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Energy Geotechnology J. Carlos Santamarina Georgia Institute of Technology British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012

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Page 1: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

Energy Geotechnology

J. Carlos Santamarina Georgia Institute of Technology

British Geotechnical Association

Touring Lecture 2012

Page 2: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

Distribution Copy:

References added for further reading

Click on links to see pdf files

Note: Academic use only

Page 3: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

Today Energy

Geotech Geo-

Chemistry

Frozen

Ground

Future Unsat. Soil

Mechanics

Ground

Thaw

Use

&

Sources

Bio-Geo

Efficiency

&

Conserve

Fractures

Soils

(revisited)

Page 4: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

Explosion: 4/20/10 (@10 pm) Deepwater Horizon

Sinks: 4/22/10 (~10 am) Oil slick: 5/6/10

Energy: News Deepwater Horizon (April 20, 2010)

Page 5: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

Energy: News

abcnews.go.com

www.dailykos.com

Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant (March 11, 2011)

Page 6: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

Time & The Economist (one week)

Energy: Advertisement

Carbon capture & storage Efficiency and conservation Alternative sources

Renewable sources C-free energy & the grid Smart grid

Page 7: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

Energy: Civic Journalism

Page 8: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

Energy: Civic Journalism

Page 9: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

Energy

Geotech Geo-

Chemistry

Frozen

Ground

Future Unsat. Soil

Mechanics

Ground

Thaw

Use

&

Sources

Bio-Geo

Efficiency

&

Conserve

Fractures

Soils

(revisited)

Page 10: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

0

50

100

0 0 1 10

WA

[%

]

PC [kW/person]

40

60

80

0 0 1 10

LE

[yrs

]

PC [kW/person]

1

10

100

0 0 1 10

IM

[d

ea

ths/1

00

0 b

orn

]

PC [kW/person]

0

5

10

15

0 0 1 10

MY

S [yrs

]

PC [kW/person]

0

50

100

0 0 1 10

EL [%

]

PC [kW/person]

100

1000

10000

100000

0 0 1 10

GN

I

[$/p

ers

on]

PC [kW/pers]

LE

[y

ea

rs]

WA

[%]

EL

[%]

105

104

103

102

GN

I

[US

$/p

ers

on]

0.01 0.1 1 10

MY

S

[years

]

IM

[de

ath

s/1

03 b

orn

]

1

1

5

5

0.1

0.1

water

life expectancy

infant mortality

schooling

electrification

income

UK: 100%

UK: 79 yr

UK: 5/1000

UK: 9.1

UK: 99%

UK: 34,500 U$A

Energy

and

Life

Page 11: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

Madagascar

Mozambique

Sri Lanka

Georgia

South Africa

Israel

SaudiArabia

0

2

4

6

8

10

-2 -1 0 1

QL

log(PC / [kW/pers])

0.01 0.1 1 10

PC [kW/pers]

σ

QL

UK: PC= 5.47

QL= 6.52

16.2yrs

MYS310.0

yrs

LE072.0QL QL= 10 LE= 100yr MYS= 16 yr

QL= 0 LE= 30yr MYS= 0 yr

Energy

and

Life

Page 12: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

5

15

25

1980 2010 2040

PT

[T

W]

Historical

This Study (Status Quo)

EIA (2010)

IEA (2009)

0

2

4

6

8

10

1980 2010 2040

QL

glo

ba

l

4

6

8

10

1980 2010 2040

Pop. [B

illio

n] UN (2010)

U.S.C.B. (2011)

PT2040= 25.5 TW

QL2040= 6.3

P2040= 8.9 b

17 TW

5.0

7 b

Status Quo

Page 13: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

Strategies: 2040 Horizon Limit Overspending

0

50

100

0 0 1 10

WA

[%

]

PC [kW/person]

40

60

80

0 0 1 10

LE

[yrs

]

PC [kW/person]

1

10

100

0 0 1 10

IM

[d

ea

ths/1

00

0 b

orn

]

PC [kW/person]

0

5

10

15

0 0 1 10

MY

S [yrs

]

PC [kW/person]

0

50

100

0 0 1 10

EL [%

]

PC [kW/person]

LE

[years

]

WA

[%

]

EL

[%]

105

MY

S

[ye

ars

]

IM

[de

ath

s/1

03 b

orn

]

1 5 0.1

1 5 0.1

Page 14: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

Strategies: 2040 Horizon Stimulate Growth in

Developing World

0

50

100

0 0 1 10

WA

[%

]

PC [kW/person]

40

60

80

0 0 1 10

LE

[yrs

]

PC [kW/person]

1

10

100

0 0 1 10

IM

[d

ea

ths/1

00

0 b

orn

]

PC [kW/person]

0

5

10

15

0 0 1 10

MY

S [yrs

]

PC [kW/person]

0

50

100

0 0 1 10

EL [%

]

PC [kW/person]

LE

[years

]

WA

[%

]

EL

[%]

105

MY

S

[ye

ars

]

IM

[de

ath

s/1

03 b

orn

]

1

1

5

5

0.1

0.1

Page 15: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

Strategies: 2040 Horizon Improved

Energy-for-Life

Efficiency

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 0 1 10 100

QL

PC [kW/pers]

0.01 0.1 1 10 100

Libya Brazil

UK

USA Japan

Rwanda

Congo Dem.

India

China

Cuba

Madagascar

Page 16: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

Strategies: 2040 Horizon

-10

0

10

20

30

0 2 4 6 8 10

PG

5[%

]

QL

Trend: PG5 % = 20 - 2.5 QL

-10

0

10

20

30

0 2 4 6 8 10

PG

5[%

]

QL

Brazil

Sri Lanka

USA

Japan

Congo Dem.

India

China

Madagascar

Cuba

Restrict Population

Growth

Page 17: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

Strategies: 2040 Horizon

Page 18: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

Summary: Energy and Life

Quality of life: current development patterns: HDI Energy

By 2040: Δ-energy ~50%

most of the growth: developing countries

Sustainable energy system:

quality of life > 1 kW/person

developing technological leapfrogging

QL population growth

developed technological breakthroughs

efficiency and conservation < 4 kW/person

world energy-for-life efficient governments

http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Santamarina_2006www.pdf

http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Pasten_2012a.pdf

Page 19: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

Today

Future

Energy

Geotech Geo-

Chemistry

Frozen

Ground

Unsat. Soil

Mechanics

Ground

Thaw

Bio-Geo

Efficiency

&

Conserve

Fractures

Soils

(revisited)

Use

&

Sources

Page 20: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

Sources

37% petroleum transport

24% natural gas heat&power

23% coal power

4 % biomass (renewable) industrial

8% nuclear power power

2% hydroelectric power

< 2% renewable non-hydro power

~88% fossil fuels

Page 21: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

1 By

4.5 B

2 By 3 By 4 By 0

Page 22: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

0 My 2 My 4 My 6 My 8 My 10 My

1 By

4.5 B

2 By 3 By 4 By 0

Page 23: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

0 My 2 My 4 My 6 My 8 My 10 My

1 By

4.5 B

2 By 3 By 4 By 0

0 2000 yr -2000 yr -4000 yr -6000 yr

Page 24: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

C

CO2

Fossil Fuel: 88%

Page 25: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

Summary: Energy and Life (2)

Resources: adequate ….

C-dependency → global warming

http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Santamarina_2006www.pdf

Page 26: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

Today

Future

Energy

Geotech Geo-

Chemistry

Frozen

Ground

Unsat. Soil

Mechanics

Ground

Thaw

Bio-Geo

Efficiency

&

Conserve

Fractures

Soils

(revisited)

Page 27: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

FOSSIL FUELS (C-BASED) RENEWABLE Nuclear

Petroleum Gas Coal Wind Solar

GEOLOGICAL STORAGE (energy and waste)

CO2 sequestration (Fly Ash) Energy Storage

Waste storage

GEO-ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION

CONSERVATION

Hydro-electric

Biofuels

Geothermal

Tidal

Electric grid

Page 28: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

FOSSIL FUELS (C-BASED) RENEWABLE Nuclear

Petroleum Gas Coal Wind Solar

• fines & clogging

•sand production

• shale instability

• EOR

• heavy oil & tar sand

• gas hydrates

• gas storage

• low-T LNG found. • characterization

• optimal extraction

• subsurface conv.

• off/onshore

• periodic load

• ratcheting

??

• engineered soils

• decommission

• leak detect

• leak repair • mixed fluid flow, percolation

• contact angle & surface tension = f(ua)

GEOLOGICAL STORAGE (energy and waste)

CO2 sequestration (Fly Ash) • mineral dissolution shear faults

• long-term containment

• upscaling geological properties

Energy Storage • for peak demand

(e.g., compressed air)

• pile-exchangers

• phase-change mixtures

Waste storage

105 yr BTHCM

GEO-ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION • Bio-chemo-geo phenomena and methods

CONSERVATION • Energy efficient construction technology: "Embodied Energy" in infrastructure projects

• Bio-mimetization: ant excavation: tunneling and new infrastructure; tree roots: smart/adaptable foundations

Hydro-electric: capacity almost saturated

Biofuels: strongly geo-related, BUT: water? land? food? energy efficiency?

Geothermal: viable in "hot-spots“ (high T rock performance, tools, monitoring, processes)

Tidal: foundation engineering

Electric grid: critical for renewable sources, CO2 capture and storage

http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Santamarina_2011a.pdf

http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Santamarina_2012b.pdf

Page 29: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

Today

Future

Energy

Geotech Geo-

Chemistry

Frozen

Ground

Unsat. Soil

Mechanics

Ground

Thaw

Bio-Geo

Efficiency

&

Conserve

Fractures

Soils

(revisited)

-pores-

Page 30: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

Kingston Fossil Plant (12/22/2008)

US EPA with R. Bachus - Geosyntec

Page 31: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

oil

water

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.2

Fre

qu

en

cy

Gs

1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.2

SE -USA

Specific Gravity

Page 32: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

COV(R2)=0.49 COV(R2)=1.26 COV(R2)=1.95

Un

co

rre

late

d

Co

rre

late

d

Hydraulic Conductivity – Spatial Variability

Flow Focusing

http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Jang_2011a.pdf

Page 33: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

Critical fines

Content FC*

finecoarse

coarse

total

fine*

ee1

e

M

MFC

Grain Size Distribution: The Role of Fines

Page 34: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

Critical Fines Content

Critical fines

Content FC*

1 103

0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1 103

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

Specific Surface m2/g

Cri

tic

al fi

ne

s C

on

ten

t F

C*

USCS

eC=emax eF=e100 kPa

eC=emin eF=e1 kPa

K I B

Page 35: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

Fines Migration and Clogging

fines migration

& clogging

Critical fines

Content FC*

Page 36: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

Bridges at Pore Throats

Particles

Container

Orifice

Mica

Sand

Glass Beads

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Pore throat -to- particle diameter O/d

min

max

min

min

max

max

5

Page 37: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

Clogging in radial flow

?

http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Valdes_2008c.pdf

http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Valdes_2008c.pdf

http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Valdes_2006b.pdf

http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Valdes_2006b.pdf

Page 38: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

Clogging in radial flow

Page 39: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

Clogging in radial flow

Page 40: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

Clogging in radial flow

Page 41: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

Clogging in radial flow

Page 42: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

0.01

0.10

1.00

10.00

100.00

0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00

Sta

nd

ard

de

via

tio

n o

f d

[m

icro

n]

Mean of d [micron]

μln=ln(μd)-0.5(σd/μd)2

σln2=ln[1+(σd/μd)

2]

d

d

0.4

2

dln(b)

2.5 dP(d b) exp ln 0.05 dd

4

Bioactivity - Probabilistic ~1 μm

1μm

Page 43: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

P(dpore>b)

sed fl fl

ec c n P(d b) c P(d b)

1 e

0.01

0.10

1.00

10.00

100.00

1000.00

0 2 4 6 8 10 12D

ep

th (

m)

Log10 of cell count per ml of sediment

0.0451070Ss [m2/gr]: 300

Parkes et al. (1994, 2000)

http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Rebata-Landa_2006b.pdf

http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Phadnis_2011a.pdf

Page 44: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

COARSE

> 50%

retained

sieve #200

Gravel:

> 50% retained

sieve #4

< 5% fines

Cu>4, 1 Cc 3

GW

else …

GP

> 12% fines

Below 'A' line

GM

Above 'A' line

GC

Sand:

< 50% retained

sieve #4

< 5% fines

Cu>6, 1 Cc 3

SW

else …

SP

> 12% fines

Below 'A' line SM

Above 'A' line

SC

FINE

< 50%

retained

sieve #200

LL<50

ML

CL

OL

LL>50

MH

CH

OH

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

pla

sti

cit

y in

de

x

liquid limit

CL-ML CL

ML

CL

OL or

ML

CH

OH or

MH

A line

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

?

Page 45: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

Today

Future Fines

Bacteria

Energy

Geotech Geo-

Chemistry

Frozen

Ground

Unsat. Soil

Mechanics

Ground

Thaw

Efficiency

&

Conserve

Fractures

Page 46: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

CO2 Storage

Caprock

Two phase flow: CO2 & brine

Single phase reactive flow

CO2 dissolved brine

Q

CO2(aq)

H+

CO2 Brine

buoyancy

capillarity

M

CO2

M

B

http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Espinoza_2011a.pdf

http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Espinoza_2012a.pdf

Kim and JCS – Several publications – Contact authors

Page 47: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

CO2 Dissolution and H2O Acidification

10 mm

http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Santamarina_2012b.pdf

Page 48: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

1mm

1mm1mm

100 m

1 m

Droplet

zone

Calcite substrate

Water in CO2

acidification dissolution drying precipitation

Page 49: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

wind

Volcanic Ash Soils: Formation

e= 0.8-1.5

Ss~0.1-1 m2/g

volcanic glass

time

e= 2.0-7.0

Ss=50-to-200 m2/g

hallosite

imogolite

alophane

ko= ?? ko=1-sinφ

zhttp://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Herrera_2007a.pdf

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0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0 1000 2000

Time (sec)

La

tera

l s

tre

ss

co

eff

icie

nt,

k

0.00

0.02

0.04 Ve

rtic

al s

tra

in 90% glass bead + 10% NaCl

Experimental Results

http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Shin_2009b.pdf

http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Shin_2008d.pdf

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Emergent: Shear Localization

Cha and JCS – contact authors

Page 52: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

1km

250m

seabed

Polygonal Fault Systems

Cartwright (2005)

Page 53: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

diffusion

Q

capillarity

pH

dissolution

contraction

ko shear CO2 Brine

buoyancy

advection convection

capillarity

HR

tensile fracture

-fingering

HCO2

Caprock

CO2 Storage ?

C

CO2

Page 54: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

Today Fluids

Future Fines

Bacteria

Energy

Geotech

Frozen

Ground

Unsat. Soil

Mechanics

Ground

Thaw

Efficiency

&

Conserve

Fractures

Page 55: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

Mixed Fluids

BBC News In pictures Visions of Science.jpg

http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Santamarina_2010a.pdf

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Surface Tension & Contact Angle: H2O-CO2

atm 20 MPa gas liquid

water droplet in CO2

http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Espinoza_2010c.pdf

Page 57: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

Time

Suction

wate

r co

nte

nt

a b c d e

a

b

c

d

e

Crack initiation

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1 mm http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Shin_2011b.pdf

http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Shin_2011a.pdf

http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Shin_2010e.pdf

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Shale: structured rock

Don Duggan-Haas

Marcellus shale outcrop

Thermogenic

zhistory > 5000 m

ztoday 1000-3000 m

Page 60: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

L/D= 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000

Directional

Drilling

unconstrained

terra incognita

Laparoscopy

Catheter

Angioplast

y

known body

within artery rigid tool

Step 1: Drill

Page 61: Energy Geotechnology...British Geotechnical Association Touring Lecture 2012 Distribution Copy: References added for further reading Click on links to see s Note: Academic use only

Step 2: HF "fracking"

But shales…

structured rock

Kirsch (1898)

Griffith (1921)

Irwin (1957) ???

Roshankhah et al – Contact JCS.

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East Texas (2009)

1 km

Pads (several wells per pad)

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Observations

Surface tension and contact angle: f(ua)

Fracture no tensile strength (uncemented soils)

soil in compression everywhere

follows the invasion of immiscible fluid

Geo-Energy Relevance:

residual oil saturation

relative permeability (gas, petroleum)

desiccation cracks in liners

gas & oil storage (CO2 sequestration)

hydraulic fractures (EOR, gas recovery)

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Energy

Geotech

Frozen

Ground

Ground

Thaw

Efficiency

&

Conserve

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Multiple articles. Please, visit http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu go to publications then, search for "hydrate"

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0

5

10

15

20

0 5 10

axial strain [%]

dev [

MP

a]

Sand

THF

Load-Deformation

’c= 1 MPa

’c= 0.5 MPa

’c= 0.03 MPa

50%

0%

100%

2

h

u o h

SS a bq

n

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J Karl Johnson – NETL

Gas replacement in hydrates

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30

min

Hydrate-bearing sand in liquid CO2

CO2

injection

[4.2MPa,275.4K]

[4.3MPa,274.1K]

Hydrate-bearing sand in CH4

0 s 190 s

Initial Sw=0.045

0.0h

0.5h

1.0h

-0.5h

1.5h

Gas replacement in hydrates

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Observations

In situ: mineral + water + hydrate

Production: mineral + water + hydrate + gas

Stiffness, strength, hydraulic conductivity = f(Shyd)

Coupled THCM

Localizations: lensing, gas-driven fractures

Geo-Energy Relevance:

instability (boreholes, slopes, foundations)

methane production

CO2 sequestration

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Today Frozen

Ground

Future Fines Capillarity

Bacteria

Energy

Geotech

Efficiency

&

Conserve

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Rock Crushing

Grain-grain interaction

Elasto-thermal within particles

Ein

13 %

1 %

2 %

37%

47 %

Kim and JCS – Please, contact authors.

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Tunneling: Ants

http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Espinoza_2010a.pdf

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HF

Energy

Geotech

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Energy: critical for development

high increase in demand in next decades

resources: sufficient – but inadequate spatial distribution

C-economy → global warming

efficiency and conservation (primarily: top consumers)

Further developments in geotechnology: Rich & Complex

enhanced understanding of soil behavior

coupled processes

spatial variability and emergent phenomena

discontinuities

long time many repetitions ratcheting & terminal density

Geotechnology: central role

urgency …. fascinating !

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J.W. Jung S. Roshankhah J.W. Jang H. Shin N. Espinoza

F. Francisca J.Y. Lee T.S. Yun D. Cortes T.H. Kwon

C.H. Lee

S. Dai G Narsilio C Pasten J Valdes V Rebata

Collaborators:

SH Kim

M.S. Cha

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Thank you !

British Geotechnical Association

University of Birmingham

Cardiff University

Imperial College

Queen’s University Belfast