-( and also rench la nuit// - and Italian la notte-are using female words. In %erman the day is male $ der !ag-( as well as in rench le jour- and inItalian il giorno-. 5o in Dutch the night- should be female as well.!he female companion for Edam has been defined neuter in Dutch and %erman, although it physically must have been a woman G very female. Lrobably the translations reJuired a symbolicneuter symbol for various reasons. Naybe a male person had to be created in the beginnings...In %erman the male version of the sea- has been defined as a neuter word das Neer-, which inrench is eJuivalent to female la mer- and in Italian $male( il mare-. In 6atin it is a neuter wordmare- $X mare nostrum-(, which " eKcept for the Dutch version " may eKplain the uncertaintiesin translations.

// 6e jour et la nuit

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(nitiale ( at the >eginning of Genesis in the -elft 2i>le ?@ABBC

-ay @” I@den beghin sciep godhemel endeaerde.”/ Ner die aerde was onnut ende ydel' ende donc&erheden waren op die aensichten des afgronts.)nde goods gheest was ghedraghen bouen den wateren.”3 )nde god seide dat licht moet werden' ende dat licht wort ghemaect”4 )nde god sach datlicht dattet goet wesen zoude' ende hi sceide dat licht vandie donc&erheden.”Q )nde hi noemdetlicht den dach. endedie donc&erheden die nacht. )nde het wort ghemaecttsauonts ende tsmoghens enen dach

-ay D”R )chter zeide god. +et worde een firmament int midden der wateren' ende hi sceide die waterenvanden wateren.”7 )nde god maectedat firmament ende hi sceide die wateren onder dat firmament van dien diewaren bouen dat firmament. )nde het ghesciede also.

”8 )nde dit firmament hiete hiden hemel' ende het wort ghemaect tsauonts ende smorghens dieander dach

Fig. 1 : %nitiale % aan het begin /an de Genesis

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-ay ”W )chter seide god. die wateren die onder die hemel sijn worden vergadert in een stat' ende diedroecheit openbare. )nde het ghesciede also.” U )nde die droecheit hiete godaerde' ende die vergaderinghe vanden wateren hiete hiFee. )ndegod sach dattet goet wesen soude'

” ende hi sprac. Der aerden groeie groeiende$#uyt ende dat zaet maectO ende hout dat appeldraghet dat vrucht ma&et elc na sijnre manieren' wiens zaet sij inhem seluen bouen der aerden.)nde het ghesciede also.” / )nde die aerde brochte wt groeiende$#uit ende dat zaet droech na sijnre manieren' ende datalrehande zaet hadde na sijn ghedaente )nde god sach dattet goet wesen soude ” 3 )nde het wortghemaect tsauonts ende tsmorghens die derde dach.

-ay A” 4 )nde god seide. +et worde licht inden firmamentdes hemels' ende si deylenden nacht/3 ende

den dach' ende si sijn in tee&en ende in tijden daghen ende iaren'” Q ende dat si lichten inden firmament des hemels. ende sij verlichtendie aerde )nde het ghesciedealso.” R )nde god maecte twee grote licten' dat meeste licht om dattet bouen den dach wesen soude.ende dat minste om dattet bouen den nacht wesen soude' ende die sterren.” 7 )nde hi settese inden firmamentdes hemels. dat si lichten souden bouender aerden'” 8 ende dat si wesen souden bouenden daghe ende bouenden nancht. )nde dat si deylen soudendat licht endedie donc&erheden. )nde god sach dattet goet wesen soude'” W ende het wort ghemaect tsauonts ende tsmorghens die vierde dach

-ay ”/U Pec seide god. Die wateren brenghen voert crupende dieren met leuender zielen. endegheuoghelte bouen der aerden' onder dat firmament des hemels.”/ )nde god sciep die groteHalIiss$he ' ende alle leuende zielen ende beroerlic. die die waterenvoertghebrocht hadde in haerre ghedaente' ende alle ghevoghlte in sijre manieren. )nde god sachdattet goet wesen soude'”// ende hij ghebenedide hem ende zeide. :ast ende wort ghemenichuoudicht ende veruollet diewaterendes zees' ende die voghelen worden ghemenichuoudicht bouender aerden.”/3 )nde het wort ghemaect tsauonts ende smorghens den vijfsten dach.

-ay J”/4 )chter seide god. Die aerde brenghe voirt leuende zielen in sijnre manieren' vee ende crupendediereen. ende beesten der aerden nae haere ghedaenten. )nde het gheschiede alsoe.”/Q )nde god maecte die beesten der aerden na haire ghedaenten. )nde dat vee ende alle crupendedieren in sijnre manieren. )nde god sach dattet goet wesen soude'”/R ende hi seide. Na&en wij den mensche ten beelde ende onse gheli&enisse' ende hi sij bouen den

visschen der zee. ende die gheuoghelte des hemels ende bouen alle beesten der aerden' ende bouenelc crupende dat beruert wort inder aerden.

/3 Dit is m.i. een schrijffout, waarin een mannelij& geslacht voor de nacht- wordt gesuggereeerd.

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”/7 )nde god sciepden mensche te sijnen beelde ende te sijnre geli&enisse' te gods beelde schiep hidenman' ende hi schiep hem eenwijf .”/8 )nde god ghebenedide hem' ende seide. :asset ende menichfoudicht ende veruollet die aerde.ende doetse tonder' ende hebt heerscappie bouen die visschen der zee. ende den geuogelte deshemels' ende bouen allen dieren die beruert worden bouen der aerden.

”/W )nde god seide. 5iet. ic hebbe v ghegheuen alle groeyende cruyt dat zaet brenct der aerden.ende alrehande houte dat in hem seluen heeft zaet na sijnre manieren' dat sij sullen wesen een spijs.”3U v ende allen den dieren vander aerden. ende el&en voeghel des hemels. ende allen die beruertworden inder aerden. ende daer leuende ziel in is' dat si teten sullen hebben. )nde het gheschiedealso.”3 )nde god sach alle dat hi gemaect had' ende si waren herde guet. )nde het wort ghemaecttsauons ende smorghens den sesten dach./4

/4 Delftse bijbel $ 477(

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-ay A4. 1nd %ott sprach' )s werden 6ichter an der este des +immels, die da scheiden!ag und @acht und geben ™eichen, ™eiten, !age und *ahreQ. und seien 6ichter an der este des +immels, da— sie scheinen auf )rden. 1nd es geschah also.R. 1nd %ott machte zwei gro—e 6ichter' ein gro—es 6icht, das den !ag regiere, und ein &leines6icht, das die @acht regiere, dazu auch 5terne.7. 1nd %ott setzte sie an die este des +immels, da— sie schienen auf die )rde8. und den !ag und die @acht regierten und schieden 6icht und insternis. 1nd %ott sah, da— esgut war.W. Da ward aus Ebend und Norgen der vierte !ag.

-ay /U. 1nd %ott sprach' )s errege sich das :asser mit webenden und lebendigen !ieren, und %evBgel

fliege auf )rden unter der este des +immels./ . 1nd %ott schuf gro—e:alfische und allerlei %etier, da— da lebt und webt, davon das :assersich erregte, ein jegliches nach seiner Ert, und allerlei gefiedertes%evBgel, ein jegliches nach seiner Ert. 1nd %ott sah, da— es gut war.//. 1nd %ott segnete sie und sprach' 5eid fruchtbar und mehrt euch und erf llt das :asser imNeerO und das %efieder mehre sich auf )rden./3. Da ward aus Ebend und Norgen der f nfte !ag.

-ay J

/4. 1nd %ott sprach' Die )rde bringe hervor lebendige !iere, ein jegliches nach seiner Ert' 9ieh,%ew rm und !iere auf )rden, ein jegliches nach seiner Ert. 1nd es geschah also./Q. 1nd %ott machte die !iere auf )rden, ein jegliches nach seiner Ert, und das 9ieh nach seinerErt, und allerlei %ew rm auf )rden nach seiner Ert. 1nd %ott sah, da— es gut war./R. 1nd %ott sprach' 6a—t unsNenschen machen, ein 0ild, das uns gleich sei, die da herrschen ber die ische im Neer und ber die9Bgel unter dem +immel und ber das 9ieh und ber die ganze)rde und ber alles %ew rm, das auf )rden &riecht./7. 1nd %ott schuf den Nenschen ihm zum 0ilde, zum 0ilde %ottes schuf er ihnO und schuf sieeinenNann und ein :eib.

/8. 1nd %ott segnete sie und sprach zu ihnen' 5eid fruchtbar und mehrt euch und f llt die )rde undmacht sie euch untertan und herrscht ber die ische im Neer und ber die 9Bgel unter dem+immel und ber alles %etier, das auf )rden &riecht./W. 1nd %ott sprach' 5eht da, ich habe euch gegeben allerlei Sraut, das sich besamt, auf der ganzen)rde und allerlei fruchtbare 0Aume, die sich besamen, zu eurer 5peise,3U. und allem %etier auf )rden und allen9Bgeln unter dem+immel und allem %ew rm, das da lebtauf )rden, da— sie allerlei gr nes Sraut essen. 1nd es geschah also.3 . 1nd %ott sah alles an, was er gemacht hatteO und siehe da, es war sehr gut. Da ward aus Ebendund Norgen der sechste !ag.

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-ay DM diKit etiam Deus producant aJuae reptile animae viventis et volatile super terram sub firmamentocaeliD@ creavitJue Deus cete grandia et omnem animam viventem atJue motabilem Juam produKerantaJuae in species suas et omne volatile secundum genus suum et vidit Deus Juod esset bonumDD benediKitJue eis dicens crescite et multiplicamini et replete aJuas maris avesJue multiplicentursuperterramD et factum est vespere et mane dies Juintus

-ay JDA diKit JuoJue Deus producat terra animam viventem in genere suo iumenta et reptilia et bestiasterrae secundum species suas factumJue est itaD et fecit Deus bestias terrae iuKta species suas et iumenta et omne reptile terrae in genere suo etvidit Deus Juod esset bonumDJ et ait faciamushominem ad imaginem et similitudinem nostram et praesit piscibus maris et

volatilibus caeli et bestiis universaeJue terrae omniJue reptili Juod movetur in terraDB et creavitDeus hominem ad imaginem suam ad imaginem Dei creavit illummasculum et feminamcreavit eosDK benediKitJue illis Deus et ait crescite et multiplicamini et replete terram et subicite eam etdominamini piscibus maris et volatilibus caeli et universis animantibus Juae moventur super terramD diKitJue Deus ecce dedi vobis omnem herbam adferentem semen super terram et universa lignaJuae habent in semet ipsis sementem generis sui ut sint vobis in escamM et cunctis animantibus terrae omniJue volucri caeli et universis Juae moventur in terra et inJuibus est anima vivens ut habeant ad vescendum et factum est ita@ viditJue Deus cuncta Juae fecit et erant valde bona et factum est vespere et mane dies seKtus

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ppendi. 1 - ,enesis in de Bi4bel van '5cliffe circa ")*$&1nfortunately )nglish had lost almost all gender characteristics and :ycliffe s 0ible does not seemto give any information to the antipodes'

-ay @ In the bigynnyng %od made of nouyt heuene and erthe.

/ orsothe the erthe was idel and voide, and der&nessis weren on the face of deptheO and the 5pirytof the 6ord was borun on the watris.3 End %od seide, 6iyt be maad, and liyt was maad.4 End %od seiy the liyt, that it was good, and he departide the liyt fro der&nessis,Q and he clepide the liyt, dai, and the der&nessis, nyyt. End the euentid and morwetid was maad, odaie.

-ay DR End %od seide, !he firmament be maad in the myddis of watris, and departe watris fro watris.7 End %od made the firmament, and departide the watris that weren vndur the firmament fro thesewatris that weren on the firmamentO and it was don so.8 End %od clepide the firmament, heuene. End the euentid and morwetid was maad, the secoundedai.

-ay W orsothe %od seide, !he watris, that ben vndur heuene, be gaderid in to o place, and a drie placeappereO and it was doon so.U End %od clepide the drie place, ertheO and he clepide the gadryngis togidere of watris, the sees.End %od seiy that it was goodO

and seide, !he erthe brynge forth greene eerbe and ma&ynge seed, and appil tre ma&ynge fruyt bihis &ynde, whos seed be in it silf on ertheO and it was doon so./ End the erthe brouyte forth greene erbe and ma&ynge seed bi his &ynde, and a tre ma&ynge fruyt,

and ech hauynge seed by his &ynde. End %od seiy that it was good.3 End the euentid and morwetid was maad, the thridde dai.

-ay A4 orsothe %od seide, 6iytis be maad in the firmament of heuene, and departe tho the dai and niytOand be tho in to signes, and tymes, and daies, and yeerisOQ and shyne tho in the firmament of heuene, and liytne tho the ertheO and it was doon so.R End %od made twei grete liytis, the gretter liyt that it schulde be bifore to the dai, and the lesse

liyt that it schulde be bifore to the niytO7 and %od made sterrisO and settide tho in the firmament of heuene, that tho schulden schyne onerthe,

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8.)n om te heersen opden dag, en inden nacht, en om scheiding te ma&en tussen het licht entussende duisternis. )n %od zag, dat het goed was.

W.!oen was het avond geweest, en het was morgen geweest, de vierde dag.

-ag

/U.)n %od zeide' Dat de wateren overvloediglij& voortbrengen een gewemel van levendezielenO en het gevogelte vliege boven de aarde, in het uitspansel des hemels–

/ .)n %od schiep de grote walvissen, en alle levende wremelende ziel, wel&e de waterenovervloediglij& voortbrachten, naar haar aardO en alle gevleugeld gevogelte naar zijn aard.)n %od zag, dat het goed was.

//.)n %od zegende ze, zeggende' ™ijt vruchtbaar, en vermenigvuldigt, en vervult de wateren inde zeeenO en het gevogelte vermenigvuldige op de aarde–

/3.!oen was het avond geweest, en het was morgen geweest, de vijfde dag.

-ag J/4.)n %od zeide' De aarde brenge levende zielen voort, naar haar aard, vee, en &ruipend, en

wild gedierte der aarde, naar zijn aard– )n het was alzo./Q.)n %od maa&te het wild gedierte der aarde naar zijn aard, en het vee naar zijn aard, en al het

&ruipend gedierte des aardbodems naar zijn aard. )n %od zag, dat het goed was./R.)n %od zeide' 6aat Pns mensen ma&en, naar Pns beeld, naar Pnze gelij&enisO en dat zij

heerschappij hebben over de vissen der zee, en over het gevogelte des hemels, en over hetvee, en over de gehele aarde, en over al het &ruipend gedierte, dat op de aarde &ruipt.

/7.)n %od schiep den mens naar™ijn beeldO naar het beeld van %od schiep +ij hemOman envrouw schiep +ij ze.

/8.)n %od zegende hen, en %od zeide tot hen' :eest vruchtbaar, en vermenigvuldigt, envervult de aarde, en onderwerpt haar, en hebt heerschappij over de vissen der zee, en overhet gevogelte des hemels, en over al het gedierte, dat op de aarde &ruipt–

/W.)n %od zeide' ™iet, I& heb ulieden al het zaadzaaiende &ruid gegeven, dat op de ganse aardeis, en alle geboomte, in hetwel& zaadzaaiende boomvrucht isO het zij u tot spijze–

3U.Naar aan al het gedierte der aarde, en aan al het gevogelte des hemels, en aan al het&ruipende gedierte op de aarde, waarin een levende ziel is, heb I& al het groene &ruid totspijze gegeven. )n het was alzo.

3 .)n %od zag al wat +ij gemaa&t had, en ziet, het was zeer goed. !oen was het avondgeweest, en het was morgen geweest, de zesde dag.

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ppendi. / The ,enesis in the 7eptuagint jwr47

In order to illustrate my analysis/8 I used red to mar& the male, blue to mar& the female andmagenta to mar& the neuter words. Nost genders may be identified from gender for the definitearticle/W.

Definite Article, "the"

masculine

feminine

neuter

sing. plur. sing. plur. sing. plur.

nom. ο α τό τά

gen . το τ ν τ ς τ ν το τ ν

dat. τ το ς τ τα ς τ το ς

acc. τόν τούς τήν τάς τό τά

In the 0oo& %enesis four or five antipodes may be found. E fifth may be identified in the great lightand the small light, which have been created as the sun $from 6atin s<l m (geniti/e sōlis ## and themoon $from 6una f (, which are antipodal gender symbols in both %erman and the Foman languages6atin rench Italian'

Entipodes Dutch %erman %ree& 6atin+eaven earth hemel Gaerde himmel Gerde q` 3U " caelum " terra

Day night dach " nacht tag Gnacht ›œ q " `žŸ diem " noK

5ea )arth zee "aerde meer Gerde ¡q q " mare " terraNan woman3 man "wijf mann Gweib ¢ ` " ¡£ 3/ masculum " feminam

5un moon zon v."maan33 sonne Gmond ¤ ¡¥ " ¡¦` sol " luna

<able 6: <he anti odes in the +oo> Genesis

/8 rom the Dictionary:Brterbuch altgriechisch " deutsch " Pperone/W6esson Q " @ew !estament %ree& 3U q`§ G ¨ k s&y $male(3 )choes from the Caves' ©umran and the @ew !estament3/ ¡£ , ¥q, £, " femaleO¢ ` q ¡£ Tthe masculine creature and the feminine creatureT33 Nostly female, sometimes male, seeetymology of the word maan $in Dutch(

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)eNtuaginta ?L<<C O PQRQSTS

-ay @

ª«` _ ` k ` q` ` 34 q ` ` 3Q./› ¬ ®` § q q q q ¯q , q § _ °`± ²¯ £, q ` ¨œq ¨_ ³´ _ °`± ¨ µ¬q .3 q ¶ ` k § · ` ¸ ± ³¹ . q _ ´` ³¹ .4 q ¶¬ ` k ³¹ º ¥ q¡§`. q ¬¥ » ¥ ` k `¼ œ´ ` ¨ ³± q `¼ œ´ ` ¨§ £ .

Q q _ °¡ ` k ³¹ ›œ´ q` 3R q § _ °¡ ` `¯ q 37. q _ ´` ½ ´ q q_ ´` ± , ›œ´ q œ q.

-ay D

R¾q ¶ ` k § · ` ¸ ± ´±œq _` œ´ ¿ ¨ µ¬q q À ± ¬¥q ± Á ` `¼ œ´ ` µ¬qq µ¬q . q _ ´` µ ± .7 q _ ` k ´±œq, q ¬¥ » ¥ ` k `¼ œ´ ` ¨ µ¬q ,  ®` à ° ± ¨

»œq , q `¼ œ´ ` ¨ µ¬q ¨ _ °`± ¨ »œq .8 q _ °¡ ` k ´±œq q`§` . q ¶¬ ` k º ¥ q¡§`. q _ ´` ½ ´ q q_ ´` ± , ›œ´ q ¬ £ ´ q.

-ay

W¾q ¶ ` k § Ä£`q ¸ ± µ¬± à ° ± ¨ q` ¨ Å £`q ± ` œ q`, q Ƴ ¸ ± ›Ÿ °. q _ ´` µ ± . q £`¸ µ¬± à ° ± ¨ q` ¨ Å ¼ £`q ± ¼ q ¹`,q dz › Ÿ °.U q _ °¡ ` k ` Ÿ ¼` ` q ¼ £ ¸œq q ¹` ì° ±` _ °¡ ` q¡° q 38. q¶¬ ` k º ¥ q¡§`.\q ¶ ` k § È¡q ° ± › ² °` ` § £, É ` ´ œq q ¼ ´` q q Ê

kœ ¥§ q, q Ÿ¯¡ ` ° ¥œ ` ¥ ¨` q § ,̀ Ë ´ œq q ¨ _` q Ì q ¼ ´` _ . q _ ´` µ ± .

/ q _Ÿ¸` ` › ² °` ` § £, É ` ´ œq q ¼ ´` q q Ê kœ ¥§ q, q Ÿ¯¡ `° ¥œ ` ¥ ¨` q §`, Ë ´ œq q ¨ _` q Ì q ¼ ´` _ . q ¶¬ ` k º ¥q¡§`.

3 q _ ´` ½ ´ q q _ ´` ± , ›œ´ q .

-ay A

4¾q ¶ ` k § · ` ¸ ± q` ³± _` Ì »œq ¥ ¨ q` ¨ Å ³q¨ ¥` ¨¬¥q ± Á ¥` `¼ œ´ ` ›œ´ q q `¼ œ´ ` `£ q À ± q` Å œ Éq q Åq¥ Í q Å ›œ´ q q Å _`¥q£ ÍQ q À ± q` Å ³q¨ ¥` _` Ì »œq ¥ ¨ q` ¨ Î ³q ` ¥` _ . q _ ´`µ ± .

34 q`§ G ¨ k s&y $male(3Q › earth $female(3R ›œ q, ›, the dayO37 `žŸ, ̀ £ Ï , ›, the night38 ¡q q, › G the sea

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R q _ ` k Í ¬¯ ³± q Í œ °¡ £ , ` ³± q ` œ´ q` Å ¼ ›œ´ q q ` ³± q ` _¡° ± Å ¼ `£ § , q Í ´ q .7 q À q Í k _` Ì »œq ¥ ¨ q` ¨ Î ³q ` ¥` _ 8 q ¢ ¥` ›œ´ q q `£ q ¬¥q ± Á ¥` `¼ œ´ ` ¨ ³± q `¼ œ´ ` ¨§ £ . q ¶¬ ` k º ¥ q¡§`.

W q _ ´` ½ ´ q q _ ´` ± , ›œ´ q ° .

-ay

/U¾q ¶ ` k § ª«Ÿq q ´ ± ¼ µ¬q q ½ ¼ У ¹` Á± ¹` q ¥`¼ §œ `q _ q ¼ ´±œq ¨ q` ¨. q _ ´` µ ± ./ q _ ` k ¼ ¸ ¼ œ °¡q q Ñ q` У ` ÁÒ±` ½ ¹`, Ó _Ÿ¸ q ` ¼ µ¬q qq ¼ ´` q ¹`, q Ñ` ¥` ` ± ` q ¼ ´` . q ¶¬ ` k º ¥ q¡°.// q ¡§ ` q ¼ k ¡´ ±` Ô Ÿ°` q ¡ ¯` q ¡ » q ¼ µ¬q q _` qÉq¡° q¥ , q ¼ ¥`¼ ¡ £`´ ± q` _ ./3 q _ ´` ½ ´ q q _ ´` ± , ›œ´ q ´œ .

-ay J

/4¾q ¶ ` k § ª«Ÿq q ´ ± › У ` Á¹ q` q ¼ ´` , ° ¬q q ½ ¼ q q q ¼ ´` . q _ ´` µ ± .

/Q q _ ` k ¼ q q ¼ ´` q ¼ ¸` q ¼ ´` q °` q ¼ ½ ¼ q ¼ ´` q ¹`. q ¶¬ ` k º ¥ q¡°.\

/R q ¶ ` k § Õ ¥¸ ±œ ` ¢` ± ` q Ê Å §`q ›œ ´ q` q q Ê kœ ± ¥`, q ´ ± q`¹` Å ¯±` 3W q¡° q ¹` ¥`¹` ¨ q` ¨ q ¹` `¹` 4U q ° q°` ±` ¹` ½ ¹` ¹` ½ §` ±` _ ./7 q _ ` k ` ¢` ± ` , q Ê Å §`q ¨ _ ` q §`, ¢ ` 4 q ¡£ 4/ _ ` q ¯ ./8 q ¡§ ` q Í k ¡´ ±` Ô Ÿ°` q ¡ ¯` q ¡ » q ` ` qq q £ ¥ ¯ q q q ¢ ¹` Å ¯±` q¡° q ¹` ¥`¹` ¨ q` ¨ q°` ±` ¹` `¹` q ° q °` ±` ¹` ½ ¹` ¹` ½ §` ±` _ ./W q ¶ ` k § ªÖ¬ Í ¬´¬± q ÃœÉ` Ñ` § ` § ¥œ ` É ` ´ œq, º _ ¥` _ °`± °

, q Ñ` Ÿ¯¡ `,  À ¥ _` ½q£ Ì q ` ´ œq œ £\ ÃœÉ` À q¥ Å ² ¹ ¥`\3U q Ñ ¥ É ¥ q Ñ ¥ É ¥` É ¨ q` ¨ q q` ½ Ì Ì × ` ¥_ ,  À ¥ _` ½q£ Ì Ð£ ` Á± , °` q § ` ¡± ` Å ² ¹ ¥`. q _ ´` µ ± .3 q ¶¬ ` k ¼ °` q, º q _ `, q Ŭ Í q¡¼ ¡ q`. q _ ´` ½ ´ q q _ ´`± , ›œ´ q × .

3W Å ¯ , Å ¯ k fish4U ` , ¸̀ § beast4 ¢ ,̀ Ï, X ¢ ` $neuter( V the male thing $part(4/ ¡£ , ¥q, £, " femaleO¢ ` q ¡£ Tmasculine and feminineT . ¡£ $neuter( G the female thing $part(.!his can always be translated as Tmale.T It refers to a person or thing of the male seK.9ocabulary Development!his can always be translated as Tfemale.T It indicates a person or thing Tof the female seKT $!hayer(. It can indicate that

a grammatically masculine or neuter word refers to a female, which is why it has a masculine and neuter form. oreKample, *esus said, `´ `± º ¥ k q Ê ¢ ` q ¡£ _ ` q ¯ Ø $T+ave you not readthat the Pne Creating made them male and female from the beginning T(. +ere the neuter form of the adjective$ ¡£( is used, because it modifies an implied noun which is grammatically neuter $i.e., the implied neuter nounhere is œq meaning Tcreated being, creatureT(. 0ut a feminine form of this adjective is normally usedsubstantively to refer to a female or females. $9ocabulary Development(

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ContentsIntroduction..........................................................................................................................................

Ninims.............................................................................................................................................4!he Surrent"handwriting.................................................................................................................4!he hierarchical structure of the Surrent alphabet..........................................................................Q!he virtual root letter #od................................................................................................................R!he schoolboo& to learn reading and writing Surrent.....................................................................7

!he Initials............................................................................................................................................8!he Initial in the 6ilienfeld"0ible"0ible $Ù /QU(...........................................................................W!he Initial in the :enzel"0ible $Ù 3WU(....................................................................................... UPverview of the Initial %enesis " 6ines.....................................................................................

Eppendices......................................................................................................................................... /EppendiK G %enesis in the Delfter 0ible $ 477(........................................................................ /EppendiK / G %enesis the 6uther 0ible......................................................................................... 7EppendiK 3 G %enesis in the 9ulgata............................................................................................. WEppendiK 4 " %enesis in de 0ijbel van :ycliffe $circa 3WQ(......................................................./EppendiK Q G %enesis ' "3 in the Dutch 5tatenvertaling ........................................................../3EppendiK R G !he %enesis in the 5eptuagint ................................................................................/Q