ENGLISHENGLISH

WritingWriting

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Key PointsKey Points

• Coherence and cohesionCoherence and cohesion

• Lexical resourceLexical resource

• Grammatical range and accuracyGrammatical range and accuracy

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Coherence and CohesionCoherence and Cohesion• CohesionCohesion

– How words are linked to form sentences and How words are linked to form sentences and how sentences are joined together logically.how sentences are joined together logically.

– Again, remember the Word Function!....Again, remember the Word Function!....• CoherenceCoherence

– Organization of the whole text. Organization of the whole text. – Paragraph: topic sentence, supporting details Paragraph: topic sentence, supporting details

and conclusion.and conclusion.– Hamburger method: introduction, main body Hamburger method: introduction, main body

and conclusion.and conclusion.

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ExampleExample

• Natural products are products of Natural products are products of natural origins. Natural products natural origins. Natural products include an entire organism, a part of an include an entire organism, a part of an organism, an extract of organism part. organism, an extract of organism part. In addition, pure compounds such as In addition, pure compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, which alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, which is isolated from plant, animals or is isolated from plant, animals or microorganism is also classified as microorganism is also classified as natural products.natural products.

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Lexical ResourceLexical Resource

• The range of vocabulary across topic The range of vocabulary across topic areas.areas.

• The command of word forms (eg. Harm, The command of word forms (eg. Harm, harmful, harmfully, etc)harmful, harmfully, etc)

• The correct spellingThe correct spelling

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VariationVariation= not monoton= not monoton

• Conduct, perform, do, carry out.Conduct, perform, do, carry out.

• Produce, yield, give, obtain.Produce, yield, give, obtain.

• In addition, additionally, furthermore,In addition, additionally, furthermore,

• While, whereas.While, whereas.

• Therefore, thus, hence, so.Therefore, thus, hence, so.

• Next, then.Next, then.

• Since, due to, as, because, because of.Since, due to, as, because, because of.

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Example!!!!Example!!!!

• Synthesis of biodiesel from Jambu mete Synthesis of biodiesel from Jambu mete waste has been waste has been conductedconducted..

• Synthesis of biodiesel from Jambu mete Synthesis of biodiesel from Jambu mete waste has been waste has been performedperformed..

• Synthesis of biodiesel from Jambu mete Synthesis of biodiesel from Jambu mete waste has been waste has been donedone..

• Synthesis of biodiesel from Jambu mete Synthesis of biodiesel from Jambu mete waste has been waste has been carried outcarried out..

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• TOO MONOTON.....................TOO MONOTON.....................• Effect of pHEffect of pH

An experiment was conducted by adding 0.008 g of An experiment was conducted by adding 0.008 g of activated carbon activated carbon adsorbent adsorbent into 10 mL of metal cation sample solution having a into 10 mL of metal cation sample solution having a concentration of 10 mg/L.concentration of 10 mg/L. The effect of pH on the adsorption of Cd(II), The effect of pH on the adsorption of Cd(II), Pb(II) and Cr(III) were carried out in pH 4,0; 4,5; 5,0; 5,5; 6,0 and 6,5. Pb(II) and Cr(III) were carried out in pH 4,0; 4,5; 5,0; 5,5; 6,0 and 6,5. The The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. The adsorbent mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. The adsorbent was filtered out and dried in a desiccator. Concentration of metal ion was filtered out and dried in a desiccator. Concentration of metal ion was then measured by AAS. was then measured by AAS.

• Adsorption kineticsAdsorption kinetics

An experiment was conducted by adding 0.024 g of An experiment was conducted by adding 0.024 g of activated carbon activated carbon adsorbent adsorbent into 30 mL of metal cation sample solution having a into 30 mL of metal cation sample solution having a concentration of 10 mg/L. The mixture was stirred at room temperature concentration of 10 mg/L. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for for 5, 15, 45, 135 and 405 minutes5, 15, 45, 135 and 405 minutes. The adsorbent was filtered out and . The adsorbent was filtered out and dried in a desiccator. Concentration of metal ion was then measured by dried in a desiccator. Concentration of metal ion was then measured by AAS. AAS.

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• It would be better to make a variation in writing!!!...........It would be better to make a variation in writing!!!...........• Effect of pHEffect of pH

The experiment was conducted by adding 0.008 g of activated carbon The experiment was conducted by adding 0.008 g of activated carbon adsorbent into 10 mL of metal cation sample solution with the adsorbent into 10 mL of metal cation sample solution with the concentration of 10 mg/L. The adsorptions of Cd(II), Pb(II) and Cr(III) were concentration of 10 mg/L. The adsorptions of Cd(II), Pb(II) and Cr(III) were carried out in pH 4,0; 4,5; 5,0; 5,5; 6,0 and 6,5. The mixture was then stirred carried out in pH 4,0; 4,5; 5,0; 5,5; 6,0 and 6,5. The mixture was then stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. Next, the adsorbent was filtered out and at room temperature for 3 hours. Next, the adsorbent was filtered out and dried in a desiccator. The adsorbed metal ion was measured based on dried in a desiccator. The adsorbed metal ion was measured based on concentration of metal cation before and after the adsorption using AAS. concentration of metal cation before and after the adsorption using AAS. 

• Adsorption kineticsAdsorption kinetics

As much as 0.024 g of the adsorbent was added into 30 mL of metal cation As much as 0.024 g of the adsorbent was added into 30 mL of metal cation sample solution with concentration of 10 mg/L for each. The adsorption sample solution with concentration of 10 mg/L for each. The adsorption kinetics was studied by conducting the adsorption in various contact kinetics was studied by conducting the adsorption in various contact times, which were 5, 15, 45, 135 and 405 minutes. Concentration of metal times, which were 5, 15, 45, 135 and 405 minutes. Concentration of metal ion before and after adsorption was then measured by AAS and corrected ion before and after adsorption was then measured by AAS and corrected with the blank solution by AAS.with the blank solution by AAS.

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Grammatical Range and Grammatical Range and AccuracyAccuracy

• This refers to your command of the grammar This refers to your command of the grammar of English and the rate of error. of English and the rate of error.

• How many mistakes do you make???.....How many mistakes do you make???.....• The range of sentence types and the length The range of sentence types and the length

of these sentences.of these sentences.• Do you mix of simple,compound and Do you mix of simple,compound and

complex sentences????.....complex sentences????.....• THE MORE YOU PRACTICE, THE EASIER THE MORE YOU PRACTICE, THE EASIER

WRITING WOULD BEWRITING WOULD BE

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Let’s have a practice then….

• Aspirin atau asam asetilsalisilat adalah sejenis Aspirin atau asam asetilsalisilat adalah sejenis obat turunan dari salisilat yang sering digunakan sebagai turunan dari salisilat yang sering digunakan sebagai senyawa analgesik, antipiretik dan anti-inflamasi. senyawa analgesik, antipiretik dan anti-inflamasi. Aspirin juga memiliki efek antikoagulan dan dapat Aspirin juga memiliki efek antikoagulan dan dapat digunakan dalam dosis rendah untuk mencegah digunakan dalam dosis rendah untuk mencegah serangan jantung. Aspirin dapat disintesis melalui serangan jantung. Aspirin dapat disintesis melalui reaksi asetilasi terkatalisis asam terhadap asam reaksi asetilasi terkatalisis asam terhadap asam salisilat menggunakan asetat anhidrida. Asam salisilat menggunakan asetat anhidrida. Asam salisilat sendiri dapat disintesis dari hidrolisis metal salisilat sendiri dapat disintesis dari hidrolisis metal salisilat yang merupakan komponen utama dari salisilat yang merupakan komponen utama dari minyak gandapura.minyak gandapura.

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Writing paragraph from Writing paragraph from Graph,Table or FigureGraph,Table or Figure

• Identify the subject of paragraph.Identify the subject of paragraph.• Identify significant features or the main Identify significant features or the main

trends.trends.• Identify the data.Identify the data.• Construct a variety of sentences comparing Construct a variety of sentences comparing

or contrasiting information from the graphor contrasiting information from the graph• Use transition signal.Use transition signal.• Construct cohesive paragraph.Construct cohesive paragraph.• Check for mistakes.Check for mistakes.

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Expression (Refering)Expression (Refering)

• As can be seen from the chart/ As can be seen from the chart/ diagram/ table/ data….diagram/ table/ data….

• It can be seen in the figure/ table….It can be seen in the figure/ table….

• The graph shows that….The graph shows that….

• According to/ based on the table……According to/ based on the table……

• As is shown/ presented/ displayed in As is shown/ presented/ displayed in Table……Table……

• It can be seen from the…..It can be seen from the…..13

Expression (trend)Expression (trend)

• To fall, to decline, to decrease.To fall, to decline, to decrease.

• To remain constant, stable, same.To remain constant, stable, same.

• To rise, to reach the maximum pointTo rise, to reach the maximum point

• Steadily, gradually, sharply, Steadily, gradually, sharply, dramatically.dramatically.

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Have a practice

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200

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1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

Year

Nu

mb

er

of

Stu

de

nts

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Trend VS TendencyTrend VS Tendency

• If the numbers seem to be consistently If the numbers seem to be consistently going down, there is a downward trend.going down, there is a downward trend.

• If the numbers are consistently going If the numbers are consistently going downwards, we can say there is a downwards, we can say there is a tendenc to fall.tendenc to fall.

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Downward VS Downwards Downward VS Downwards

• There was a downward (upward) trendThere was a downward (upward) trend

• The trend was downwards (upwards)The trend was downwards (upwards)

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Per cent VS PercentagePer cent VS Percentage

• 40% of the group was male. A larger 40% of the group was male. A larger percentage was female.percentage was female.

• Not.Not.

• 40% of the group was male. 40% of the group was male. 60% of the 60% of the group was female.group was female.

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To ContrastTo Contrast

• Show differencesShow differences– WhereasWhereas– HoweverHowever– On the other handOn the other hand– Different fromDifferent from– Whilst/ whileWhilst/ while– In contrast toIn contrast to

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To CompareTo Compare

• Show similaritiesShow similarities– SimilarlySimilarly– A is the same as BA is the same as B– They are alike in that….They are alike in that….– Both……Both……– In the same wayIn the same way

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Another example

• Structure elucidation of the product with Infra Red Structure elucidation of the product with Infra Red spectrometer gave an IR spectrum in Figure V.8. The spectrometer gave an IR spectrum in Figure V.8. The disappearance of the broad absorption band at 3000-disappearance of the broad absorption band at 3000-3500 cm3500 cm-1-1, which represents the hydroxyl group (-, which represents the hydroxyl group (-OH), indicates that the acetylation reaction has taken OH), indicates that the acetylation reaction has taken place. Another evidence is the presence of two place. Another evidence is the presence of two strong peaks at 1759 and 1712 cmstrong peaks at 1759 and 1712 cm-1-1 which are which are characteristic for the carbonyl group (C=O) of ester. characteristic for the carbonyl group (C=O) of ester. The absorption of C-O-C and methyl group of ester The absorption of C-O-C and methyl group of ester can be seen at 1211 and 1442 cmcan be seen at 1211 and 1442 cm-1-1, respectively , respectively (Table V.3).(Table V.3).

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Writing the reaction mechanism

OH

O

H+

OH

OH

CH3OHOH

OH

O

H

CH3

-H+

OH

OH

OCH3

H+

OH

OH2

OCH3

-H2OOCH3

OH

-H+

OCH3

O

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• The mechanism of the acid-catalyzed-esterification The mechanism of the acid-catalyzed-esterification of benzoic acid with methanol is presented in Figure of benzoic acid with methanol is presented in Figure III.2. The benzoic acid is protonated on its carbonyl III.2. The benzoic acid is protonated on its carbonyl oxygen which is increase the positive (electrophile) oxygen which is increase the positive (electrophile) character of the carbonyl group. The methanol acts character of the carbonyl group. The methanol acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon. as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon. The formed oxonium ion then lost a proton to give The formed oxonium ion then lost a proton to give tetrahedral intermediate in its neutral form. The next tetrahedral intermediate in its neutral form. The next step begins with protonation of hydroxyl oxygen on step begins with protonation of hydroxyl oxygen on the tetrahedral intermediate, followed by water the tetrahedral intermediate, followed by water elimination and deprotonation to yield an ester. elimination and deprotonation to yield an ester.

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