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Plague of Justinian
542 AD
250,000 dead
Procopius“sun’s lightwithout brightness”
Silk Road
Medieval Warm Period
Medieval World Population
Climate
AgriculturalRevolution
Few large cities
Medieval World Population
0
2,000,000
4,000,000
6,000,000
8,000,000
10,000,000
12,000,000
1086 1348
Population
Britain
Japan
Viking Exploration
Black Rat
Litter < 20 pups 3 - 7 x/year
Mature at 3 mos
Flea
Black rats & fleas
Yersinia Pestis
Bubonic plague
Medieval Culture
Bubonic plague
“Ring around the rosie . . “
Plague in Europe
Plague effects
Death art Cemeteries & Pest houses Quarantine Latin->vernacular Anti-Semitism Laborers, women Sheep
Death art
Anti-Semitism
Flagellants
Clergy
Great Fire of London
1666
Change inarchitecture
Pathogenic Competition
Leprosy (Hansen’s disease)
Plague
Tuberculosis
Chinatown 1900
San Francisco 1900 -1904
Smallpox
Species jump
Ramses V~1150 BC
Variola virus
Largest & most complexmammalian virus
Respiratory
Incubation: 10-14 days
Variola rash
Wigs and Powder
East meets WestWhy were Native Americans so vulnerable?
Isolation
Few domesticatedanimals
Famine?
Population losses
American colonies
Variolation
John Adams
Milkmaids and cowpox
Jenner’s vaccination
Eradication (1977)
World Health Org.(WHO) campaign
Accidental lab Contamination 1978
Measles
Respiratory virus
8 - 12 day incubation
Complications
Measles
Measles vaccine
MMR
Measles, Mumps, Rubella
2008
Avoiding Immunizations
Health insurance coverage
Autism
Personal, Religious reasons
International travel
Vector Diseases
Yellow Fever
Jaundice
Flavivirus
Carried byAedes aegyptimosquito
Yellow Fever
1793 Philadelphia
Benjamin Rush
1878 Memphis
Post Civil War
Immigrants
El Nino
River, train depot
Spanish American War
Walter Reed
1937 vaccine(Max Theiler)
West Nile Encephalitis
New York City 1999
Crows, blue jays
Flamingo, penguin
Spread of WNE
1999 2007
Transmission Cycle
Influenza Pandemic1918 - 1919
Influenza virus
Flu viruses
Types A, B, C
H -> binds to cells
N -> degradesmucous
Flu varieties
Epidemic
Date Deaths Subtype
Asiatic 1889 - 90
1 million ?H2N2?
Spanish 1918 - 9 35 million
H1N1
Asian 1957-8 1.5 million
H2N2
Hong Kong
1968-9 1 million H3N2
Flu transmission cycle
1918 - 1919
3 waves
World War I
Secondaryinfections
Influenza virus
Orthomyxovirus
Respiratory
Fever, chills, aches
Age Profiles
Avian Flu
Avian Flu
SARS(Sudden Acute Respiratory Syndrome)
Swine Flu 1976
Fort Dix, NJ
Nationalimmunization
Guillain-Barre
“Killer Fever”
Legionnaire’s
PhiladelphiaJuly 1976
Bellevue-Stratford
34 deaths, 221 ill
Legionella pneumophila
2008
Legionnaries' claims second life at St. Peter's Hospital
Six adults diagnosed over last 2 weeks; chlorination process may be to blame
By GENE RACZ • and RICHARD KHAVKINE • September 25, 2008
Revenge of the Germs?
Tuberculosis
“White Disease”
Chopin Keats Dostoyevsky
TB
Bacterial
Long incubation
Airborne
Uv light
2007
Antibiotic Resistance
Nosocomial infections
MRSA
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus
Penicillin
Penicillin
Fleming 1928
Florey/Chain 1945
Antibacterials
Antibiotics in food
Transduction
Transduction
Transduction
Bacteriophages
Zyvox
April 2000
Penicillin resistance
Antibiotic Resistance
Causes:Overprescription/unnecessary use
Antibiotics in food/dairy
opportunistic bugs
Waterborne Bacteria
Cholera
Vibrio cholerae
1854
Cholera Distribution
Food-borne bacteria
Sept 2006
June 2008
Salad Bars?
Raw food
Utensils
Residual soil
Produce
Sprouts
Melons
Greens
Bacteria
Salmonella
Shigella
Campylobacter
Salmonella Typhimurium
Typhoid Mary(Mary Mallon1869 - 1938)
1906Oyster Bay, NY
Peanuts 2008/9
Heat products to70° F (not 40° F)
Poultry
Chicken recall (March 2008)
Antibiotics in food
Why Poultry?
Antibiotics in food
Close confinement
Chill baths
transportation
Is your dinner safe?
A=Premium Brands (Bett & Evans, Ranger, Readington Farms, Rocky, Rocky Jr., Rosie, Springer Mountain Farms, Wegmans Premium, Wild Harvest; B=Perdue; C=Foster Farms; D=Supermarket Brands (Albertson's, Big Bear, Cub Foods, Dominick's, Giant Eagle, Giant Gold Star Meats, Jewel, Publix, Safeway, Shaw's, Stop & Shop White Gem, Tops, Trader Joe's, Wegman's; E=Pilgrim's Pride; F=Tyson
Contaminated Beef
Why ground beef?
Greater surface area
Parts of different cows
Kid appeal
“Make mine rare”
Beef ranches
Crowded herds
Antibiotic use
Inspections??
Beef Recall
October 2007
E. Coli O157:H7
1982 fast food burgers
1985 associated with HUS
1991 apple cider
1993 fast food burgers
Escherichia Coli
HUS(Hemolytic uremic syndrome)
Destroys red blood cells
Kidney failure
Shiga toxin
HUS
BSE(bovine spongiform encephalopathy)
“Mad cow”
Beef & Byproducts
Salmonella (1984)
The Dalles, OR
Rajneeshees
Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh Ma Anand Sheela
Biological Terrorism
Poisoned arrows
Pots with snake venom
Plague victims
Sweet Sabotage
Mandrake
“Mad Honey”
Ergot of rye
French-Indian War
Amherst
Plague as weapon
Kaffa
World War I
Gassing
Chlorine gas
Mustard gas
Phosgene
Chlorpicrin
HCN
Gas Effects
Geneva Convention (1925)Article 32
“Whereas the use in war of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases, and of all analogous liquids materials or devices, has been justly condemned by the general opinion of the civilized world; and
Whereas the prohibition of such use has been declared in Treaties to which the majority of Powers of the world are Parties; and
To the end that this prohibition shall be universally accepted as a part of International Law, binding alike the conscience and the practice of nations;
Second Generation
Nerve gases:Sarin
Tabun
VX
Colorless, odorless
Nerve Cells
Synapse
Nerve cells
Overstimulation -> convulsions
Blocking neurotransmitter-> paralysis
Iran Iraq War(1980 - 1988)
Cold War
Biological vs. Chemical
More specific
Persistent, contamination
Cheap
Serratia Marescens
Yellow Rain
Bioweapons Convention (1969)
“never in any circumstances to develop, produce, stockpile or otherwise acquire or retain:
(1) Microbial or other biological agents, or toxins whatever their origin or method of production, of types and in quantities that have no justification for prophylactic, protective or other peaceful purposes;
(2) Weapons, equipment or means of delivery designed to use such agents or toxins for hostile purposes or in armed conflict.
Sverdlovsk
Desert Storm
Gulf War Syndrome
anthrax vaccine
chemical weapons
depleted uranium
Aum Shinrikyo
1990 botulinium
1993 anthrax
1993 botulinium
Sarin
March 20, 1995 Tokyo Subway
2001
9/11 WTC
October 2001
10/5/2001
Bob Stevens dies ofrespiratorydisease
October 2001
October 2001
Anthrax
Anthrax
Koch
“Wool-sorter’s”
Spores
Natural exposure
Attacks 2001
Cleanup
Global storage
Bioterrorism agents
Class A: highly infectioushigh mortality rate
easily disseminated
Class B: easily treatedlower mortality
Viral Agents
Smallpox
Ebola
Hantavirus
Influenza
Smallpox
Eradicated 1977
Few vaccinated
contagious
Ebola
1st cases 1976
90% fatality rate
Bat vector?
Reston 1989
Hantavirus
1993: 12 deaths
2003:
Hantavirus
Flu
Mutations
Avian flu
Bacterial agents
Botulinium
Plague
Cholera/salmonella
Tularemia/Q fever
Clostridium Botulinum
Aum Shinrikyo
Unit 731
Botox
anaerobic
Yersinia Pestis
Black Death
Unit 731
Antibiotic resistance(Madagascar 1995)
Vibrio Cholerae
Rehydration
Fresh or saltwater
Type O mostsusceptible
Salmonella
Typhoid Mary
The Dalles 1984
Oct 2008:frozen chicken
Tularemia
“Rabbit fever”
Flu-like symptoms
Ticks/flies = vector
Q(uery) Fever
Cattle, sheep, goats
Disinfectant resistant
Chimera
Biological Chimera
Organism produced from the combination of genetic materials from two or more pathogens
Mission Impossible II
RussianSupervirus
Gene Splicing
Genetic Engineering
Fluorescent animals
Super Salmon
Golden Rice
Veepox
1990 VectorVEEVenezuelanequineencephalomyelitis
+ smallpox