Energy

On your poster

What is it?Brief historyHow is it produced/extracted/harnessed?How is it used?The typesDiagram of how it works

Energy Concepts

Forms of Energy

Units

Laws

Forms of Energy

Mechanical: (potential and kinetic)Thermal: heat (vibration/movement of

particles within a substance.)Chemical: stored in bondsElectrical: motion of electronsNuclear: stored in nuclei of atoms and is

released by either splitting or joining the atoms.

Electromagnetic: energy that travels by waves

Units

Energy provides power to do work…so…Work is defined as a force exerted over a distance and power is the rate of flow of energy or the rate at which work is done.

Newton: force needed to accelerate 1 kg by 1 m/secJoule: the amount of work accomplished when a force of 1 newton is performed over 1 m or 1 ampre per second travels 1 ohm.

Watt: 1 joule/seckWh: 1000 watts exerted in 1 hourCalorie: 4.184 Joules1 barrel of oil: 42 gallons

Laws of Thermodynamics

First Law: energy can be neither created or destroyed. It is simply transported or changed into another form. Ex: sunlight to chemical energy

Second Law: The universe tends to entropy.

Most of energy in tropic levels is lost as heat.

The Effects of Converting Energies

One of the biggest concerns is the amount of energy used to refine and produce energy into useable forms.◦ Example: when coal is used to produce electricity, nearly 65%

of the original energy is lost during thermal conversion at the power plant. Another 10% is lost in electrical transmission and voltage changes for household use.

◦ Still not convinced; about 75 % of oil’s original energy is lost during distillation into gasoline and other fuels, transportation to market, storage and engine combustion.

◦ Okay, still more: natural gas has much less waste since it needs little refining. It is transported through underground pipelines and burned with 75-95% efficiency. It also contains more hydrogen-carbon atoms (1/2 less than coal and oil) reducing CO2 which reduces Global Warming.

ENERGY

SOURCES OF

THE WORLD!

Renewable resources can be

replenished at a comparable

rate to the rate of

consumption. Energy sources

like hydroelectric power, solar

energy, and wind power are

considered “perpetual

resources” because they run

no risk of depletion.

Renewable Energy Sources

RENEWABLE

ENERGY

SOURCES OF

THE WORLD!

Nonrenewable

resources are energy

sources like

petroleum, propane,

natural gas, coal, and

nuclear energy that

take millions of years

to form and cannot be

regenerated in a short

period of time.

Nonrenewable Energy Sources

NONRENEWABLE

ENERGY

SOURCES OF

THE WORLD!

HYDROELECTRICHYDROELECTRIC POWER is generated when flowing waterturns turbines to run generators that convert energy into electricity.

renewable

• No emissions• Reliable• Capable of generating

large amounts of power• Output can be regulated

to meet demand

• Environmental impacts by changing the environment

• Hydroelectric dams are expensive to build

• Dams may be affected by drought

• Potential for floodshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rnPEtwQtmGQ

PROS

CONS

NUCLEAR ENERGYNUCLEAR ENERGY is generated in reactors, when nuclear

fuel fission heats water, and the steam turns turbines to run the generators that convert energy into electricity.

nonrenewa

ble

• No greenhouse gases or C02 emissions

• Efficiently transforms energyinto electricity

• Uranium reserves are abundant• Refueled yearly

• Higher capital costs• Problem of long-term

storage of radioactive waste• Heated waste water from

nuclear plants harms aquatic life• Potential nuclear proliferation issue

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MGj_aJz7cTs

PROS

CONS

Lets brainstorm what we remember about atoms and unstable atoms…

Each half-life, the amount of atoms gets cut in half.

One half-life.

Two half-lives.

Three half-lives.

Four half-lives.

Don’t worry about the last atom. You start with so many trillions that you never really get there. (It will just decay and then they’re all gone.)

Now lets work a problem

A 48 gram sample of a radioactive element was formed in a 1960 explosion of an atomic bomb at Johnson Island in the Pacific Test Site. The half-life of the radioactive element is 28 years. How much of this element will remain after 112 years? 

 An element has a half-life of 29 hours. If 100 mg of the element decays over a period of 58 hours, how many mg of the element will remain?

Hubbert’s Peak

Proposed by King M. HubbertIndicates that the peak production has

already occurred. Some scientists disagree (we have

another decade)The importance = we need to find other

sources.

COALCOAL is formed from trees and plants in vast primeval forests, when heat and pressure turned decayed matter into coal. Coal is a part of the fossil fuels family.

nonrenewa

ble

• Abundant supply• Currently inexpensive to

extract• Reliable and capable of

generating large amounts of power

• Emits major greenhouse gases and acid rain

• High environmental impact from mining and burning

• Mining can be dangerousfor miners

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SeXG8K5_UvU

PROS

CONS

PETROLEUMPETROLEUM is formed from animals and plants that livedmillions of years ago when heat and pressure turned decayed matter into crude oil.

nonrenewa

ble

• Transportation fuel for the world• Basis of many products, from

prescription drugs to plastics• Economical to produce, easy

to transport

• High C02 emissions• Found in limited areas• Supply may be exhausted

before natural gas/coal resources• Possible environmental impact

from drilling and transporting

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RJ8FxYLBxLo

PROS

CONS

Oil sand

Sedimentary rock that contains bitumen (a hydrocarbon).

Process to extract-◦Surface mine heat refine (just like

oil)

NATURAL GASNATURAL GAS consists primarily of methane but includes significant quantities of ethane, butane, propane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, helium, and hydrogen sulfide.

nonrenewab

le

• Widely available• Burns more cleanly than coal

or oil• Often used in combination

with other fuels to decrease pollution in electricity generation

• Added artificial odor that people can easily smell the gas in caseof a leak

• Transportation costs are high• Burns cleanly, but still

has emissions• Pipelines impact ecosystems

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4NxN6PmxlBM

PROS

CONS

The Dark Side

Fukushima: 2011 Earthquake/Tsunami caused meltdown of nuclear power plant.

Exxon Valdez- 1989 in the Prince William Sound.

Three Mile Island: Biggest Nuclear disaster in US. 1979. (Only partial meltdown)

Chernobyl: Ukraine: Worst nuclear disaster in the world.

Santa Barbara: site of coastal oil spill in 1969

FRQ TIME!!!!!!

GEOTHERMALGEOTHERMAL ENERGY is generated by heat in the earth’s core. It is found underground by drilling steam wells (like oil drilling). There is a global debate as to whether geothermal energy is renewable or nonrenewable.

• Minimal environmental impact• Efficient• Power plants have low

emissions• Low cost after the

initial investment

• Geothermal fields found in few areas around the world

• Expensive start-up costs• Wells could eventually

be depleted

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uVDBRQvBVso

renewable

nonrenewable

PROS

CONS

SOLAR ENERGYSOLAR ENERGY is generated when photovoltaic (PV) cells convert heat from the sun directly into electricity.

renewabl

e

• Nonpolluting• Most abundant energy

source available• Systems last 15–30 years

• High initial investment• Dependent on sunny weather• Supplemental energy may be

needed in low sunlight areas• Requires large physical space

for PV cell panels

PROS

CONS

WIND POWERWIND POWER is generated when wind turns turbines to run the generators that convert energy into electricity, which is then stored in batteries.

renewable

• No emissions• Affordable• Little disruption of

ecosystems• Relatively high output

• Output is proportional to wind speed

• Not feasible for all geographical locations

• High initial investment• Extensive land use

PROS

CONS

HYDROGENHYDROGEN is found in combination with oxygen in water, but it is also present in organic matter such as living plants, petroleum, or coal. Hydrogen fuel is a byproduct of chemically-mixing hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity, water, and heat. It’s stored in a “cell” or battery.

renewable

• Abundant supply• Water vapor emissions only• Excellent industrial safety

record

• More expensive to produce than fossil fuel Systems

• Currently uses a large amount of fossil fuels in the hydrogen extraction process

• Storage and fuel cell technology still being developed

PROS

CONS

PROPANEPROPANE is produced as a byproduct from natural gas processing and crude oil refining. It burns hotter and more evenly than other fuels.

nonrenewa

ble

• Yields 60–70% less smog-producing hydrocarbons than gasoline/diesel fuel or propane exhaust

• Nontoxic and insoluble in water• Doesn’t spill, pool, or leave a

residue

• Uses some fossil fuels in conversion

• Highly flammable• Less energy in a gallon of

propane than in a gallon of gasoline or diesel fuel

PROS

CONS

BIOMASSBIOMASS is produced from vegetable oils, animal fats, recycled restaurant greases, and other byproducts of plant, agricultural, and forestry processing or industrial and human waste products.

renewable

• Abundant supply• Fewer emissions than

fossil fuel sources• Can be used in diesel engines• Auto engines can easily be

converted to run on biomass fuel

• Source must be near usage to cut transportation costs

• Emits some pollution • Increases nitrogen oxides,

an air pollutant emissions• Uses some fossil fuels in

conversion

PROS

CONS

ETHANOLETHANOL is a subset of biomass that is manufactured from alcohols, ethers, esters, and other chemicals extracted from plant and tree residue. It can be made from corn, sugar, wheat, and barley.

• Easily manufactured• Fewer emissions than fossil fuel • Carbon-neutral (C02 emissions

offset by photosynthesis in plants)

• Extensive use of cropland• Less energy in a gallon of

ethanol than in a gallon ofgasoline or diesel fuel

• Costs more than gasoline to produce

• Currently requires government subsidy to be affordable to consumers

PROS

CONS

ENERGY

SOURCES OF

THE WORLD!

Energy Efficiency vs. Conservation

Technology that requires less energy to perform the same function. Any behavior that results in the use of less energy. Energy Star Appliances Two degree adjustment of your thermostat (prevent 500 lbs of carbon) Programable themostats Using an insulation with an R value of 26 or greater. Weather strips Windows with a low U value ( 1.1 bad and .22 good) Strategically placing trees and shurbs Use CFL’s (compact florescent light bulbs) (260 lbs a year) Low flow showerheads Showers instead of baths Fix leaking faucets Cold to wash clothes Lower the temperature of your water heater Combine errands Turn off engines Have your car serviced Keep tires inflated to recommended amount Don’t : accelerate quickly, travel at high speeds, (lowers efficiency by

15%, Recycle

Personal Energy Inventory

How much Energy?!?!?!

http://oaspub.epa.gov/powpro/ept_pack.charts

What about worldwide usage???

http://www.midlandisd.net/Page/18763