Plague of Justinian

542 AD

250,000 dead

Procopius“sun’s lightwithout brightness”

Silk Road

Medieval Warm Period

Medieval World Population

Climate

AgriculturalRevolution

Few large cities

Medieval World Population

0

2,000,000

4,000,000

6,000,000

8,000,000

10,000,000

12,000,000

1086 1348

Population

Britain

Japan

Viking Exploration

Black Rat

Litter < 20 pups 3 - 7 x/year

Mature at 3 mos

Flea

Black rats & fleas

Yersinia Pestis

Bubonic plague

Medieval Culture

Bubonic plague

“Ring around the rosie . . “

Plague in Europe

Plague effects

Death art Cemeteries & Pest houses Quarantine Latin->vernacular Anti-Semitism Laborers, women Sheep

Death art

Anti-Semitism

Flagellants

Clergy

Great Fire of London

1666

Change inarchitecture

Pathogenic Competition

Leprosy (Hansen’s disease)

Plague

Tuberculosis

Chinatown 1900

San Francisco 1900 -1904

Smallpox

Species jump

Ramses V~1150 BC

Variola virus

Largest & most complexmammalian virus

Respiratory

Incubation: 10-14 days

Variola rash

Wigs and Powder

East meets WestWhy were Native Americans so vulnerable?

Isolation

Few domesticatedanimals

Famine?

Population losses

American colonies

Variolation

John Adams

Milkmaids and cowpox

Jenner’s vaccination

Eradication (1977)

World Health Org.(WHO) campaign

Accidental lab Contamination 1978

Measles

Respiratory virus

8 - 12 day incubation

Complications

Measles

Measles vaccine

MMR

Measles, Mumps, Rubella

2008

Avoiding Immunizations

Health insurance coverage

Autism

Personal, Religious reasons

International travel

Vector Diseases

Yellow Fever

Jaundice

Flavivirus

Carried byAedes aegyptimosquito

Yellow Fever

1793 Philadelphia

Benjamin Rush

1878 Memphis

Post Civil War

Immigrants

El Nino

River, train depot

Spanish American War

Walter Reed

1937 vaccine(Max Theiler)

West Nile Encephalitis

New York City 1999

Crows, blue jays

Flamingo, penguin

Spread of WNE

1999 2007

Transmission Cycle

Influenza Pandemic1918 - 1919

Influenza virus

Flu viruses

Types A, B, C

H -> binds to cells

N -> degradesmucous

Flu varieties

Epidemic

Date Deaths Subtype

Asiatic 1889 - 90

1 million ?H2N2?

Spanish 1918 - 9 35 million

H1N1

Asian 1957-8 1.5 million

H2N2

Hong Kong

1968-9 1 million H3N2

Flu transmission cycle

1918 - 1919

3 waves

World War I

Secondaryinfections

Influenza virus

Orthomyxovirus

Respiratory

Fever, chills, aches

Age Profiles

Avian Flu

Avian Flu

SARS(Sudden Acute Respiratory Syndrome)

Swine Flu 1976

Fort Dix, NJ

Nationalimmunization

Guillain-Barre

“Killer Fever”

Legionnaire’s

PhiladelphiaJuly 1976

Bellevue-Stratford

34 deaths, 221 ill

Legionella pneumophila

2008

Legionnaries' claims second life at St. Peter's Hospital

Six adults diagnosed over last 2 weeks; chlorination process may be to blame

By GENE RACZ • and RICHARD KHAVKINE • September 25, 2008

Revenge of the Germs?

Tuberculosis

“White Disease”

Chopin Keats Dostoyevsky

TB

Bacterial

Long incubation

Airborne

Uv light

2007

Antibiotic Resistance

Nosocomial infections

MRSA

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

Penicillin

Penicillin

Fleming 1928

Florey/Chain 1945

Antibacterials

Antibiotics in food

Transduction

Transduction

Transduction

Bacteriophages

Zyvox

April 2000

Penicillin resistance

Antibiotic Resistance

Causes:Overprescription/unnecessary use

Antibiotics in food/dairy

opportunistic bugs

Waterborne Bacteria

Cholera

Vibrio cholerae

1854

Cholera Distribution

Food-borne bacteria

Sept 2006

June 2008

Salad Bars?

Raw food

Utensils

Residual soil

Produce

Sprouts

Melons

Greens

Bacteria

Salmonella

Shigella

Campylobacter

Salmonella Typhimurium

Typhoid Mary(Mary Mallon1869 - 1938)

1906Oyster Bay, NY

Peanuts 2008/9

Heat products to70° F (not 40° F)

Poultry

Chicken recall (March 2008)

Antibiotics in food

Why Poultry?

Antibiotics in food

Close confinement

Chill baths

transportation

Is your dinner safe?

A=Premium Brands (Bett & Evans, Ranger, Readington Farms, Rocky, Rocky Jr., Rosie, Springer Mountain Farms, Wegmans Premium, Wild Harvest; B=Perdue; C=Foster Farms; D=Supermarket Brands (Albertson's, Big Bear, Cub Foods, Dominick's, Giant Eagle, Giant Gold Star Meats, Jewel, Publix, Safeway, Shaw's, Stop & Shop White Gem, Tops, Trader Joe's, Wegman's; E=Pilgrim's Pride; F=Tyson

Contaminated Beef

Why ground beef?

Greater surface area

Parts of different cows

Kid appeal

“Make mine rare”

Beef ranches

Crowded herds

Antibiotic use

Inspections??

Beef Recall

October 2007

E. Coli O157:H7

1982 fast food burgers

1985 associated with HUS

1991 apple cider

1993 fast food burgers

Escherichia Coli

HUS(Hemolytic uremic syndrome)

Destroys red blood cells

Kidney failure

Shiga toxin

HUS

BSE(bovine spongiform encephalopathy)

“Mad cow”

Beef & Byproducts

Salmonella (1984)

The Dalles, OR

Rajneeshees

Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh Ma Anand Sheela

Biological Terrorism

Poisoned arrows

Pots with snake venom

Plague victims

Sweet Sabotage

Mandrake

“Mad Honey”

Ergot of rye

French-Indian War

Amherst

Plague as weapon

Kaffa

World War I

Gassing

Chlorine gas

Mustard gas

Phosgene

Chlorpicrin

HCN

Gas Effects

Geneva Convention (1925)Article 32

“Whereas the use in war of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases, and of all analogous liquids materials or devices, has been justly condemned by the general opinion of the civilized world; and

Whereas the prohibition of such use has been declared in Treaties to which the majority of Powers of the world are Parties; and

To the end that this prohibition shall be universally accepted as a part of International Law, binding alike the conscience and the practice of nations;

Second Generation

Nerve gases:Sarin

Tabun

VX

Colorless, odorless

Nerve Cells

Synapse

Nerve cells

Overstimulation -> convulsions

Blocking neurotransmitter-> paralysis

Iran Iraq War(1980 - 1988)

Cold War

Biological vs. Chemical

More specific

Persistent, contamination

Cheap

Serratia Marescens

Yellow Rain

Bioweapons Convention (1969)

“never in any circumstances to develop, produce, stockpile or otherwise acquire or retain:

(1) Microbial or other biological agents, or toxins whatever their origin or method of production, of types and in quantities that have no justification for prophylactic, protective or other peaceful purposes;

(2) Weapons, equipment or means of delivery designed to use such agents or toxins for hostile purposes or in armed conflict.

Sverdlovsk

Desert Storm

Gulf War Syndrome

anthrax vaccine

chemical weapons

depleted uranium

Aum Shinrikyo

1990 botulinium

1993 anthrax

1993 botulinium

Sarin

March 20, 1995 Tokyo Subway

2001

9/11 WTC

October 2001

10/5/2001

Bob Stevens dies ofrespiratorydisease

October 2001

October 2001

Anthrax

Anthrax

Koch

“Wool-sorter’s”

Spores

Natural exposure

Attacks 2001

Cleanup

Global storage

Bioterrorism agents

Class A: highly infectioushigh mortality rate

easily disseminated

Class B: easily treatedlower mortality

Viral Agents

Smallpox

Ebola

Hantavirus

Influenza

Smallpox

Eradicated 1977

Few vaccinated

contagious

Ebola

1st cases 1976

90% fatality rate

Bat vector?

Reston 1989

Hantavirus

1993: 12 deaths

2003:

Hantavirus

Flu

Mutations

Avian flu

Bacterial agents

Botulinium

Plague

Cholera/salmonella

Tularemia/Q fever

Clostridium Botulinum

Aum Shinrikyo

Unit 731

Botox

anaerobic

Yersinia Pestis

Black Death

Unit 731

Antibiotic resistance(Madagascar 1995)

Vibrio Cholerae

Rehydration

Fresh or saltwater

Type O mostsusceptible

Salmonella

Typhoid Mary

The Dalles 1984

Oct 2008:frozen chicken

Tularemia

“Rabbit fever”

Flu-like symptoms

Ticks/flies = vector

Q(uery) Fever

Cattle, sheep, goats

Disinfectant resistant

Chimera

Biological Chimera

Organism produced from the combination of genetic materials from two or more pathogens

Mission Impossible II

RussianSupervirus

Gene Splicing

Genetic Engineering

Fluorescent animals

Super Salmon

Golden Rice

Veepox

1990 VectorVEEVenezuelanequineencephalomyelitis

+ smallpox