energy geotechnology...british geotechnical association touring lecture 2012 distribution copy:...
TRANSCRIPT
Energy Geotechnology
J. Carlos Santamarina Georgia Institute of Technology
British Geotechnical Association
Touring Lecture 2012
Distribution Copy:
References added for further reading
Click on links to see pdf files
Note: Academic use only
Today Energy
Geotech Geo-
Chemistry
Frozen
Ground
Future Unsat. Soil
Mechanics
Ground
Thaw
Use
&
Sources
Bio-Geo
Efficiency
&
Conserve
Fractures
Soils
(revisited)
Explosion: 4/20/10 (@10 pm) Deepwater Horizon
Sinks: 4/22/10 (~10 am) Oil slick: 5/6/10
Energy: News Deepwater Horizon (April 20, 2010)
Energy: News
abcnews.go.com
www.dailykos.com
Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant (March 11, 2011)
Time & The Economist (one week)
Energy: Advertisement
Carbon capture & storage Efficiency and conservation Alternative sources
Renewable sources C-free energy & the grid Smart grid
Energy: Civic Journalism
Energy: Civic Journalism
Energy
Geotech Geo-
Chemistry
Frozen
Ground
Future Unsat. Soil
Mechanics
Ground
Thaw
Use
&
Sources
Bio-Geo
Efficiency
&
Conserve
Fractures
Soils
(revisited)
0
50
100
0 0 1 10
WA
[%
]
PC [kW/person]
40
60
80
0 0 1 10
LE
[yrs
]
PC [kW/person]
1
10
100
0 0 1 10
IM
[d
ea
ths/1
00
0 b
orn
]
PC [kW/person]
0
5
10
15
0 0 1 10
MY
S [yrs
]
PC [kW/person]
0
50
100
0 0 1 10
EL [%
]
PC [kW/person]
100
1000
10000
100000
0 0 1 10
GN
I
[$/p
ers
on]
PC [kW/pers]
LE
[y
ea
rs]
WA
[%]
EL
[%]
105
104
103
102
GN
I
[US
$/p
ers
on]
0.01 0.1 1 10
MY
S
[years
]
IM
[de
ath
s/1
03 b
orn
]
1
1
5
5
0.1
0.1
water
life expectancy
infant mortality
schooling
electrification
income
UK: 100%
UK: 79 yr
UK: 5/1000
UK: 9.1
UK: 99%
UK: 34,500 U$A
Energy
and
Life
Madagascar
Mozambique
Sri Lanka
Georgia
South Africa
Israel
SaudiArabia
0
2
4
6
8
10
-2 -1 0 1
QL
log(PC / [kW/pers])
0.01 0.1 1 10
PC [kW/pers]
σ
QL
UK: PC= 5.47
QL= 6.52
16.2yrs
MYS310.0
yrs
LE072.0QL QL= 10 LE= 100yr MYS= 16 yr
QL= 0 LE= 30yr MYS= 0 yr
Energy
and
Life
5
15
25
1980 2010 2040
PT
[T
W]
Historical
This Study (Status Quo)
EIA (2010)
IEA (2009)
0
2
4
6
8
10
1980 2010 2040
QL
glo
ba
l
4
6
8
10
1980 2010 2040
Pop. [B
illio
n] UN (2010)
U.S.C.B. (2011)
PT2040= 25.5 TW
QL2040= 6.3
P2040= 8.9 b
17 TW
5.0
7 b
Status Quo
Strategies: 2040 Horizon Limit Overspending
0
50
100
0 0 1 10
WA
[%
]
PC [kW/person]
40
60
80
0 0 1 10
LE
[yrs
]
PC [kW/person]
1
10
100
0 0 1 10
IM
[d
ea
ths/1
00
0 b
orn
]
PC [kW/person]
0
5
10
15
0 0 1 10
MY
S [yrs
]
PC [kW/person]
0
50
100
0 0 1 10
EL [%
]
PC [kW/person]
LE
[years
]
WA
[%
]
EL
[%]
105
MY
S
[ye
ars
]
IM
[de
ath
s/1
03 b
orn
]
1 5 0.1
1 5 0.1
Strategies: 2040 Horizon Stimulate Growth in
Developing World
0
50
100
0 0 1 10
WA
[%
]
PC [kW/person]
40
60
80
0 0 1 10
LE
[yrs
]
PC [kW/person]
1
10
100
0 0 1 10
IM
[d
ea
ths/1
00
0 b
orn
]
PC [kW/person]
0
5
10
15
0 0 1 10
MY
S [yrs
]
PC [kW/person]
0
50
100
0 0 1 10
EL [%
]
PC [kW/person]
LE
[years
]
WA
[%
]
EL
[%]
105
MY
S
[ye
ars
]
IM
[de
ath
s/1
03 b
orn
]
1
1
5
5
0.1
0.1
Strategies: 2040 Horizon Improved
Energy-for-Life
Efficiency
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 0 1 10 100
QL
PC [kW/pers]
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Libya Brazil
UK
USA Japan
Rwanda
Congo Dem.
India
China
Cuba
Madagascar
Strategies: 2040 Horizon
-10
0
10
20
30
0 2 4 6 8 10
PG
5[%
]
QL
Trend: PG5 % = 20 - 2.5 QL
-10
0
10
20
30
0 2 4 6 8 10
PG
5[%
]
QL
Brazil
Sri Lanka
USA
Japan
Congo Dem.
India
China
Madagascar
Cuba
Restrict Population
Growth
Strategies: 2040 Horizon
Summary: Energy and Life
Quality of life: current development patterns: HDI Energy
By 2040: Δ-energy ~50%
most of the growth: developing countries
Sustainable energy system:
quality of life > 1 kW/person
developing technological leapfrogging
QL population growth
developed technological breakthroughs
efficiency and conservation < 4 kW/person
world energy-for-life efficient governments
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Santamarina_2006www.pdf
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Pasten_2012a.pdf
Today
Future
Energy
Geotech Geo-
Chemistry
Frozen
Ground
Unsat. Soil
Mechanics
Ground
Thaw
Bio-Geo
Efficiency
&
Conserve
Fractures
Soils
(revisited)
Use
&
Sources
Sources
37% petroleum transport
24% natural gas heat&power
23% coal power
4 % biomass (renewable) industrial
8% nuclear power power
2% hydroelectric power
< 2% renewable non-hydro power
~88% fossil fuels
1 By
4.5 B
2 By 3 By 4 By 0
0 My 2 My 4 My 6 My 8 My 10 My
1 By
4.5 B
2 By 3 By 4 By 0
0 My 2 My 4 My 6 My 8 My 10 My
1 By
4.5 B
2 By 3 By 4 By 0
0 2000 yr -2000 yr -4000 yr -6000 yr
C
CO2
Fossil Fuel: 88%
Summary: Energy and Life (2)
Resources: adequate ….
C-dependency → global warming
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Santamarina_2006www.pdf
Today
Future
Energy
Geotech Geo-
Chemistry
Frozen
Ground
Unsat. Soil
Mechanics
Ground
Thaw
Bio-Geo
Efficiency
&
Conserve
Fractures
Soils
(revisited)
FOSSIL FUELS (C-BASED) RENEWABLE Nuclear
Petroleum Gas Coal Wind Solar
GEOLOGICAL STORAGE (energy and waste)
CO2 sequestration (Fly Ash) Energy Storage
Waste storage
GEO-ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION
CONSERVATION
Hydro-electric
Biofuels
Geothermal
Tidal
Electric grid
FOSSIL FUELS (C-BASED) RENEWABLE Nuclear
Petroleum Gas Coal Wind Solar
• fines & clogging
•sand production
• shale instability
• EOR
• heavy oil & tar sand
• gas hydrates
• gas storage
• low-T LNG found. • characterization
• optimal extraction
• subsurface conv.
• off/onshore
• periodic load
• ratcheting
??
• engineered soils
• decommission
• leak detect
• leak repair • mixed fluid flow, percolation
• contact angle & surface tension = f(ua)
GEOLOGICAL STORAGE (energy and waste)
CO2 sequestration (Fly Ash) • mineral dissolution shear faults
• long-term containment
• upscaling geological properties
Energy Storage • for peak demand
(e.g., compressed air)
• pile-exchangers
• phase-change mixtures
Waste storage
105 yr BTHCM
GEO-ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION • Bio-chemo-geo phenomena and methods
CONSERVATION • Energy efficient construction technology: "Embodied Energy" in infrastructure projects
• Bio-mimetization: ant excavation: tunneling and new infrastructure; tree roots: smart/adaptable foundations
Hydro-electric: capacity almost saturated
Biofuels: strongly geo-related, BUT: water? land? food? energy efficiency?
Geothermal: viable in "hot-spots“ (high T rock performance, tools, monitoring, processes)
Tidal: foundation engineering
Electric grid: critical for renewable sources, CO2 capture and storage
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Santamarina_2011a.pdf
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Santamarina_2012b.pdf
Today
Future
Energy
Geotech Geo-
Chemistry
Frozen
Ground
Unsat. Soil
Mechanics
Ground
Thaw
Bio-Geo
Efficiency
&
Conserve
Fractures
Soils
(revisited)
-pores-
Kingston Fossil Plant (12/22/2008)
US EPA with R. Bachus - Geosyntec
oil
water
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.2
Fre
qu
en
cy
Gs
1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.2
SE -USA
Specific Gravity
COV(R2)=0.49 COV(R2)=1.26 COV(R2)=1.95
Un
co
rre
late
d
Co
rre
late
d
Hydraulic Conductivity – Spatial Variability
Flow Focusing
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Jang_2011a.pdf
Critical fines
Content FC*
finecoarse
coarse
total
fine*
ee1
e
M
MFC
Grain Size Distribution: The Role of Fines
Critical Fines Content
Critical fines
Content FC*
1 103
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1 103
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Specific Surface m2/g
Cri
tic
al fi
ne
s C
on
ten
t F
C*
USCS
eC=emax eF=e100 kPa
eC=emin eF=e1 kPa
K I B
Fines Migration and Clogging
fines migration
& clogging
Critical fines
Content FC*
Bridges at Pore Throats
Particles
Container
Orifice
Mica
Sand
Glass Beads
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Pore throat -to- particle diameter O/d
min
max
min
min
max
max
5
Clogging in radial flow
?
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Valdes_2008c.pdf
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Valdes_2008c.pdf
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Valdes_2006b.pdf
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Valdes_2006b.pdf
Clogging in radial flow
Clogging in radial flow
Clogging in radial flow
Clogging in radial flow
0.01
0.10
1.00
10.00
100.00
0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00
Sta
nd
ard
de
via
tio
n o
f d
[m
icro
n]
Mean of d [micron]
μln=ln(μd)-0.5(σd/μd)2
σln2=ln[1+(σd/μd)
2]
d
d
0.4
2
dln(b)
2.5 dP(d b) exp ln 0.05 dd
4
Bioactivity - Probabilistic ~1 μm
1μm
P(dpore>b)
sed fl fl
ec c n P(d b) c P(d b)
1 e
0.01
0.10
1.00
10.00
100.00
1000.00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12D
ep
th (
m)
Log10 of cell count per ml of sediment
0.0451070Ss [m2/gr]: 300
Parkes et al. (1994, 2000)
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Rebata-Landa_2006b.pdf
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Phadnis_2011a.pdf
COARSE
> 50%
retained
sieve #200
Gravel:
> 50% retained
sieve #4
< 5% fines
Cu>4, 1 Cc 3
GW
else …
GP
> 12% fines
Below 'A' line
GM
Above 'A' line
GC
Sand:
< 50% retained
sieve #4
< 5% fines
Cu>6, 1 Cc 3
SW
else …
SP
> 12% fines
Below 'A' line SM
Above 'A' line
SC
FINE
< 50%
retained
sieve #200
LL<50
ML
CL
OL
LL>50
MH
CH
OH
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
pla
sti
cit
y in
de
x
liquid limit
CL-ML CL
ML
CL
OL or
ML
CH
OH or
MH
A line
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
?
Today
Future Fines
Bacteria
Energy
Geotech Geo-
Chemistry
Frozen
Ground
Unsat. Soil
Mechanics
Ground
Thaw
Efficiency
&
Conserve
Fractures
CO2 Storage
Caprock
Two phase flow: CO2 & brine
Single phase reactive flow
CO2 dissolved brine
Q
CO2(aq)
H+
CO2 Brine
buoyancy
capillarity
M
CO2
M
B
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Espinoza_2011a.pdf
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Espinoza_2012a.pdf
Kim and JCS – Several publications – Contact authors
CO2 Dissolution and H2O Acidification
10 mm
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Santamarina_2012b.pdf
1mm
1mm1mm
100 m
1 m
Droplet
zone
Calcite substrate
Water in CO2
acidification dissolution drying precipitation
wind
Volcanic Ash Soils: Formation
e= 0.8-1.5
Ss~0.1-1 m2/g
volcanic glass
time
e= 2.0-7.0
Ss=50-to-200 m2/g
hallosite
imogolite
alophane
ko= ?? ko=1-sinφ
zhttp://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Herrera_2007a.pdf
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0 1000 2000
Time (sec)
La
tera
l s
tre
ss
co
eff
icie
nt,
k
0.00
0.02
0.04 Ve
rtic
al s
tra
in 90% glass bead + 10% NaCl
Experimental Results
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Shin_2009b.pdf
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Shin_2008d.pdf
Emergent: Shear Localization
Cha and JCS – contact authors
1km
250m
seabed
Polygonal Fault Systems
Cartwright (2005)
diffusion
Q
capillarity
pH
dissolution
contraction
ko shear CO2 Brine
buoyancy
advection convection
capillarity
HR
tensile fracture
-fingering
HCO2
Caprock
CO2 Storage ?
C
CO2
Today Fluids
Future Fines
Bacteria
Energy
Geotech
Frozen
Ground
Unsat. Soil
Mechanics
Ground
Thaw
Efficiency
&
Conserve
Fractures
Mixed Fluids
BBC News In pictures Visions of Science.jpg
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Santamarina_2010a.pdf
Surface Tension & Contact Angle: H2O-CO2
atm 20 MPa gas liquid
water droplet in CO2
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Espinoza_2010c.pdf
Time
Suction
wate
r co
nte
nt
a b c d e
a
b
c
d
e
Crack initiation
1 mm http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Shin_2011b.pdf
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Shin_2011a.pdf
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Shin_2010e.pdf
Shale: structured rock
Don Duggan-Haas
Marcellus shale outcrop
Thermogenic
zhistory > 5000 m
ztoday 1000-3000 m
L/D= 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000
Directional
Drilling
unconstrained
terra incognita
Laparoscopy
Catheter
Angioplast
y
known body
within artery rigid tool
Step 1: Drill
Step 2: HF "fracking"
But shales…
structured rock
Kirsch (1898)
Griffith (1921)
Irwin (1957) ???
Roshankhah et al – Contact JCS.
East Texas (2009)
1 km
Pads (several wells per pad)
Observations
Surface tension and contact angle: f(ua)
Fracture no tensile strength (uncemented soils)
soil in compression everywhere
follows the invasion of immiscible fluid
Geo-Energy Relevance:
residual oil saturation
relative permeability (gas, petroleum)
desiccation cracks in liners
gas & oil storage (CO2 sequestration)
hydraulic fractures (EOR, gas recovery)
Energy
Geotech
Frozen
Ground
Ground
Thaw
Efficiency
&
Conserve
Multiple articles. Please, visit http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu go to publications then, search for "hydrate"
0
5
10
15
20
0 5 10
axial strain [%]
dev [
MP
a]
Sand
THF
Load-Deformation
’c= 1 MPa
’c= 0.5 MPa
’c= 0.03 MPa
50%
0%
100%
2
h
u o h
SS a bq
n
J Karl Johnson – NETL
Gas replacement in hydrates
30
min
Hydrate-bearing sand in liquid CO2
CO2
injection
[4.2MPa,275.4K]
[4.3MPa,274.1K]
Hydrate-bearing sand in CH4
0 s 190 s
Initial Sw=0.045
0.0h
0.5h
1.0h
-0.5h
1.5h
Gas replacement in hydrates
Observations
In situ: mineral + water + hydrate
Production: mineral + water + hydrate + gas
Stiffness, strength, hydraulic conductivity = f(Shyd)
Coupled THCM
Localizations: lensing, gas-driven fractures
Geo-Energy Relevance:
instability (boreholes, slopes, foundations)
methane production
CO2 sequestration
Today Frozen
Ground
Future Fines Capillarity
Bacteria
Energy
Geotech
Efficiency
&
Conserve
Rock Crushing
Grain-grain interaction
Elasto-thermal within particles
Ein
13 %
1 %
2 %
37%
47 %
Kim and JCS – Please, contact authors.
Tunneling: Ants
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Espinoza_2010a.pdf
HF
Energy
Geotech
Energy: critical for development
high increase in demand in next decades
resources: sufficient – but inadequate spatial distribution
C-economy → global warming
efficiency and conservation (primarily: top consumers)
Further developments in geotechnology: Rich & Complex
enhanced understanding of soil behavior
coupled processes
spatial variability and emergent phenomena
discontinuities
long time many repetitions ratcheting & terminal density
Geotechnology: central role
urgency …. fascinating !
J.W. Jung S. Roshankhah J.W. Jang H. Shin N. Espinoza
F. Francisca J.Y. Lee T.S. Yun D. Cortes T.H. Kwon
C.H. Lee
S. Dai G Narsilio C Pasten J Valdes V Rebata
Collaborators:
SH Kim
M.S. Cha
Thank you !
British Geotechnical Association
University of Birmingham
Cardiff University
Imperial College
Queen’s University Belfast